The political conflict between the AKP-ruled Turkish government and the Gülen movement of Fethullah Gülen began in 2013.

With similarities in ideology, the AKP and the Gülen Movement have long maintained an alliance, with the latter using their judicial influence to limit opposition from Turkey's secular establishment to the AKP's religious conservatism. Traditionally cosy relations between the AKP government and the Gülen Movement turned sour in late 2013 after Gülen criticised the government's response to the Gezi Park protests and their policy of closing down Gülen's private "prep-schools".[1]

The disagreement between the government and the movement escalated into a skirmish, with then-Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan accusing the Gülen Movement of trying to bring down the government by using their influence over the judiciary to cause a government corruption scandal (known as the 17-25 investigations due to the dates on which it occurred).[2] The government subsequently responded with large-scale reforms to the police and judiciary forces to purge Gülen's sympathisers from their positions.[3][4] The conflict has been referred to as a coup attempt by pro-AKP commentators and as a purge of judicial independence by critics.[5]

Branding the movement as a 'parallel structure' and accusing Gülen of setting up an 'armed terrorist group', the government's efforts to purge the influence of the Gülen Movement has become a mainstream issue in Turkish politics and has sparked nationwide concerns over judicial independence and growing government authoritarianism in Turkey.[6][7]

Background

Relations between the Turkish government and the Gülen Movement date back to the premiership of Turgut Özal, who took office in 1983. The leader of the movement, Fethullah Gülen, has resided in Saylorsburg, Pennsylvania since 1999. Originating from a series of conferences and schools, the Movement gradually increased its influence in both the Turkish political and justice systems, with many of Gülen's supporters ending up occupying senior positions in the Judiciary. The Movement's influence in the Turkish government culminated in bringing forward the highly controversial Ergenekon and the Sledgehammer court cases against critics of the governing Justice and Development Party (AKP) in 2007.[8][9]

As a conservative and Turkish nationalist, the movement was in discord with the government over the democratization towards the Kurds. KCK operations was attributed to the gulen movement.

The Gülen Movement's leader, Fethullah Gülen, managed to maintain a large number of supporters worldwide through the use of sympathetic media outlets, events, religious schools and charities. Several companies and organisations are affiliated with the movement, such as Samanyolu TV and Bank Asya.[10][11] The movement is also supported by numerous political parties, mostly by the AKP between 2002 and 2013. Smaller parties such as the Democratic Progress Party and the Nation and Justice Party have also been accused of being sympathetic to Gülen's cause.[12] The main opposition Republican People's Party was accused of maintaining informal links with the movement during the 2014 local elections.[13] Independent ex-MPs, such as Hakan Şükür, are also seen as staunch followers of the movement.[14]

Belligerents

Turkish stateGülen Movement
Government and state
61st Government of TurkeySenior members of the Turkish Judiciary
62nd Government of TurkeyAllegedly 2,000 members of the General Directorate of Security
General Directorate of SecuritySchools and cram schools
Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (since 2015)A small number of government Members of Parliament
National Intelligence Organisation (MİT)
Political parties and organisations
Justice and Development Party (since 2013)Justice and Development Party (before 2013)
Republican People's Party (2002-2014, 2015 onwards)Republican People's Party (briefly, allegedly in 2014)
Rights and Equality PartyDemocratic Progress Party (alleged)
Patriotic Party[15]Nation and Justice Party (alleged)
Independent Turkey Party[16]Centre Party (alleged)
Felicity Party[17]
Media and companies
SabahZaman
Yeni ŞafakTaraf (some columnists)
Yeni AkitBugün
StarMillet
AkşamSamanyolu TV
TürkiyeSamanyolu Haber
MilatMehtap TV
TRTBank Asya
Beyaz TVKanaltürk
TV8Burç FM
NTVBugün TV
Kanal 7Samanyolu Haber Radyo
ATVEbru TV
Kanal DSızıntı
A HaberSamanyolu Avrupa
Show TVAksiyon
CNN TürkDünya Radyo
Star TVYeni Ümit
Daily SabahToday's Zaman
MilliyetDünya TV
HürriyetRadyo Mehtap
HabertürkIrmak TV
TRT HaberCihan Haber Ajansı
Ülke TVKanaltürk Radyo
TGRT HaberCihan Radyo
24Radyo Bamteli
Key people
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (Prime Minister, President)Fethullah Gülen
Ahmet Davutoğlu (Foreign Minister, Prime Minister)Ekrem Dumanlı
Abdullah Gül (President)Hidayet Karaca
Emrullah İşler (Deputy Prime Minister)Erhan Bilgili
Bülent Arınç (Deputy Prime Minister)Ahmet Beyaz
Bekir Bozdağ (Justice Minister)Hakan Şükür
Kenan İpek (Justice Minister)İdris Bal (alleged)
Hakan Fidan (MİT Undersecretary)İdris Naim Şahin (alleged)

Start of the conflict

2012 allegations

The first signs of a conflict came in February 2012, where the request for the National Intelligence Organisation (MİT) undersecretary Hakan Fidan to give evidence regarding the promotion of several AKP politicians known to be close to the Gülen Movement. In response to these claims, AKP deputy leader Hüseyin Çelik claimed that 'crows would laugh' at allegations that the Gülen Movement had taken over the state.[18]

Gezi Park protests

After environmentalists protests in Gezi Park, Taksim Square turned into general protests against government authoritarianism in June 2013, Gülen began making statements from Pennsylvania that were regarded as some to be critical of the government's perceived heavy handed response.[19][20] These were seen as the first major signs that the alliance between the AKP and the Gülen Movement were waning.[19] The government's response to the protestors were criticised internationally, with the United States condemning the disproportionate violence and the European Union stalling Turkey's accession negotiations.

Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan refused to negotiate with protestors, calling them 'a handful of looters' and accusing several protestors of backing violent terrorist groups such as DHKP-C. In response, Gülen released a statement claiming that the future of a park was not worth a life, calling for both sides to end their respective struggles and negotiate in a peaceful manner.[21]

Cram school (dershane) crisis

The conflict between the AKP and the Gülen Movement was fully underway after the government proposed a new law that would force several private cram schools, many of which are owned by the Gülen Movement, to close.[22][23] In response, the pro-Gülen media began a strong campaign against the government's proposals.[24][25][26] The Zaman newspaper, which is the most prominent pro-Gulen newspaper in Turkey and also one of the most widely circulated, carried headlines such as 'An educational coup' and 'Such a law was never even seen in the coup years'.[27][28][29][30] Furthermore, the paper claimed that not even the employment sector wanted the colleges to be forcefully closed and also printed 1.5 million copies of a special edition accompanied by an additional brochure entitled 'Cram School' (Dershane).[31][32] In response to Zaman's campaign, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reiterated that his cabinet had agreed to put the new legislation to Parliament in November 2013.[33] Ekrem Dumanlı, the general circulation manager of Zaman, wrote an open letter to Erdoğan in his column on 25 November 2013.[34] On the same day, Fethullah Gülen himself released a statement entitled 'We will go on without stopping!'.[35]

The law received parliamentary approval in February 2014 and took effect a year later in February 2015.[36]

2004 MGK controversy

The National Security Council (MGK) building in Ankara

While the controversy was ongoing, editor Mehmet Baransu from the Taraf newspaper wrote an article on 28 November 2013 claiming that the decision to bring down the Gülen Movement had in fact been taken during a National Security Council (MGK) meeting in 2004.[37] The article claimed that the formal decision to end the movement's political influence had been signed in August 2004 by both Prime Minister Erdoğan and President Abdullah Gül. Erdoğan's chief advisor Yalçın Akdoğan denied the claims, but his denial failed to convince the pro-Gulen media.[38] Samanyolu TV alleged that a decision for the National Intelligence Organisation to maintain surveillance on individuals was included in the leaked documents.[39]

In response to the leaking of MGK documents, Prime Minister Erdoğan made a statement reiterating his decision to abolish cram schools, while slamming the leak as an act of national treason.[40][41][42]

Resignation of AKP MPs

The cram school crisis created a split within the AKP's parliamentary group, with pro-Gulen MPs openly voicing their concern over the new educational legislation. These included İdris Bal, who vocally criticised his party's policy on cram schools and was subsequently referred to the party's disciplinary board for suspension. In statements made to the press, Bal had claimed that closing cram schools would mean many youths would be unable to make it to university.[43] When his imminent suspension became certain, Bal resigned from the AKP.[44] He later formed the Democratic Progress Party (DGP) in November 2014, with many media outlets describing the party as the party of the Gulen Movement.[45][46] Before the June 2015 general election however, Bal resigned as the leader of his new party, accusing the pro-Gulen media of limiting his party's ability to reach out to voters.[47] This cast doubt over initial claims that the DGP was a pro-Gulen political party.

Another key resignation was that of Hakan Şükür in December 2013, who is openly a follower of Gulen and strongly critical of his party's cram school policy.[48] Şükür revealed after his resignation that he had been to visit Gulen on numerous occasions while still an AKP Member of Parliament, telling Gulen that he wanted to resign from his party. He claimed that Gulen had delayed his decision.[49]

2013 government corruption scandal

17 December operations

On 17 December 2013, a wave of arrests targeting businessmen, bankers and most notably the sons of four serving cabinet ministers in Erdoğan's government were arrested during an anti-corruption operation.[50] The allegations that a banknote counting machine had been found in serving Interior Minister Muammer Güler's son's house, as well as the revelation that large amounts of money had been hidden in shoe boxes in the house of the CEO of Halkbank caused a media storm.[51][52] A total of 80 people were arrested, with 24 formally charged.[53]

Following the anti-corruption operations, Deputy Prime Minister Bülent Arınç issued a statement saying that the government knew who was behind the operations and that any intervention of a group within the governance of the state would be dealt with accordingly.[54] Erdoğan called the arrests a 'dirty operation'.[55]

On the same day as the operation, five branch managers from the Istanbul Directorate of Security were removed from their posts.[56] Two new prosecutors, Ekrem Aydıner and Mustafa Erol, were assigned to deal with the corruption cases, alongside the existing two prosecutors Celal Kara and Mehmet Yüzgeç due to the extensiveness of the case. Kara and Yüzgeç, the two existing prosecutors, were late removed from the case. Mustafa Erol later resigned from the case.[57] The entire corruption investigation was subsequently dealt by a single prosecutor, namely Ekrem Aydıner. The fact that only one prosecutor was now presiding over a case where two prosecutors had originally been assigned due to a heavy workload led to allegations that Aydıner was acting on the in favour of the government's demands.[58][59]

Following the operation, the government branded the investigation as a 'planned psychological attack', 'an illegal group within the state' and 'dirty games being played within and outside the Turkish state'.[54][60][61] While the government did not name the Gulen Movement specifically, Gulen recorded a message full of religious imprecations.[62] Most media and political commentators claimed that the government's accusations were clearly directed at either the Gulen Movement, or a segment within the Gulen Movement.[63][64][65][66] The movement had by now been branded a 'parallel structure' operating within the state.

