Abadan آبادان
City
Ābādān
Abadan Location in Iran and Asia Show map of Iran Abadan Abadan (Persian Gulf) Show map of Persian Gulf
Coordinates: 30°20′49″N 48°16′57″E / 30.34694°N 48.28250°E / 30.34694; 48.28250[1]
Country	Iran
Province	Khuzestan
County	Abadan
District	Central
Government
• Mayor	Yasin Kavehpour [2]
Area
• Land	1,275 km2 (492 sq mi)
Elevation	3 m (10 ft)
Population  (2016)[3]
• Total	231,476
• Population Rank in Iran	40th
Demonym	Abadani (en)
Time zone	UTC+03:30 (IRST)
Area code	(+98) 061
Climate	BSk
Website	www.abadan.ir/fa

Abadan (Persian: آبادان Ābādān, pronounced [ʔɒːbɒːˈdɒːn]) is a city in the Central District of Abadan County, Khuzestan province, Iran, and serves as both capital of the county and of the district. The city is in the southwest of the county. It lies on Abadan Island (68 km or 42 mi long, 3–19 km or 2–12 miles wide). The island is bounded in the west by the Arvand waterway and to the east by the Bahmanshir outlet of the Karun River (the Arvand Rood), 53 kilometres (33 mi) from the Persian Gulf,^[4] near the Iran–Iraq border. Abadan is 140 km from the provincial capital city of Ahvaz.

Etymology

The earliest mention of the island of Abadan, if not the port itself, is found in the works of the Greek geographer Marcian, who renders the name "Apphadana".^[5] Earlier, the classical geographer Ptolemy notes "Apphana" as an island off the mouth of the Tigris (which is where the modern Island of Abadan is located). An etymology for this name is presented by B. Farahvashi to be derived from the Persian word "ab" (water) and the root "pā" (guard, watch) thus "coastguard station").^[6]

In Islamic times, a pseudo-etymology was produced by the historian Ahmad ibn Yahya al-Baladhuri (d. 892), quoting a folk story that the town was presumably founded by one "Abbad bin Hosayn" from the Arabian Tribe of Banu Tamim, who established a garrison there during the governorship of Hajjaj in the Ummayad period.^[6]

In the subsequent centuries, the Persian version of the name had begun to come into general use before it was adopted by official decree in 1935.^[6]

Population

The civilian population of the city almost disappeaed during the eight years of the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). The 1986 census recorded only 6 people. In 1991, 84,774 people had returned to live in the city.^[9] By 2001, the population had jumped to 206,073; the 2006 census put it at 217,988 people in 48,061 households.^[10] The following census in 2011 counted 212,744 people in 55,318 households.^[11] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 231,476 people in 66,470 households.^[3][10] Abadan Refinery is one of the largest in the world.

Only 9% of managers (of the oil company) were from Khuzestan. The proportion of natives of Tehran, the Caspian, Azerbaijan, and Kurdistan rose from 4% of blue collar workers to 22% of white collar workers to 45% of managers, thus Arabic-speakers were concentrated on the lower rungs of the work force, managers tended to be brought in from some distance.^[12] There is also a single Armenian church in the centre of the city, Saint Garapet church.

History

Abadan is thought to have been further developed into a major port city under the Abbasids' rule. The city was then a commercial source of salt and woven mats.^[4] The siltation of the river delta forced the town further away from water; In the 14th century, however, Ibn Battutah described Abadan just as a small port in a flat salty plain.^[8] Politically, Abadan was often the subject of dispute between the nearby states. In 1847, Persia acquired it from the Ottoman Empire^[9] in which state Abadan has remained since. From the 17th century onward, the island of Abadan was part of the lands of the Arab Ka'ab (Bani Kaab) tribe. One section of the tribe, Mohaysen, had its headquarters at Mohammara (now Khorramshahr), until the removal of Shaikh Khaz'al Khan in 1924.^[13]

The burnt-out shell of an Iraqi T-54/55 tank, now an monument to the Iran–Iraq War.

Ruins of a building in Abadan, which had suffered serious damages during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88), including by Saddam's deadly chemical weapons.

It was not until the 20th century that rich oil fields were discovered in the area. On 16 July 1909, after secret negotiation with the British consul, Percy Cox, assisted by Arnold Wilson, and Sheik Khaz'al agreed to a rental agreement for the island, including Abadan.^{[14][15][16][nb 1]} The Sheik continued to administer the island until 1924.^[17] The Anglo-Persian Oil Company built their first pipeline terminus oil refinery in Abadan, starting in 1909 and completing it in 1912, with oil flowing by August 1912 (see Abadan Refinery).^[18][19] Refinery throughput numbers rose from 33,000 tons in 1912–1913 to 4,338,000 tons in 1931.^[17] By 1938, it was the largest in the world.

