| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 1536 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
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| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Works category |
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| Gregorian calendar | 1536 MDXXXVI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2289 |
| Armenian calendar | 985 ԹՎ ՋՁԵ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6286 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1457–1458 |
| Bengali calendar | 943 |
| Berber calendar | 2486 |
| English Regnal year | 27 Hen. 8 – 28 Hen. 8 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2080 |
| Burmese calendar | 898 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7044–7045 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙未年 (Wood Goat) 4233 or 4026 — to — 丙申年 (Fire Monkey) 4234 or 4027 |
| Coptic calendar | 1252–1253 |
| Discordian calendar | 2702 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1528–1529 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5296–5297 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1592–1593 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1457–1458 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4636–4637 |
| Holocene calendar | 11536 |
| Igbo calendar | 536–537 |
| Iranian calendar | 914–915 |
| Islamic calendar | 942–943 |
| Japanese calendar | Tenbun 5 (天文５年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1454–1455 |
| Julian calendar | 1536 MDXXXVI |
| Korean calendar | 3869 |
| Minguo calendar | 376 before ROC 民前376年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 68 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2078–2079 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴木羊年 (female Wood-Goat) 1662 or 1281 or 509 — to — 阳火猴年 (male Fire-Monkey) 1663 or 1282 or 510 |
May 19: Execution of Anne Boleyn.
Year 1536 (MDXXXVI) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
February 25: Jacob Hutter is burned at the stake.
January–June
- January – King Henry VIII of England suffers a leg injury during a jousting tournament in Greenwich.[1]
- January 6 – The Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, the oldest European school of higher learning in the Americas,[2][3] is established by Franciscans in Mexico City.[4]
- January 22 – John of Leiden, Bernhard Knipperdolling and Bernhard Krechting are executed in Münster for their roles in the Münster Rebellion.[5]
- February 2 – Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.[6]
- February 18 – A Franco-Ottoman alliance exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions, and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.[7] The compact is confirmed in 1569.[7]
- February 25 – Tyrolean Anabaptist leader Jacob Hutter, founder of the Hutterites, is burned at the stake in Innsbruck for heresy.[8]
- March
- The first edition of John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion, a seminal work of Protestant systematic theology, is published in Basel.[9]
- The Italian War of 1536–1538 resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.[10] Francis seizes control of Savoy, and captures Turin.[11] Charles triumphally enters Rome, following the Via Triumphalis, and delivers a speech before the Pope and College of Cardinals, publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.
- April – An Acte for Laws & Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme further incorporates the legal system of Wales into that of England.[12]
- April 6 – Count's Feud: Malmø surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.
- April 14 – The Reformation Parliament in England passes an Act for the Dissolution of the Monasteries.[13] Religious houses closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution include: Basingwerk Abbey, Bourne Abbey, Brinkburn Priory, Buildwas Abbey, Cartmel Priory, Dorchester Abbey, Dore Abbey, Haltemprice Priory, Keldholme Priory and Tintern Abbey.
- May 2 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England, is arrested on the grounds of incest, adultery and treason.[14]
- May 6 – Incan emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui, having on April 18 escaped from imprisonment in Cuzco, begins his revolt against his captors, when his army begins the 10-month Siege of Cuzco against a garrison of Spanish conquistadors and Indian auxiliaries, led by Hernando Pizarro.[15]
- May 14 – Thomas Cranmer declares Henry VIII of England's marriage to Anne Boleyn to be null and void.[16]
- May 19 – Anne Boleyn is beheaded.[17]
- May 23 – The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal.[18][19]
- May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour.[20]
- June 24 – San Juan Bautista del Teul is founded by Cristóbal de Oñate in New Spain.
- June 26 – Spanish navigator Andrés de Urdaneta and a few companions arrive in Lisbon from the Maluku Islands, completing a westward circumnavigation which began with the Loaísa expedition of 1525.[21]
- June 27 – San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado in Honduras.[22]
July–December
- July 29 – Count's Feud ends when Copenhagen surrenders to King Christian III of Denmark.[23][24] On August 6 he marches into the city and on August 12 arrests the country's bishops, thus consolidating the Protestant Reformation in Denmark.