Cabinet reshuffle and resignations

The three ministers that were incriminated in the corruption scandal, namely Zafer Çağlayan, Erdoğan Bayraktar and Muammer Güler, resigned from their cabinet ministers. Having also been mentioned in the corruption investigations, Egemen Bağış also lost his position in the ensuring reshuffle. Bayraktar called for the Prime Minister to resign to ease the political tensions that had resulted from the corruption scandal, though later apologised for his statement.[67][68]

As a result of his party's perceived corruption, former Interior minister İdris Naim Şahin resigned from his party and called for the Prime Minister to resign. Şahin later established the Nation and Justice Party (MİLAD Party) in November 2014, with this party also being branded as pro-Gulen by media outlets close to the AKP. Şahin, like former DGP leader İdris Bal, resigned from his party before the 2015 general election after failing to seal an alliance deal with the Felicity Party and the Great Union Party.

On 27 December 2015, Ertuğrul Günay, Haluk Özdalga and Erdal Kalkan all resigned from the AKP.

HSYK controversy and 25 December operation

Realising that the ministers involved in the 17 December operations did not initially know that investigations had begun into them, the government made it compulsory for such investigations to be reported to the most senior officials in government.[69] The Supreme Board of Judges and Prosecutors (HSYK) ruled this requirement unconstitutional.[70]

On 25 December, the same day that the HSYK ruled that the government's demands were unconstitutional, prosecutor Muammer Akkaş issued an arrest warrant for 30 more individuals on charges of corruption, yet the Istanbul Directorate of Security refused to make the arrests.[71] As a result, Akkaş issued a statement claiming that he was being prevented from doing his job. The government responded by accusing Akkaş of attempting to begin a second operation through unlawful means, thus taking him off the case and allegedly giving it to prosecutor Turan Çolakkadı.[72] In the end, the case was transferred to five other prosecutors.[73]

On 26 December, Prime Minister Erdoğan claimed that Akkaş had disgraced the judiciary by issuing such a statement and claimed that the HSYK had committed a crime by refusing the government's demands to notify senior ministers of investigations. He claimed that had he had the right, he would have 'tried' the HSYK himself, but claimed that the people would have the right to judge.[74] A day later, the Turkish Council of State voted down the government's demands, with Erdoğan subsequently issuing a statement saying 'what needs to be done will be done, and then you will see' and claiming that the judicial changes proposed in the 2010 constitutional referendum had been a mistake.[75] Several pro-government ministers claimed that the judicial setback was the last open attack against the AKP by the Gulen Movement.[76]

A new law that would bring the HSYK directly under the control of the Ministry of Justice was passed on 1 February 2014 despite several breakouts of violence between government and opposition MPs.[77][78][79]

Accusations of a 'judicial coup'

On 31 December, Deputy Prime Minister Ali Babacan, who was later himself accused of being a supporter of Gulen, claimed that the events of 17 December 2013 had been a mini-coup attempt.[80] An intelligence report for the Prime Minister was leaked on the same day, with claims that the 'parallel structure' had branches in 27 provinces and had over 2,000 police officers and several academics, journalists and bankers under its control.[81][82]

President Abdullah Gül issued a statement on 4 January 2014 claiming that a state within a state was 'absolutely unacceptable'.[83] Erdoğan claimed that the corruption scandal had been an attempt to tarnish the AKP's image, to worsen his relations with President Gül, to sabotage the ongoing solution process with Kurdish rebels and to stop Turkey's growth.

A new spate of anti-corruption operations began on 7 January, in provinces such as İzmir, Amasya and Istanbul. These operations were mocked by the pro-AKP media.[84][85][86][87][88][89]

MİT lorry scandal

On 1 January, lorries allegedly carrying weapons and bound for Syria were stopped in Adana, while a similar convoy of lorries were stopped on 19 June in Hatay. The prosecutor Aziz Takçı, who ordered the lorries to be stopped and searched for weapons after receiving a tip-off, was later removed from his position and branded as a member of Gulen's 'parallel structure'. The government attempted to cover up the lorries' cargo and to stop the searching of their contents on both occasions, with it becoming apparent that they belonged to the National Intelligence Organisation (MİT). The accusation that MİT lorries were carrying weapons into Syria created yet another scandal, especially at a time when the government in the centre of international controversy for their policy of inaction against Islamic State militants. Erdoğan stated that the contents of the lorries were a national secret, but later claimed that they had been carrying humanitarian aid to the Turkmen population in Syria. He branded the prosecutor and gendarmerie troops involved in the search of the lorries as parallel structure sympathisers and many were subsequently arrested.[90]

Government reforms

Police and Judiciary

Within 35 days of the 17 December anti-corruption operations, 5,000 police officers had been designated to positions elsewhere in the Directorate of Security.[91][92] Interior Minister Efkan Ala made a live statement claiming that 1,000 officers had been moved to new positions and 5,000 officers had been moved in a routine procedure. He claimed that this was a small percentage of re-designations compared to the total workforce of 260,000 officers.[93]

As changes to the HSYK were being debated in Parliament, several members of the HSYK that openly criticised the new legislation were removed from their posts.[94][95] In the Istanbul Çağlayan Justice Palace, there was an overhaul of staff, with 90 out of 192 prosecutors being reassigned from their original positions. Prosecutors dealing with the sledgehammer and Ergenekon trials were also involved in the mass overhaul. The prosecutors dealing with the 17 December operations were removed from their positions entirely.[96][97] Erdoğan later made a speech alleging that the Gülen Movement had taken over the judiciary and claimed that they had made a mistake in pushing for constitutional changes in the 2010 referendum. He further claimed that the HSYK had allowed phones to be wiretapped at will, which was why the government had put forward such significant reforms.[98]

The government also abolished courts with special privileges (özel yetkili mahkemeler, ÖYM) as part of a democratisation package.

