1935 Philippine presidential election
September 16, 1935
 
Manuel Quezon LCCN2011647833 (cropped).jpg
AGUINALDO.jpg
Gregorio Aglipay (cropped).jpg
Nominee Manuel Quezon Emilio Aguinaldo Gregorio Aglipay
Party Nacionalista National Socialist Republican
Running mate Sergio Osmeña Raymundo Melliza Norberto Nabong
Popular vote 695,332 179,349 148,010
Percentage 67.99% 17.54% 14.47%
President before election

None (last led by Emilio Aguinaldo)

 Elected President

Manuel L. Quezon
Nacionalista

The 1935 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on September 16, 1935. This was the first election since the enactment of the Tydings–McDuffie Act, a law that paved the way for a transitory government, as well as the first nationwide at-large election ever held in the Philippines.

Senate President Manuel Luis Quezon won a lopsided victory against former President Emilio Aguinaldo. His election victory was largely due to the weak political machinations of his rivals. Another losing contender was Gregorio Aglipay, co-founder and supreme bishop of the Iglesia Filipina Indepediente (Philippine Independent Church). Pascual Racuyal, a mechanic by profession, also ran for president as an independent. Quezon's running mate, Senate President Pro Tempore Sergio Osmeña won a more impressive victory as Vice President of the Philippines. He was said to have faced less effective candidates.[1]

Nominations

Nacionalista Party nomination

After the passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act in the United States in 1933, only requiring approval of the Philippine legislature, the Nacionalista Party was split between the Quezon and Osmeña factions.[2] The Quezon wing, known as the Partido Nacionalista Democratico or Partido Nacionalista Consolidado, was against the act. The Osmeña wing, known as the Partido Nacionalista Pro-Independencia or Partido Nacionalista Democrata Pro-Independencia, was for the passage of the act. Historian Teodoro Agoncillo pointed out that the main reason for Quezon's rejection of the act lay in his anticipation that Osmeña, whose efforts brought the passage of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, might run as President of the transition government slated to be established before granting of independence, resulting to the relegation of himself as second in command once more.[3] Due to Quezon's efforts in the legislature, the Philippines rejected the act and himself promised a better law than the one brought home by Osmeña. His mission to the United States brought forth the passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act in March 1934, just three months away from the Philippine legislative election, 1934.[4]

The general election on June 5, 1934 turned into a gauge on which wing was supreme. Both factions claimed the Nacionalista label and independence became the central issue. When the results came in, Quezon's wing proved better than that of Osmeña, at least in the national scale. Osmeña faction candidates still dominated the local scene. After the election, the idea of forming a coalition between the two factions, reuniting the old Nacionalista party once more, floated in public discussion.[5]

House of RepresentativesSenate
Osmeña wing70Quezon wing22
Quezon wing19Osmeña wing2

On June 15, 1935, three months before the scheduled elections for the Commonwealth, both factions held their own national conventions, wherein Quezon was named candidate for president, and Osmeña was named candidate for vice president.[5] According to historian Nick Joaquin, "Osmeña showed greatness in accepting the No. 2 role in a drama where he started out as protagonist."[6] At this, the two factions reconciled as a unified Nacionalista party with an eight-point program.[5]

National Socialist Party nomination

Emilio Aguinaldo, who founded the National Socialist Party in 1934, announced his candidacy for president on June 2, 1935. Raymundo Melliza, former governor of Iloilo, was his running mate.[5] Among those who supported his bid were Sixto Lopez, Anastacio Teodoro, judge Cayetano Lukban, Emiliano Tria Tirona, Narciso Lapuz, Vicente Sotto, and Miguel Cornejo. In Aguinaldo's acceptance speech at Cavite, Cavite, he addressed to an audience of around 5,000 his 44-point platform.[7] His candidacy was also supported by the organization Veteranos de la Revolucion, formed during the administration of Governor-General Leonard Wood by remaining Filipino veterans of the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American War.

I do not have any political party behind me, my party is composed of the humble sons of the people, flattered before elections and forgotten after triumph. What more could I ask for?

– General Emilio Aguinaldo in his acceptance speech, June 1935.[7]

Other parties that supported Aguinaldo's bid was the Partido Radical, a left-wing party formed in 1930 by Alfonso Mendoza, and Partido Filipinista, another party founded by Aguinaldo.[5] Mendoza was then representative of Manila's second district.