- August 5 – Guelders Wars: Battle of Heiligerlee – Danish allies of Charles II, Duke of Guelders, under command of Meindert van Ham, are defeated by Habsburg forces under Georg Schenck van Toutenburg in the Low Countries.
- August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, dies having caught a chill after a game of tennis which had developed into a fever; under torture Sebastiano de Montecuccoli, his Italian secretary, confesses to poisoning him and is brutally executed on October 7. Francis' younger brother, Henry, Duke of Orléans, succeeds as heir to the kingdom.[25]
- October 1–December 5 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in England against Henry VIII's church reforms,[13] beginning as the Lincolnshire Rising and spreading to Yorkshire, from where it is led by Robert Aske.
- October 6 – English Bible translator William Tyndale is burned at the stake in Vilvoorde, Flanders.[13]
Date unknown
- Battle of Reynogüelén: Spanish conquistadors defeat a group of Mapuches in Chile, during the expedition of Diego de Almagro.[26]
- Battle of Un no Kuchi: Takeda Family forces defeat Hiraga Genshin.[27]
- Luis Sarmento is the Imperial ambassador to Portugal.[28]
Births
- January 22 – Philibert, Margrave of Baden-Baden (d. 1569)[29]
- February 2
- Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, French poet (d. 1623)[30]
- Piotr Skarga, Polish writer (d. 1612)[31]
- February 12 – Leonardo Donato, Doge of Venice (d. 1612)[32]
- February 24 – Pope Clement VIII (d. 1605)[33]
- March 6 – Santi di Tito, Italian painter (d. 1603)[34]
- March 31 – Ashikaga Yoshiteru, Japanese shōgun (d. 1565)[35][36]
- April 8 – Barbara of Hesse (d. 1597)[37]
- May 3 – Stephan Praetorius, German theologian (d. 1603)[38]
- May 13 – Jacobus Pamelius, Belgian bishop (d. 1587)[39]
- August 10 – Caspar Olevian, German Protestant theologian (d. 1587)[40]
- August 14 – René, Marquis of Elbeuf (d. 1566)[41]
- August 24 – Matthäus Dresser, German humanist, philosopher and historian (d. 1607)[42]
- October 18 – William Lambarde, English antiquarian, writer on legal subjects, politician (d. 1601)[43]
- October 21 – Joachim Ernest, Prince of Anhalt (d. 1586)[44]
- October 28 – Felix Plater, Swiss physician (d. 1614)[45]
- November 11 – Marcantonio Memmo, Doge of Venice (d. 1615)
- November 22 – Johann VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg (d. 1606)[46]
- December 26 – Yi I, Korean Confucian scholar (d. 1584)[47]
- December 29 – Henry VI, Burgrave of Plauen (d. 1572)[48]
- date unknown
- Jeong Cheol, Korean administrator and poet (d. 1593)[49]
- Leonor de Cisneros, Spanish Protestant (d. 1568)
- Juan de Fuca, Greek maritime pilot (d. 1602)[50]
- Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham, English statesman and admiral (d. 1624)[51]
- Roger Marbeck, chief physician to Elizabeth I of England (d. 1604)[52]
- Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English statesman and poet (d. 1608)[53]
- Friedrich Sylburg, German classical scholar (d. 1596)[54]
- Ikeda Tsuneoki, Japanese military commander (d. 1584)
- Giovanni de' Vecchi, Renaissance painter from Italy (d. 1614)[55]
Deaths
- January 6 – Baldassare Peruzzi, Italian architect and painter (b. 1481)[56]
- January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, First Queen of Henry VIII of England (b. 1485)[57]
- January 22
- John of Leiden, Anabaptist leader from the Dutch city of Leiden (b. 1509)[5]
- Bernhard Knipperdolling, German religious leader (b. c. 1495)[5]
- February 25
- Berchtold Haller, German-born reformer (b. 1492)[58]
- Jacob Hutter, Tyrolean founder of the Hutterite religious movement (burned at the stake)[8]
- March 15 – Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha, Ottoman grand vizier (b. 1493)[59]
- April 4 – Frederick I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach (b. 1460)[60]
- May 17 – George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford, English diplomat (executed, with four other men accused of adultery with the queen) (b. 1503)[61]
- May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second queen of Henry VIII of England (executed) (b. c. 1501/1507)[61][17]
- May 31 – Charles I, Duke of Münsterberg-Oels, Count of Kladsko, Governor of Bohemia and Silesia (b. 1476)