2014 MİT reform law

Besides tightening control over the judiciary, the government brought forward a new law that gave significant new powers to the National Intelligence Organisation (MİT). The new law would give the Council of Ministers the right to assign duties to MİT operatives on issues of counter-terrorism, national or external security. The term 'national security' raised the most concern due to its vagueness, meaning that a minister could potentially assign the MİT to conduct an operation against any political party, group, organisation or institution simply by claiming that they were a national security threat.

The new law also gave the MİT the power to confiscate or demand access to any form of information, material or equipment contained by an organisation by overriding any other laws protecting privacy. Furthermore, leaking MİT documents was made a new crime, with long jail terms imposed on individuals who disclose information on the MİT's activities. The MİT was also given the right to conduct unlimited surveillance and a legal ground was instituted for talks between the MİT and imprisoned PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan.[99]

2014 Internet censorship law

The government passed a new controversial internet censorship law in 2014 that gave the Presidency of Telecommunication and Communication (TİB) to block websites without court authorisation should they reveal private or 'insulting' content. The law also made censorship much easier while also forcing websites to keep data of their users for a prolonged period of time and to disclose such information should the TİB require it. The new law was described as an open attack on social media due to the strengthening of existing censorship laws, with the lack of checks and balances on the TİB's decisions also being criticised.[100] Social media had a significant impact on the Gezi Park protests and the organisation of other anti-government demonstrations.

A week before the 2014 local elections, Twitter and YouTube were blocked using the new powers given to the TİB.

Release of Ergenekon and Balyoz prisoners

The Sledgehammer and Ergenekon cases were brought forward, allegedly as a joint effort between the AKP and Gulen Movement, in 2007 against critics of the AKP that threatened the party's hold on power. Such individuals included several military officers and journalists, including former Chief of General Staff Çetin Doğan. The cases were both riddled with claims of irregularities, though many defendants were either sentenced to life in prison for attempting a coup or charged while in jail.

In February 2014, a law limited the time in which an accused could be imprisoned while formally charged to five years, meaning several Sledgehammer or Ergenekon defendants were released.[101] An Istanbul court ordered the release of 230 people after ruling that their rights had been breached.[102] In 2015, Erdoğan claimed that the entire country had been misled and deceived during the Sledgehammer case.[103]

Tape recording revelations

On the evening of 25 February 2014, a recording was posted on YouTube allegedly featuring Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan telling his son Necmettin Bilal Erdoğan to 'nullify' all the cash kept in their home due to the ongoing operations occurring in other government ministers' homes. The Prime Minister called the tape a 'dastardly, shameless and nasty montage', adding that there was nothing that he could not give a justification to. He claimed that the perpetrators behind the montage were members of the parallel structure (i.e. the Gulen Movement) and committed to beginning legal proceedings into the recording, as well as proving that it was a forgery.

The recording was broadcast in Parliament by opposition leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu, who claimed that new revelations would emerge in the following days and called for the Prime Minister to 'grab a helicopter and flee the country or resign'. Legal proceedings began into Kılıçdaroğlu for broadcasting the recording to Parliament, with him being accused of acquiring the recording through illegal methods. Despite the investigation later being abandoned, the court decided to restart the case in June 2015. The MHP leader Devlet Bahçeli claimed that the tapes put minds into shock, adding that the unjustifiable recording would go down in Turkish history as a disgrace.

Investigations into possible forgery

Despite claiming that the recordings were forged and vowing to bring forward evidence to prove this to be true, the government failed to bring forward proof in the first few days after a recording. The pro-government newspaper Star claimed that the government had received a report from an American company (John Marshall Media) confirming the recording to be a fake. However, the company CEO later took to Facebook stating that they did deal with legal verifications of tape recordings and stated that the report bearing their company name was a fake, announcing that they would look into possible legal action into their brand name being used unlawfully.[104]

The main institution the government turned to for a report confirming the forgery was the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK), which examined the recording but failed to produce any proof that it was a fake. As a result, six TÜBİTAK experts at were fired in late February, with Minister Fikri Işık accusing them of supporting Gülen and accusing the parallel structure in general of infiltrating TÜBİTAK.[105][106] In June 2014, TÜBİTAK eventually produced a report confirming the recordings to be a fake, though the report was found to be unconvincing and 'funny' by some vocal experts.[107] The CHP claimed that the technology that TÜBİTAK had used (syllable analysis) to produce their report did not actually exist, taking the issue to Parliament.[108]

Wiretapping claims

Energy and Natural Resources Minister Taner Yıldız claimed that the recording had been made for an Islamist organisation called 'Selam'.[109] Pro government newspapers Sabah, Star and Yeni Şafak accused the parallel structure of wiretapping 20,000, 2,280 and 7,000 people respectively.[110][111][112] Their estimates widely increased in the following days, with Yeni Şafak claiming that the true number was above 100,000. The Presidency of Telecommunication and Communication (TİB) stated in March that 509,000 phones had been wiretapped between 2012 and 2013, though the TİB only had court warrants to wiretap 217,863 phones.[113]

The former Vice President of TÜBİTAK, Hasan Palaz, and two other former TÜBİTAK workers were arrested for alleged wiretapping of the Prime Ministry, though Palaz was later released.[114] The Vice President of the TİB Osman Nihat Şen was also arrested.[115] A total of 26 people were arrested on charges of wiretapping and spying, including five police officers.[116]