Pictures From Iran E5329

During World War II, Abadan was the site of brief combat between Iranian forces and British and Indian troops during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. Alanbrooke wrote in August 1942 that everything depends on the oil from Abadan, as "if we lost Persian oil we inevitably lost Egypt, command of the Indian Ocean, and endangered the whole India Burma situation, which "could not be made good from America because of the shortage of tankers ...".^[20] Later, Abadan was a major logistics centre for Lend-Lease aircraft being sent to the Soviet Union by the United States.^[21][22]

In 1951, Iran nationalised all oil properties and refining ground to a stop on the island. Rioting broke out in Abadan, after the government had decided to nationalise the oil facilities, and three British workers were killed.^[23] It was not until 1954 that a settlement was reached, which allowed a consortium of international oil companies to manage the production and refining on the island.^[24] That continued until 1973, when the NIOC took over all facilities.^[18] After the total nationalisation, Iran focused on supplying oil domestically and built a pipeline from Abadan to Tehran.^[18]

Mohammad Reza Shah visits Abadan Petrochemical

Outdoor cinema in Abadan, 1960s

Abadan was not a major cultural or religious centre, but it played an important role in the Islamic Revolution. On 19 August 1978, the anniversary of the US-backed coup d'état that had overthrown the nationalist and popular Iranian prime minister, Mohammed Mossadegh, the Cinema Rex, a movie theatre in Abadan, was set ablaze. The Cinema Rex Fire caused 430 deaths,^{[25][nb 2]} but more importantly, it was another event that kept the Islamic Revolution moving ahead. At the time, there was much confusion and misinformation about the perpetrators of the incident. The public largely put the blame on the local police chief and also the Shah and SAVAK.^{[26][27][28][29]} The reformist Sobh-e Emrooz newspaper in one of its editorials revealed that the Cinema Rex was burned down by radical Islamists. The newspaper was shut down immediately afterwards. Over time, the true culprits, radical Islamists, were apprehended, and the logic behind this act was revealed, as they were trying both to foment the general public to distrust the government even more, and perceived cinema as a link to the Americans.^[27][30] The fire was one of four during a short period in August, with other fires in Mashhad, Rizaiya, and Shiraz.^[25] In September 1980, Abadan was almost overrun during a surprise attack on Khuzestan by Iraq, marking the beginning of the Iran–Iraq War. For 12 months, Abadan was besieged, but never captured, by Iraqi forces, and in September 1981, the Iranians broke the siege of Abadan.^[31] Much of the city, including the oil refinery, which was the world's largest refinery with a capacity of 628,000 barrels per day, was badly damaged or destroyed by the siege and by bombing.^[32] Prior to the war, the city's civilian population was about 300,000, but at the war's end nearly the entire populace had sought refuge elsewhere in Iran.

After the war, the biggest concern was the rebuilding of Abadan's oil refinery, as it was operating at 10% of capacity due to damage.^[33] In 1993, the refinery began limited operation and the port reopened. By 1997, the refinery reached the same rate of production as before the war. Recently, Abadan has been the site of major labour activity as workers at the oil refineries in the city have staged walkouts and strikes to protest non-payment of wages and the political situation in the country.^[34]

Recent events

To honor the 100th anniversary of the refining of oil in Abadan, city officials are planning an oil museum.^[35] The Abadan oil refinery was featured on the reverse side of Iran's 100-rial banknotes printed in 1965 and from 1971 to 1973. Abadan today has been declared as a free zone city. The healthy relationship between Iran and Iraq has become one of the transit cities connecting both countries through a 40-minute drive.

Geography

Economics and education

The Abadan Institute of Technology was established in Abadan in 1939.^[17] The school specialized in engineering and petroleum chemistry, and was designed to train staff for the refinery in town. The school's name has since changed several times, but since 1989 has been considered a branch campus of the Petroleum University of Technology, centred in Tehran. Abadan University of Medical Sciences, It was founded by Ministry of Health and Medical Education in September 1941 as a Nursing Faculty and in 2012 it became an independent faculty of medical school. Program study of this school is similar to curriculum that applies most Iranian medical faculties.

Abadan was chosen for constructing a refinery because of its strategic position and proximity to other resources. The Abadan Refinery construction project started in 1909 and its operation began in 1962 by a production capacity of 2500 barrels per day.

There is an international airport in Abadan. It is represented by the IATA airport code ABD.^[45] There is a large amount of external investment from East Asian countries that are building oil refineries and developing a lot of real estate.