- June 29 – Bernhard III, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1474)[62]
- July 11 or July 12 – Erasmus, Dutch philosopher (b. 1466)[63]
- July 23 – Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset, illegitimate son of Henry VIII of England (b. 1519)[64]
- June 28 – Richard Pace, English diplomat (b. 1482)[65]
- August 10 – Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Dauphin of France, brother of Henry II (b. 1518)
- September 25 – Johannes Secundus, Dutch poet (b. 1511)[66]
- September 26 – Didier de Saint-Jaille, 46th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller[67]
- September 27 – Felice della Rovere, also known as Madonna Felice, was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Julius II (b. 1483)[68]
- October 6 – William Tyndale, English Protestant Bible translator (b. c. 1494)[69]
- October 14 – Garcilaso de la Vega, Spanish poet (b. 1503)[70][71]
- December 21 – Sir John Seymour, English courtier (b. 1474)[72]
- date unknown
- Hector Boece, Scottish philosopher (b. 1465)[73]
- Cecilia Gallerani, principal mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1473)[74]
- Hiraga Genshin, Japanese retainer and samurai[75]
- John Rastell, English printer and author[76]
- Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples, French theologian and humanist (b. c. 1450)[77]
References
- ↑ Chalmers, Cr; Chaloner, Ej (December 1, 2009). "500 years later: Henry VIII, leg ulcers and the course of history". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 102 (12): 514–517. doi:10.1258/jrsm.2009.090286. ISSN 0141-0768. PMC 2789029. PMID 19966126.
- ↑ Estarellas, Juan (1962). "The College of Tlatelolco and the Problem of Higher Education for Indians in 16th Century Mexico". History of Education Quarterly. 2 (4): 234–243. doi:10.2307/367072. ISSN 0018-2680. JSTOR 367072. S2CID 147210540. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ↑ Llinás, Edgar (1991). "The Issue of Autonomy in the Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico". Revista de Historia de América (112): 105–119. ISSN 0034-8325. JSTOR 20139800. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ↑ Gagliano, Joseph A.; Ronan, Charles E. (1997). Jesuit Encounters in the New World: Jesuit Chroniclers, Geographers, Educators and Missionaries in the Americas, 1549-1767. Institutum Historicum S.I. p. 184. ISBN 978-88-7041-350-2. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- 1 2 3 Haude, Sigrun (January 10, 2022). In the Shadow of "Savage Wolves": Anabaptist Münster and the German Reformation during the 1530s. BRILL. p. 16. ISBN 978-90-04-47580-9. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- ↑ Escobar, Ismael Bucich (1921). Buenos Aires--ciudad (in Spanish). Moro. p. 15. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- 1 2 Shaw, Stanford Jay; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97, 177. ISBN 978-0-521-21280-9. Retrieved August 18, 2023.
- 1 2 The chronicle of the Hutterian Brethren. Rifton: Plough Pub. House. 1987. p. XIV. ISBN 978-0-87486-021-4. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ "John Calvin". Christian History. Christianity Today International. August 8, 2008. Archived from the original on December 4, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2013.
- ↑ Buchan, John; Gleichen, Lord Edward (1923). France; the Nations of To-day: A New History of the World. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 36. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Tanner, Emmeline Mary (1908). The Renaissance and the Reformation: A Textbook of European History 1494-1610. Clarendon Press. p. 88. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 145–148. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
- 1 2 3 Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 210–215. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ↑ "Henry VIII: May 1536, 1-10". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Hemming, John (1993). The conquest of the Incas. London: Papermac. pp. 185–187. ISBN 978-0-333-51794-9. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of 19 May Anne Boleyn beheaded. British History. Century. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-7126-5616-0.