2014 local elections

The local elections on 30 March 2014 was the first election since the conflict began, with the AKP facing a serious test of confidence following the corruption charges. With 42.87% of the vote, the AKP won the elections with a significant proportion of councillors and mayors up for election. The CHP, hoping for a large boost in their vote share after running a fierce anti-corruption campaign, won just 26.34% of the vote (only 0.36% up from their 2011 election result). Many opposition members alleged widespread electoral fraud, especially in Ankara and Antalya, with electricity cuts and provocations during vote counting causing heavy controversy.[117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129]

In a balcony speech declaring the AKP's victory, Erdoğan claimed that the population had given him a mandate to continue his fight against the parallel structure.[130] He further stated that the parallel structure's treachery would not be forgotten and that he had been a victim of his own good intentions, which was a perceived reference to the AKP's traditionally cosy relationship with Gulen.[131] Finally, Erdoğan pledged to have Gulen's sympathisers tried before the people and not the courts that they had 'infiltrated'.[132]

Accusations of armed terrorism

With numerous prosecutors, soldiers, police officers and journalists known to be close to the Gulen Movement being arrested on charges of 'setting up an armed terrorist group', accusations of terrorism against the Movement have increased. A retired judge and a defendant during the Sledgehammer case, Ahmet Zeki Üçok claimed that the parallel structure had formed a terrorist cell named 'Ötüken'. It was claimed alleged that the cell had played a part in the assassination of Hrant Dink, the Zirve Publishing House massacre, the Turkish Council of State shooting and civil unrest in the Gezi Park protests.[133] A journalist from Akşam, the newspaper in which the allegations had been made, resigned.[134]

Controversies

The conflict has caused widespread controversy both politically and internationally, mainly revolving around Erdoğan's political polarising response and the uncertainty of the future of Turkish judicial independence.

Domestic opposition

The Republican People's Party (CHP), which forms the main opposition, was heavily critical of the government for their reforms to the judiciary and the corruption scandal. It was perceived by some that the newspaper Zaman had begun implicitly supporting the CHP in order to sustain the Gulen Movement's influence in politics and parliament. After opposition MPs began receiving letters from Gulen's supporters urging them to oppose the cram school law, the CHP took the law closing the schools to court.[135] After the 2013 corruption scandal, the CHP strongly condemned the government and called for Erdoğan's resignation, to which the Prime Minister responded by accusing CHP leader Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu of collaborating with Gulen. The CHP also accused the government of violating the independence of the judiciary with their reforms following the scandal. During the 2014 local election campaign, the CHP took a strong anti-corruption stance while the AKP accused the CHP of being pro-Gulen. The CHP's former spokesperson Birgül Ayman Güler resigned after accusing her party of allying itself with the Gulen Movement.[136] The CHP has also defended imprisoned Zaman journalists and have visited them in prison, while also coming out in support for Bank Asya during the government's attempt to shut it down.[137][138] These actions fuelled accusations that the CHP had now become the party of the Gulen Movement. Allegedly expecting many Gulen-supporting AKP voters to defect during the local elections, the CHP only won 26.34%, an increase of just 0.36% since the 2011 general election. However, the CHP has been historically heavily critical of the Gulen Movement, having been strongly against the judicial misconduct during the Sledgehammer and Ergenekon trials. Many Sledgehammer and Ergenekon defendants such as Mustafa Balbay are now CHP MPs, having been elected in an attempt to free them from prison.

International concerns

Concerns have been raised by the US Congress, the European Union and several other human rights groups over the Turkish government's tightening control over the judiciary, as well as increased government censorship of social media. In January 2014, the EU issued a call for Turkey to preserve press freedom and judicial independence, criticising the large-scale reorganisation of judges and the censorship of social media networks.[139] In January 2015, the EU Enlargement Commissioner Štefan Füle called on Ankara to restore judicial independence in order to make progress in its accession negotiations.[140]

The United States Congress has urged Secretary of State John Kerry to push Turkey for a free press after the raids on pro-Gulen newspapers that saw the arrest of Samanyolu TV director Hidayet Karaca and Zaman editor-in-chief Ekrem Dumanlı.[141] Following the police raids on pro-Gulen media, the US Congress condemned Turkey for an "assault on democracy".[142]

Purge of the Gülenist movement in Turkey

In 2016 a faction within the military loyal not to the state, but to Fethullah Gülen, allegedly tried to overthrow the Turkish government. 249 Turks were killed resisting the coup.

In rebuttal of these attempted-coup allegations, the London-based Hizmet Centre, a Gulen-movement source, said that Gulen had remarked within a speech broadcast August 13, 2017 "about a rumour of a plot, that some important public figures will be assassinated in Turkey, and the blame will be put on the members of the Hizmet [Gulen] movement. Gulen’s message...was allegedly distorted by pro-Erdogan and anti-Gulen media circles as 'an order of assassination to his followers'".[143]