Republican Party nomination

After his worldwide tour in 1934, wherein Aglipay went to Copenhagen to attend the 11th International Congress of Religious Liberals by the International Association for Religious Freedom (IARF), and even claimed to have interviewed Adolf Hitler and talked with Alejandro Lerroux, Prime Minister of Spain, and Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, he expressed his intention to run as President of the Commonwealth. On June 19, 1935, Aglipay announced his candidacy, the last one to do so.[8] Thus, Aglipay revived the Republican Party for this purpose, first organized in 1905 but collapsed after the 1907 elections. With this, he also launched his seven-point program.[5]

I would consider myself unworthy of having been born a Filipino if my personal interests and the ties of friendship should prevent me from listening to the insistent popular clamor to vindicate with the powers of the highest office the constitutional liberties so arbitrarily trampled down by an abusive regime, and to cut the extravagant tentacles of the bureaucratic octopus that is sucking our public life.

– Bishop Gregorio Aglipay in his Manifesto of his candidacy, June 1935.[8]

His bid was supported by the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas (PKP), a left-wing party organized on November 7, 1930 by Crisanto Evangelista. The PKP fielded Norberto Nabong of Manila as Aglipay's running mate.[5]

Results

Aguinaldo (left) and Quezon (right)

Quezon carried all the provinces except Aguinaldo's home province of Cavite, Camarines Norte and Aglipay's home province of Ilocos Norte and Nueva Vizcaya. Aguinaldo showed strength in the Bicol provinces in the face of early results, but Quezon eventually triumphed in the region.[1] Aglipay's strength in Nueva Vizcaya won the province for the Republican candidate, yet the Nacionalistas still prevailed from the rest of the provinces.[8] Osmeña also carried all the provinces except Cavite, wherein Melliza won by a close margin. Osmeña's feat is unmatched to date.[9]

While Aglipay quickly accepted the results, Aguinaldo protested about electoral manipulations.[10] He raised the issue up to the United States, and his supporters in Cavite plotted not only a rally to disrupt the inauguration in November, but also launching an assassination attempt against the winners, yet to no avail.[5]

President

CandidatePartyVotes%
Manuel L. QuezonNacionalista Party695,33267.98
Emilio AguinaldoNational Socialist Party179,34917.53
Gregorio AglipayRepublican Party148,01014.47
Pascual RacuyalIndependent1580.02
Total1,022,849100.00
Popular vote
Quezon
 
 67.98%
Aguinaldo
 
 17.53%
Aglipay
 
 14.47%

Results per province

Province/City Quezon Aguinaldo Aglipay Racuyal
Abra 6,891 5 539 0
Agusan 4,242 244 814 3
Albay 23,535 7,817 33 0
Antique 6,123 3,178 2,934 11
Bataan 4,579 3,506 1,590 1
Batanes 773 198 4 1
Batangas 27,661 8,749 968 2
Bohol 20,374 5,500 694 6
Bukidnon 1,785 9 13 0
Bulacan 19,681 15,299 1,548 0
Cagayan 13,439 2,372 5,584 7
Camarines Norte 3,106 4,017 6 0
Camarines Sur 15,538 8,708 364 0
Capiz 18,632 1,508 253 0
Cavite 10,084 15,245 134 0
Cebu 45,441 6,876 369 23
Cotabato 2,307 55 218 2
Davao 9,200 588 527 4
Ilocos Norte 6,482 43 12,445 0
Ilocos Sur 14,749 212 7,744 0
Iloilo 33,274 13,427 5,121 5
Isabela 9,130 1,551 5,321 1
La Union 10,496 544 6,684 2
Laguna 18,655 3,384 3,766 4
Lanao 6,426 190 155 1
Leyte 43,929 4,187 994 2
Manila 25,281 10,188 4,507 5
Marinduque 6,021 1,062 78 2
Masbate 6,296 1,272 99 2
Mindoro 5,636 2,957 387 0
Misamis Occidental 6,590 1,375 1,160 1
Misamis Oriental 8,010 1,087 1,571 4
Mountain Province 5,084 119 1,200 2
Negros Occidental 36,851 3,527 11,206 12
Negros Oriental 15,526 1,108 949 0
Nueva Ecija 15,066 9,032 10,066 2
Nueva Vizcaya 2,039 164 4,002 1
Palawan 4,525 577 26 0
Pampanga 21,903 7,958 3,777 1
Pangasinan 34,425 1,851 31,103 2
Rizal 23,107 8,921 4,888 11
Romblon 3,471 1,246 32 2
Samar 22,920 4,984 660 8
Sorsogon 12,014 7,403 4 5
Sulu 1,414 60 38 0
Surigao 8,879 497 1,668 6
Tarlac 10,785 1,082 7,453 1
Tayabas 25,078 3,126 870 12
Zambales 6,504 1,069 3,105 0
Zamboanga 10,147 1,313 280 4
Total 694,104 179,390 147,951 158
Source: Bureau of Printing[11]