- 1 2 Weir, Alison (2009). The lady in the tower : the fall of Anne Boleyn. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 978-0-224-06319-7. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Herculano, Alexandre (1897). Historia de origem e establecimento da inquisição em Portugal (in Brazilian Portuguese). Tavares Cardoso & Irmão. p. 108. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Memórias da Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa (in Portuguese). August 19, 2023. p. 150. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ David Williamson (2003). The National Portrait Gallery History of the Kings and Queens of England. Barnes & Noble Books. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-7607-4678-3.
- ↑ Madoz, Pascual (1847). Diccionario geográfico-estadístico-histórico de España y sus posesiones de ultramar: Gua-Juz (in Spanish). Est. tip. de P. Madoz y L. Sagasti. p. 402. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Zúniga, Fredy Oswaldo Flores; Palacios, Sergio (2009). Honduras geográfica: compilación geográfica, histórica y actual de Honduras, sus departamentos y municipios (in Spanish). Ediciones Ramsés. p. 120. ISBN 978-99926-25-50-7. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Historiske meddelelser om København: Årbog (in Danish). Københavns Kommunalbestyrelse. 1987. p. 20. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Salmonsens konversationsleksikon (in Danish). J. H. Schultz. 1919. p. 110. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Knecht, Robert J. (April 22, 2016). Hero or Tyrant? Henry III, King of France, 1574-89. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-317-12214-2. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Berger, Eugene C. (May 23, 2023). This Incurable Evil: Mapuche Resistance to Spanish Enslavement, 1598–1687. University of Alabama Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8173-6110-5. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Turnbull, Stephen (January 20, 2013). Kawanakajima 1553–64: Samurai power struggle. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84603-652-1. Retrieved August 19, 2023.
- ↑ Letters and Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII, ed. James Gairdner, vol. X, no. 322
- ↑ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, etc (in German). Leipzig: Dunder & Humbolt. 1887. p. 739. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ Farmer, Albert John (1920). Les oeuvres françaises de Scévole de Sainte-Marthe, 1536-1623 (in French). É. Privat. p. 9. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ Tazbir, Janusz (1983). Piotr Skarga: szermierz kontrreformacji (in Polish). Wiedza Powszechna. p. 13. ISBN 978-83-214-0276-5. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ "DONÀ, Leonardo". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ "Clement VIII | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 14, 2021.
- ↑ "SANTI di Tito". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ "足利義輝(あしかがよしてる)とは？ 意味や使い方". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ 天文の乱 (in Japanese). 歴史研究会. p. 58. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ Veröffentlichungen (in German). W. Kohlhammer. 1954. p. 34. ISBN 978-3-17-005801-9. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ Meusel, Karl Heinrich (1897). Kirchliches handlexikon (in German). J. Naumann. p. 395. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ Coppens, Joseph A. (1841). Nieuwe beschrijving van het bisdom van 's Hertogenbosch: naar aanleiding van het Katholijk meijerijsch memorieboek van A. Van Gils. Over het dekanaat der Stad 's Bosch (in Dutch). Demelinne. p. 110. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ Mühling, Andreas (2008). Caspar Olevian, 1536-1587: Christ, Kirchenpolitiker und Theologe (in German). Achius. p. 13. ISBN 978-3-905351-13-2. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ Desbois, François Alexandre Aubert de la Chenaye (1774). Dictionnaire de la noblesse de France (in French). Paris: Antoine Boudet. p. 583. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
- ↑ Bursian, Conrad (1883). Geschichte der klassischen Philologie in Deutschland von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (in German). Oldenbourg. p. 247. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ Warnicke, Retha M. (1973). William Lambarde, Elizabethan Antiquary, 1536-1601. Phillimore. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-85033-077-9. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ Heine, Gerhard (1866). Geschichte des Landes Anhalt und seiner Fürsten (in German). Eduard Heine. p. 98. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ Rytz, Walther (1933). Das Herbarium Felix Platters: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Botanik des XVI. Jahrhunderts (in German). E. Birkhäuser. p. 33. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ Nassauer Annalen (in German). Verein für Nassauische Altertumskunde und Geschichtsforschung. 1886. p. 105. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ 동양교육고전의이해 (in Korean). Ewha Womans University Press. 1986. p. 226. ISBN 978-89-7300-068-5. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ Schmidt, Berthold (1888). Burggraf Heinrich IV zu Meissen, Oberstkanzler der Krone Böhmen und seine Regierung im Vogtlande (in German). Griesbach. p. 55. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ 송강 정철 문학의 재인식 (in Korean). 역락. 2004. p. 56. ISBN 978-89-5556-334-4. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ Gough, Barry M. (2012). Juan de Fuca's Strait : voyages in the waterway of forgotten dreams. Madeira Park: Harbour Pub. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-55017-573-8. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ British Naval Biography: Comprising the Lives of the Most Distinguished Admirals, from Howard to Coddington. London: Scott, Webster and Geary. 1839. p. 35. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ "Marbeck, Roger". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18027. Retrieved August 21, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ "Thomas Sackville". Oxford Reference. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ Justi, Karl Wilhelm (1818). Friedrich Sylburg (in German). Bayrhoffer. p. 4. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ "Vecchi, Giovanni (Liso) de'". Grove Art Online. Retrieved August 21, 2023.