Today, Abadan is known for its lively fish market where locals buy fresh catch of the day used in the many delicious seafood dishes of the city. Abadan is also part of the Arvand Free Zone, a 155 square kilometer industrial and security zone.^[46]

Main sights

Naft Cinema

Rengoonie's Mosque

Notable people

• Nasser Taghvai – director
• Amir Naderi – director
• Ahmad Reza Abedzadeh – football player
• Najaf Daryabandari – writer
• Hamid Farrokhnezhad – actor
• Bahman Golbarnezhad – paralympic racing cyclist
• Abie Nathan – peace activist
• Gholam Hossein Mazloumi – football coach
• Firoozeh Dumas – writer
• Zoya Pirzad – writer
• Martik – singer
• Parviz Dehdari – football coach
• Cyma Zarghami – TV producer
• Patrik Baboumian – strongman
• Bizhan Emkanian – actor
• Hossein Vafaei – snooker player
• Mehdi Hasheminasab – football player
• Manouchehr Mohammadi – film producer
• Sussan Babaie – art historian
• Hossein Nassim – water polo coach
• Mohsen Bayatinia – football player
• Hossein Kanaanizadegan – football player
• Mojahed Khaziravi – football player
• Abdolhassan Kazemi – retired football player
• Parviz Mazloumi – football coach
• Farhad Hasanzadeh – poet
• Hamid Rashidi – lawyer

Transportation

Sport

Sanat Naft Abadan F.C., is one of the Iranian football clubs that is currently competing with other teams in the Iranian Football Premier League. Takhti Stadium, the main stadium is the city and the team.

Sister cities

• Karamay, China
• Borujerd, Iran

See also

• Abadan Crisis
• Abadan crisis timeline
• Battle of Abadan
• Bechari House
• Bostan
• Iran–Iraq War
• Khorramshahr
• Shadegan
• Susangerd
• Tidal irrigation at Abadan island, Iran

Explanatory notes

Citations

General references

• Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52891-7.
• Axworthy, Michael (2013). Revolutionary Iran: A History of the Islamic Republic. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-932226-8.
• Burt, Christopher C. (2004). Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-32658-1.
• Chelkowski, Peter (1991). "21: Popular Entertainment, Media and Social Change in Twentieth-century Iran". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
• Daniel, Elton L. (2001). The History of Iran. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30731-7. ISSN 1096-2905. LCCN 00-033132.
• Elwell-Sutton, L. P.; de Planhol, X. (1982). "Ābādān". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. I: Āb-Abd-al-HamĪd. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 51–57. ISBN 978-0710090904. Archived from the original on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
• Ferrier, Ronald (1991). "18: The Iranian Oil Industry". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
• Greaves, Rose (1991). "11: Iranian Relations with Britain and British India, 1798–1921". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
• Hein, Carola; Sedighi, Mohamad (2016). "Iran's Global Petroleumscape: The Role of Oil in Shaping Khuzestan and Tehran". Architectural Theory Review. 21 (3): 349–374. doi:10.1080/13264826.2018.1379110.
• Hoeschel, David; Heracleensis, Marcianus; von Karyanda, Skylax; Messenius, Dicaearchus; Characenus, Isidorus (1600). Geographica Marciani Heracleotae, Scylacis caryandensis, artemidoriephesii, dicaearchi messenii, isidori characeni. Augsburg.
• Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Ābādān". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-85229-961-6. LCCN 2002113989.
• Issawi, Charles (1991). "16: European Economic Penetration, 1872–1921". In Avery, Peter; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-20095-0.
• Keddie, Nikki R. (2003). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution (Revised ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09856-3.
• Lagassé, Paul, ed. (2000). "Abadan". The Columbia Encyclopedia (6th ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-7876-5015-5. LCCN 00-027927.
• MacPherson, Angus (1989). "3: The Economy". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Iran: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
• Mather, Yassamine (19 November 2009). "Workers organise against regime". Weekly Worker. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
• Melamid, Alexander (1997). "Abadan". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P. F. Collier.
• NOAA (2013). "Abadan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
• Satrapi, Marjane (2003). Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-71457-3.
• Vadahti, M. (2006). "سرشماري عمومي نفوس و مسكن 1385 (بدون احتساب خانوارهاي موسسه اي و غيرساكن)" [Census of Population and Housing 1385 (excluding institutional households and nomads)]. Archived from the original (Excel) on 11 November 2011.
• Wilber, Donald N. (1984) [1948]. Iran: Past and Present: From Monarchy to Islamic Republic (9th ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00025-1.

Further reading

• Axworthy, Michael (2008). A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00888-9.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abadan.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Abadan.

• Amateur Astronomers Association of Abadan
• Abadan Oil Refinery – Home page (Persian only)
• Abadan Photo Gallery from the Khuzestan Governorship
• Abadan's travel review
• Petroleum University of Technology (Abadan)
• Abadan Social Network
• Abadan Network
• VISTA Internet Cafe