Turkey's Justice Ministry said on July 13 that 50,510 people have been arrested and 169,013 have been charged with complicity with the coup attempt. Many of those arrested or charged and are associated with the Gulen movement.[144] The government has charged people merely associated with the Gulen movement through such means as possession of an account with Bank Asya, a Gulen-movement affiliated bank, or subscribing to Zaman, a Gulen-movement affiliated newspaper.[145]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The so-called "prep-schools" were "weekend courses that prepare high school students for university exams".
    "What you should know about Turkey's AKP-Gulen conflict - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. 3 January 2014. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015.
  2. ↑ MURATYETKİN. "Erdoğan bindiği dalı kesiyor: Yolsuzluk soruşturmasının yıldönümü". Radikal. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  3. ↑ "Turkish police detained over alleged plot to topple Erdoğan government". the Guardian. September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  4. ↑ "Erdoğan subaylara seslendi: Komutanların tutuklanmasında aldatıldık". Radikal. 19 March 2015. Archived from the original on 3 October 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  5. ↑ "Başbakan Erdoğan: En ahlaksız darbe girişimi". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "Court claims armed group leadership in Gülen arrest warrant without evidence". TodaysZaman. 23 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  7. ↑ "EU report criticizes Turkey over judicial independence, press freedom". TodaysZaman. 8 October 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  8. ↑ "Hanefi Avcı blames Gülen movement, government for Balyoz, Ergenekon cases - POLITICS". hurriyetdailynews.com. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  9. ↑ "Balyoz Gülen cemaatinin başın(d)a patladı". gazetevatan.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  10. ↑ "Samanyolu Haber Web TV Hizmet-Hareketi videoları izle ve seyret". samanyoluhaber.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  11. ↑ "Haber : Bank Asya'ya son destek Fethullah Gülen'den haberi". Internethaber. 8 February 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  12. ↑ "Paralel örgüt tabela partilerini kullanıp attı". Sabah. 18 March 2015. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  13. ↑ "CHP'li vekilden paralel yapı itirafı!". takvim.com.tr. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  14. ↑ "Hakan Şükür: İstifa ettiğim gün bakanlık teklif ettiler". Bugun.com.tr. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  15. ↑ "Ünlü spiker Mehpare Çelik'ten Gülen için şok sözler!". gazeteciler.com. 28 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  16. ↑ "MİT raporunda Fethullah Gülen- Haydar Baş kavgası!". timeturk.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  17. ↑ "Saadet'in Cemaat'e desteğini hazmedemeyiz - Gündem Haberleri". Sabah. 5 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  18. ↑ "Cemaat devlete sızmış, buna kargalar güler". NTV. 20 February 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  19. 1 2 "Gülen'den Gezi Parkı Açıklaması". Habervaktim. 11 June 2013. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  20. ↑ "Haber : Gülen'den yeni Gezi Parkı yorumu haberi". Internethaber. 6 June 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  21. ↑ "Fethullah Gülen Hocaefendi'den Gezi yorumu". Bugun.com.tr. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  22. ↑ "Avcı: Dershanelerin dönüşümü 2014-2015 döneminde geçerli olacak". samanyoluhaber.com. 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013.
  23. ↑ "Erdoğan: Dershaneler Kapatılacak, Geri Adım Yok". aktifhaber.com. 4 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014.
  24. ↑ Ekrem Dumanlı. "Dershaneler kapanır ama kapatılamaz!". ZAMAN. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014.
  25. ↑ UĞUR SAĞINDIK (16 November 2013). "Dershaneleri kapatma gerekçeleri inandırıcı değil". ZAMAN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  26. ↑ OSMAN ABALI* (6 December 2013). "Dershanelerin kapatılması ve eğitimin geleceğindeki kaos". ZAMAN. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  27. ↑ "Zaman Gazetesi - 14 Kasım 2013". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  28. ↑ "Zaman Gazetesi - 15 Kasım 2013". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  29. ↑ "Zaman Gazete Manşeti 16 Kasım 2013". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014.
  30. ↑ "Zaman Gazetesi - 16 Kasım 2013". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  31. ↑ "Zaman Gazetesi - 17 Kasım 2013". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  32. ↑ "Zaman Gazetesi - 18 Kasım 2013". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  33. ↑ "Başbakan Erdoğan: Dershaneleri kapatma kararı Bakanlar Kurulu ve Meclis'ten geçecek". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 22 November 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  34. ↑ Ekrem Dumanlı (25 November 2013). "BAŞBAKAN'A AÇIK MEKTUP". ZAMAN. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  35. ↑ "Hiç Durmadan Yürüyeceksiniz!." Fethullah Gülen Hocaefendi'nin sohbetleri. 25 November 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  36. ↑ "AKP'den dersane hamlesi!". sozcu.com.tr. 6 February 2014. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  37. ↑ "Gülen'i bitirme kararı 2004'te MGK'da alındı". taraf.com.tr. Archived from the original on 9 November 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  38. ↑ "2004 MGK kararı yok hükmündedir". Sabah. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  39. ↑ "Başbakan Erdoğan MGK belgelerinin doğruluğunu kabul etti". samanyoluhaber.com. 7 December 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014.