Vice-President

CandidatePartyVotes%
Sergio OsmeñaNacionalista Party812,35286.91
Raymundo MellizaNational Socialist Party70,8997.59
Norberto NabongRepublican Party[lower-alpha 1]51,4435.50
Total934,694100.00
  1. ↑ Member of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas carrying the Republican Party banner
Popular vote
Osmeña
 
 86.91%
Melliza
 
 7.59%
Nabong
 
 5.50%

Results per province

Province/City Osmeña Melliza Nabong
Abra 7,052 4 134
Agusan 5,039 17 80
Albay 27,050 2,412 33
Antique 8,120 1,927 779
Bataan 5,230 1,417 798
Batanes 782 79 8
Batangas 25,754 2,649 118
Bohol 23,802 702 88
Bukidnon 1,801 0 0
Bulacan 23,576 6,589 698
Cagayan 16,797 735 1,728
Camarines Norte 4,789 1,579 0
Camarines Sur 20,116 1,748 91
Capiz 19,162 702 55
Cavite 10,518 10,651 165
Cebu 47,036 3,728 57
Cotabato 2,385 38 78
Davao 9,897 238 63
Ilocos Norte 9,741 3,728 57
Ilocos Sur 18,616 79 2,160
Iloilo 38,999 9,232 900
Isabela 11,567 402 2,256
La Union 16,134 260 609
Laguna 19,178 1,081 1,203
Lanao 6,565 33 39
Leyte 47,237 637 181
Manila 32,038 4,560 1,931
Marinduque 5,849 268 4
Masbate 7,950 340 9
Mindoro 6,422 925 115
Misamis Occidental 7,223 545 718
Misamis Oriental 9,305 160 177
Mountain Province 5,884 37 283
Negros Occidental 46,165 1,062 2,409
Negros Oriental 16,413 219 529
Nueva Ecija 21,496 4,271 4,236
Nueva Vizcaya 3,040 94 2,501
Palawan 4,579 412 3
Pampanga 25,672 2,052 1,443
Pangasinan 52,372 677 10,327
Rizal 31,364 3,548 1,820
Romblon 4,303 227 5
Samar 26,808 322 62
Sorsogon 16,258 1,572 14
Sulu 1,431 39 5
Surigao 10,068 211 87
Tarlac 12,763 450 3,577
Tayabas 24,384 1,180 331
Zambales 7,655 460 1,085
Zamboanga 11,061 306 17
Total 817,446 70,906 51,573
Source: Bureau of Printing[11]

Manila vote

Manila, as showed in the June 1934 election, leaned to vote for the opposition. First District voted for Gregorio Perfecto, a Democrata, as representative. Second District voted Alfonso Mendoza, a Radical. However, an opposition bailiwick the city could have been, the Nacionalista party won overwhelmingly, whereas it was expected that Aguinaldo and Aglipay will make an upset advantage.[1]

VotesPercent
Quezon25,45463.33%
Aguinaldo10,23625.47%
Aglipay4,50311.20%

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Coalition ticket wins by landslide, September 21, 1935". 21 September 1935. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  2. ↑ "Quezon and Osmena, April 22, 1933". 22 April 1933. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  3. ↑ Agoncillo, Teodoro (1974). Introduction to Filipino History. Quezon City: Garotech Publishing.
  4. ↑ Zaide, Sonia M. (1994). The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing Co. pp. 314–315. ISBN 971-642-071-4.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Banlaoi, Rommel (1996). Political parties in the Philippines. Makati: Konrad Adenauer Foundation.
  6. ↑ Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila, My Manila. Vera-Reyes Inc. p. 170.
  7. 1 2 "Aguinaldo opens campaign, June 8, 1935". 8 June 1935. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  8. 1 2 3 Clifford, Mary Dorita. Aglipayanism as a political movement. pp. 521–525.
  9. ↑ Philippine Electoral Almanac (PDF). presidential communications development and strategic planning office. 2013. ISBN 978-971-95551-3-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03.
  10. ↑ Coalition ticket wins by landslide, September 21, 1935
  11. 1 2 The Philippine Statistical Review. Vol. 2. Bureau of Printing. 1935. p. 201.
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