- ↑ "Peruzzi, Baldassarre". Grove Art Online. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ William E. Wilkie (July 11, 1974). The Cardinal Protectors of England: Rome and the Tudors Before the Reformation. CUP Archive. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-521-20332-6.
- ↑ Hadorn, Wilhelm (1907). Kirchengeschichte der reformierten Schweiz (in German). Schulthess. p. 143. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Islâm ansıklopedisi: Islâm âlemı tarıh, coğrafya, etnoğrafya ve bıyografya lûgatı (in Turkish). Mıllî Eğıtım Basimevı. 1945. p. 45. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Allgemeine deutsche Biographie (in German). Duncker & Humblot. 1878. p. 480. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- 1 2 Richard S. Sylvester; Davis P. Harding (January 1, 1962). Two Early Tudor Lives: The Life and Death of Cardinal Wolsey by George Cavendish; The Life of Sir Thomas More by William Roper. Yale University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-300-00239-4.
- ↑ Weech, Friedrich von (1890). Badische Geschichte (in German). Liebermann und Cie. p. 140. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Herwaarden, J. Van (January 1, 2003). Between Saint James and Erasmus: Studies in Late-Medieval Religious Life : Devotions and Pilgrimages in the Netherlands. BRILL. p. 529. ISBN 978-90-04-12984-9. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Murphy, Beverley Anne (2003). Bastard prince : Henry VIII'S lost son. Stroud: Sutton. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-7509-3709-2. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ "Pace, Richard". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21065. Retrieved August 21, 2023. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ↑ Collectanea friburgensia (in German). Université de Fribourg. 1912. p. 211. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Schilling, August (1845). Beiträge zur Geschichte des souverainen Johanniter-Ordens (in German). Ueberreuter. p. 17. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ "DELLA ROVERE, Felice". www.treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ J. R. Broome (1988). Reformation and Counter-Reformation: 1588-1688-1988. Gospel Standard Publications. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-903556-79-8.
- ↑ Bulletin hispanique (in French). Éditions Bière. 1919. p. 239. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Revue de l'instruction publique de la littérature et des sciences en France et dans les pays étrangers: recueil hebdomadaire politique (in French). Hachette. 1861. p. 791. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Journals of the House of Lords. H.M. Stationery Office. 1921. p. 346. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Moulton, Charles Wells (1901). The Library of Literary Criticism of English and American Authors. Moulton Publishing Company. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-8446-7155-0. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Müntz, Eugène (1898). Leonardo Da Vinci: Artist, Thinker and Man of Science. W. Heinemann. p. 111. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Papinot, Edmond (1909). Historical and Geographical Dictionary of Japan. Librairie Sansaisha. p. 636. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ Stephen, Sir Leslie; Lee, Sir Sidney (1903). Dictionary of National Biography. Smith, Elder. p. 1088. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ↑ The American Journal of Theology. University of Chicago Press. 1905. p. 752. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
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