  40. ↑ "Taraf'ın şok MGK belgesi gündemi sarstı". ZAMAN. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  41. ↑ "Star Gazetesi, Star, Son Dakika Haberler, Güncel Haberler, Gazeteler". Star. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  42. ↑ "Erdoğan 2004 MGK kararları için suskunluğunu bozdu - Ekonomi Haberleri I Türkiye'nin en saygın ekonomi ve iş dünyası sitesi". ekoayrinti.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  43. ↑ "Dershane tartışması vekil götürüyor: AKP'li İdris Bal için kesin ihraç istendi". Radikal. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  44. ↑ "NTV Haber – Son Dakika Haberleri ve Güncel Haberler - Ntv.com.tr". ntv.com.tr. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  45. ↑ "İdris Bal parti kurdu". NTV. 5 November 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  46. ↑ ALİCAN YILMAZ (5 November 2014). "DGP Genel Başkanı İdris Bal: 2015 seçimlerine gireceğiz". ZAMAN. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  47. ↑ Fırat KESKİNKILIÇ/ANKARA (DHA). "İdris Bal, Demokratik Gelişim Partisi'nden istifa etti". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  48. ↑ "Hakan Şükür AK Parti'den istifa etti". milliyet.com.tr. 16 December 2013. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  49. ↑ "Hocaefendi'ye gittim, bana dedi ki..." www.haberturk.com. 2 January 2014. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  50. ↑ "İşte gözaltına alınan isimler!". www.haberturk.com. 18 December 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  51. ↑ "BANKA MÜDÜRÜNÜN EVİNDEKİ AYAKKABI KUTUSUNDA 4,5 MİLYON DOLAR". hurriyettv. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  52. ↑ "Barış Güler'in evindeki aramadan ilk görüntüler". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  53. ↑ Operasyon İzleme Ekibi: Çetin AYDIN - Eyüp SERBEST - Mustafa KÜÇÜK - Ali DAĞLAR - Ayşegül USTA - Şehriban OĞHAN - İpek YEZDANİ - Aziz ÖZEN - Fevzi KIZILKOYUN - Erdinç ÇELİKKAN - Hacer BOYACIOĞLU / İSTANBUL - ANKARA. "Kod adı: Büyük rüşvet". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  54. 1 2 "Arınç'tan flaş operasyon açıklaması!". Internethaber. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  55. ↑ "Erdoğan 'kirli operasyon' dedi; emniyette görevden almalar yaşandı". BBC Türkçe. Archived from the original on 22 November 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  56. ↑ Çetin Aydın. "İstanbul Emniyeti'nde şok". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 18 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  57. ↑ "17 Aralık soruşturmasında flaş gelişme". www.haberturk.com. 29 January 2014. Archived from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  58. ↑ "Savcı Ekrem Aydıner'e ne vadedildi?". Evrensel.net. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  59. ↑ DHA. "Tanrıkulu'ndan Başbakan'a "Savcı Ekrem Aydıner" sorusu". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  60. ↑ Piri Medya (18 December 2013). "Psikolojik harp var". Yeni Şafak. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  61. ↑ "Star Gazetesi - 18 Aralık 2013". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  62. ↑ "İŞTE GÜLEN'İN SİNİRLENDİĞİ ANLAR". hurriyettv. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  63. ↑ "Erdoğan'ın Fethullah Hoca söyleminin şifreleri". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  64. ↑ "Gülen Cemaati ve Sünni kodların kaybı". Star Açık Görüş (in Turkish). 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  65. ↑ Fehmi KORU, Star Gazetesi. "Bir kuşkumuz var..." Star.com.tr. Archived from the original on 13 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  66. ↑ "Bir 'paralel cemaat' de mi var?". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  67. ↑ "Bayraktar: Özür dilerim". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  68. ↑ ANKARA. "Başbakan da istifa etmeli". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  69. ↑ "Adli Kolluk Yönetmeliği'nde değişiklik yapıldı". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  70. ↑ "HSYK: YÖNETMELİK ANAYASA'YA AYKIRI". ZAMAN. 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  71. ↑ "Savcı, polis şeflerine söz geçiremedi!". Radikal. 25 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  72. ↑ "O savcı bakın kim çıktı?". Sabah. 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  73. ↑ "İşte o dosyanın yeni savcıları". Radikal. 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 25 February 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  74. ↑ "Başbakan Erdoğan: Millet bu HSYK'yı yargılayacak". Radikal. 26 December 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  75. ↑ "Erdoğan: 'Orada bir yanlış yaptık'". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  76. ↑ "Yeni Şafak Gazetesi - 28 Aralık 2013". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  77. ↑ "HSYK düzenlemesi Meclis'ten geçti". Sabah. 15 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  78. ↑ Oya ARMUTÇU/ANKARA. "AK Parti'den HSYK teklifi". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  79. ↑ Oya ARMUTÇU / ANKARA. "Meclis'te yine HSYK kavgası". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  80. ↑ "NTV Haber – Son Dakika Haberleri ve Güncel Haberler - Ntv.com.tr". ntvmsnbc.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  81. ↑ "Başbakan'a 2 bin kişilik 'paralel yapı' raporu". NTV. 1 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  82. ↑ "42 ilde 'cadı avı' son anda engellendi". aksam.com.tr. 31 December 2013. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013.
  83. ↑ "Devlet içinde devlet olamaz". Sabah. 4 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  84. ↑ "Sabah Gazetesi - 5 Ocak 2014". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  85. ↑ OSMAN ARSLAN -CİHAN (16 January 2014). "İstanbul'da yeni yolsuzluk operasyonu". ZAMAN. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  86. ↑ "Yeni yolsuzluk operasyonu". sozcu.com.tr. 21 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  87. ↑ "Cumhuriyet Gazetesi - İstanbul'da yeni yolsuzluk operasyonu!". cumhuriyet.com.tr. 22 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  88. ↑ "Sabah Gazetesi - 8 Ocak 2014". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  89. ↑ "Yeni Şafak Gazetesi - 8 Ocak 2014". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  90. ↑ "AKP'liler Mit tırlarındaki silahlar için ne demişti?". Siyasi Haber. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  91. ↑ "35 günde 5 bin polis!". www.haberturk.com. 23 January 2014. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  92. ↑ "İşte Emniyet'teki depremin bilançosu!". sozcu.com.tr. 23 January 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  93. ↑ Polis Haber (22 February 2014). "Efkan Ala: Emniyette görevden alma olmadı". polishaber.net. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  94. ↑ Oya ARMUTÇU/ ANKARA. "HSYK kendini değiştirdi". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  95. ↑ ÖMERŞAHİN. "HSYK'da 1 No'lu operasyon". Radikal. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  96. ↑ "Çağlayan Adliyesi'nde deprem". www.haberturk.com. 29 January 2014. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  97. ↑ Fırat ALKAÇ/İSTANBUL. "Adliyede köklü değişiklik". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  98. ↑ "Başbakan'dan yargıda reform sinyali!". takvim.com.tr. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  99. ↑ "Draft law would drastically expand Turkish MIT's powers - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  100. ↑ "Turkish parliament adopts Internet censorship bill". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  101. ↑ "MİLLİYET HABER - TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ". milliyet.com.tr. Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  102. ↑ Dombey, Daniel (19 June 2014). "Court in Turkey orders release of army officers". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  103. ↑ "Erdoğan subaylara seslendi: Aldatıldık". CNN Türk. 20 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  104. ↑ "Amerikalı şirket montaj raporunu yalanladı: Bu sahtekarlıktan utanın!". t24.com.tr. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  105. ↑ "TÜBİTAK'ta 6 Kişi Görevden Alındı". Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  106. ↑ "Ses kaydının faturası TÜBİTAK'a çıktı". Radikal. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  107. ↑ "TÜBİTAK'ın 'montaj' raporu komik". sozcu.com.tr. 8 June 2014. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  108. ↑ "CHP TÜBİTAK'ın 'montaj' kararını Meclis'e taşıdı". Bugun.com.tr. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  109. ↑ İSTANBUL. "'Selam' örgütü iddiası gündemi sarstı". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  110. ↑ "Star Gazetesi - 26 Şubat 2014". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  111. ↑ "Yeni Şafak Gazetesi - 25 Şubat 2014". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  112. ↑ "Sabah Gazetesi - 25 Şubat 2014". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  113. ↑ AA. "TİB: 2012 ve 2013'de 509 bin kişi dinlendi". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  114. ↑ "Hasan Palaz tutuklandı". Al Jazeera Turk - Ortadoğu, Kafkasya, Balkanlar, Türkiye ve çevresindeki bölgeden son dakika haberleri ve analizler. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  115. ↑ "Yasa dışı dinleme soruşturmasında 7 kişi serbest bırakıldı, 4 kişi tutuklandı". t24.com.tr. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  116. ↑ "Kriptolu telefon dinleme iddiasına 4 tutuklama". BBC Türkçe. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  117. ↑ "Erdogan's AKP wins most of Turkey's mayoral elections". Toronto Star. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 23 November 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  118. ↑ "As it happened: PM Erdoğan declares local poll victory amid fraud claims". Hurriyet Daily News. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  119. ↑ "Widespread fraud reports mark local elections". Today's Zaman. 30 March 2014. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  120. ↑ Mynet (26 March 2014). "Mansur Yavaş Ve Melih Gökçekten Açıklama Haberi ve Son Dakika Haberler Mynet". Mynet. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  121. ↑ "Yalova 1 oy fark ile Ak Parti'de". Milliyet Haber. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 6 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.
  122. ↑ "AB Bakanı Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu oy sayarken". sozcu.com.tr. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  123. ↑ "Taner Yıldız'dan elektrik kesintisi açıklaması". NTV. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  124. ↑ "Rekor geçersiz oy". Archived from the original on 3 April 2014.
  125. ↑ "AKP'nin oy desteği ne yüzde 45, ne yüzde 43; yüzde 36!". t24.com.tr. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  126. ↑ "Seçimler hileli! İşte CHP oylarının çalındığının belgeleri". gazetecileronline.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  127. ↑ "Toprakkale'de oylar yakıldı!". Haber7. 30 September 2014. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  128. ↑ "Kömür Talebi Patladı | Doğalgaz, yüksek fiyatlar, yerel seçimler, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, linyit kömür tüketimi, kömür, enerji, enerji haberleri, yakıt, yakacak zammı, yakıt zammı, doğalgaz zammı, zam haberleri, konut ıstma, ısıtma teknolojisi". Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  129. ↑ "Oy kullanamayacaklar, çünkü 'ölü' görünüyorlar". Sabah. 29 March 2014. Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  130. ↑ "30 Mart balkon konuşması". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. 31 March 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  131. ↑ "Erdoğan: Millet bize paralel yapı ile mücadele talimatı verdi". Bugun.com.tr. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  132. ↑ "Cumhuriyet Gazetesi - Erdoğan: Halk, paralel yapıyla mücadele yetkisi verdi". cumhuriyet.com.tr. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  133. ↑ "Akşam Gazetesi - 14 Nisan 2014". gazete5.com. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  134. ↑ "Akşam gazetesinde 'Ötüken' istifası". Radikal. 14 April 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  135. ↑ "CHP, dershanelerin kapatılmasını AYM'ye götürdü". Evrensel.net. Archived from the original on 27 August 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  136. ↑ "CHP'de 'cemaatle ittifak' kavgası büyüyor". Radikal. 17 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  137. ↑ Cem TURSUN / İSTANBUL, (DHA) (9 February 2015). "CHP'li vekillerden Hidayet Karaca ve Yakub Saygılı'ya ziyaret". HÜRRİYET - TÜRKİYE'NİN AÇILIŞ SAYFASI. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  138. ↑ "Kılıçdaroğlu Cemaat'in bankasına sahip çıktı". odatv.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  139. ↑ "Keep your courts independent, EU to tell Turkey". TodaysZaman. 8 October 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  140. ↑ "EU urges Turkey to restore judiciary independence". EurActiv - EU News & policy debates, across languages. 23 June 2014. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  141. ↑ "Dozens of US Congress members urge Kerry to press Turkey for freer media". TodaysZaman. 5 February 2015. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  142. ↑ "US Congressional caucus condemns Turkey media crackdown as 'assault on democracy'". TodaysZaman. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  143. ↑ "HIzmet centre takes on Erdogan regime". 28 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2017.
  144. ↑ "Gov't says 616 Gülen followers were detained in past week | Turkey Purge". Archived from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  145. ↑ Hansen, Suzy (13 April 2017). "Inside Turkey's Purge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.