Albacete
Congress of Deputies
Electoral constituency
Location of Albacete within Spain
ProvinceAlbacete
Autonomous communityCastilla–La Mancha
Population385,727 (2022)[1]
Electorate307,988 (2023)
Major settlementsAlbacete
Current constituency
Created1977
Seats4
Member(s)
  •   PP (3)
  •   PSOE (1)

Albacete is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects four deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Albacete. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[4] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3][5][6] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[7]

The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[5][6]

Deputies

Deputies 1977–present
Key to parties
  PSOE
  Cs
  UCD
  PP
  CP
  AP
  Vox
Legislature Election Distribution
Constituent 1977
2 2
1st 1979
2 2
2nd 1982
3 1
3rd 1986
3 1
4th 1989
3 1
5th 1993
2 2
6th 1996
2 2
7th 2000
2 2
8th 2004
2 2
9th 2008
2 2
10th 2011
1 3
11th 2015
1 1 2
12th 2016
1 1 2
13th 2019 (Apr)
2 1 1
14th 2019 (Nov)
2 1 1
15th 2023
1 3

Elections

2023 general election

Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 88,29939.92+12.47 2+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 76,32234.51+1.92 2±0
Vox (Vox) 36,75016.61–4.06 0–1
Unite (Sumar)1 15,8347.16–2.53 0±0
Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2 1,2610.57–0.20 0±0
Workers' Front (FO) 3810.17New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 3250.15–0.02 0±0
Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) 1850.08–0.02 0±0
Blank ballots 1,8340.83–0.02
Total 221,191 4±0
Valid votes 221,19198.78–0.02
Invalid votes 2,7261.22+0.02
Votes cast / turnout 223,91772.70+2.73
Abstentions 84,07127.30–2.73
Registered voters 307,988
Sources[8]
Footnotes:

November 2019 general election

Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 69,84832.59+0.59 2±0
People's Party (PP) 58,83527.45+5.34 1±0
Vox (Vox) 44,30620.67+6.19 1+1
United We Can (PodemosIU) 20,7719.69–0.91 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 15,9477.44–11.26 0–1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,6510.77–0.17 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 3750.17+0.04 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 2220.10–0.04 0±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) 1970.09New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1770.08–0.02 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 1530.07–0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 1,8220.85+0.12
Total 214,304 4±0
Valid votes 214,30498.80+0.05
Invalid votes 2,6131.20–0.05
Votes cast / turnout 216,91769.97–6.55
Abstentions 93,07930.03+6.55
Registered voters 309,996
Sources[9]

April 2019 general election

Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 75,00532.00+4.84 2+1
People's Party (PP) 51,81722.11–18.77 1–1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 43,83518.70+4.13 1+1
Vox (Vox) 33,94814.48New 0±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo) 24,85510.60–4.67 0–1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 2,2050.94+0.04 0±0
Zero CutsGreen GroupPCASTC (Recortes Cero–GV–PCAS–TC) 3240.14–0.01 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 3040.13New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 2240.10–0.01 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 1820.08New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,7050.73+0.08
Total 234,404 4±0
Valid votes 234,40498.75–0.24
Invalid votes 2,9781.25+0.24
Votes cast / turnout 237,38276.52+5.02
Abstentions 72,82523.48–5.02
Registered voters 310,207
Sources[9]

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 89,71740.88+4.07 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 59,61727.16–1.00 1±0
United We Can (PodemosIUEquo)1 33,50915.27–2.71 1+1
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 31,97614.57–0.01 0–1
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,9850.90+0.22 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 4300.20–0.29 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 3210.15+0.02 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2550.12New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 2330.11±0.00 0±0
Blank ballots 1,4300.65–0.10
Total 219,473 4±0
Valid votes 219,47398.99–0.03
Invalid votes 2,2331.01+0.03
Votes cast / turnout 221,70671.50–3.78
Abstentions 88,37728.50+3.78
Registered voters 310,083
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 85,24136.81–18.28 2–1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 65,20528.16–1.96 1±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 33,75514.58New 1+1
We Can (Podemos) 32,32013.96New 0±0
United LeftPopular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) 9,3064.02–2.15 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 1,5830.68+0.28 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 1,1460.49–4.51 0±0
Vox (Vox) 5380.23New 0±0
Zero CutsGreen Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 3050.13New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 2510.11–0.06 0±0
Liberal Party of the Right (PLD) 2050.09New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,7270.75–0.58
Total 231,582 4±0
Valid votes 231,58299.02+0.38
Invalid votes 2,3000.98–0.38
Votes cast / turnout 233,88275.28–0.83
Abstentions 76,79224.72+0.83
Registered voters 310,674
Sources[9]

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 127,99555.09+7.72 3+1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 69,98130.12–15.62 1–1
United Left of Castilla–La ManchaThe Greens: Plural Left (IUCLM–LV) 14,3246.17+2.79 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 11,6145.00+3.72 0±0
Equo (Equo) 2,0770.89New 0±0
Blank Seats (EB) 1,1530.50New 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 9210.40+0.22 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 5970.26+0.10 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 3860.17+0.11 0±0
Centre and Democracy Forum (CyD) 1920.08New 0±0
Blank ballots 3,0821.33+0.20
Total 232,322 4±0
Valid votes 232,32298.64–0.64
Invalid votes 3,1931.36+0.64
Votes cast / turnout 235,51576.11–3.55
Abstentions 73,94123.89+3.55
Registered voters 309,456
Sources[9]

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 113,60947.37+0.42 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 109,68245.74–0.52 2±0
United Left–Alternative (IU) 8,1043.38–0.51 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 3,0781.28New 0±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 4430.18New 0±0
Social Democratic Party (PSD) 3770.16New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 3720.16New 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 3270.14–0.11 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 1530.06–0.03 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 1510.06New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1370.06New 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 1300.05–0.10 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1200.05New 0±0
Spain 2000 (E–2000) 1170.05New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 1140.05–0.04 0±0
Commoners' Land (TC) 790.03–0.04 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 510.02–0.02 0±0
Spanish Alternative (AES) 480.02New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,7171.13–0.73
Total 239,809 4±0
Valid votes 239,80999.28+0.04
Invalid votes 1,7410.72–0.04
Votes cast / turnout 241,55079.66+0.39
Abstentions 61,67820.34–0.39
Registered voters 303,228
Sources[9]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 110,33846.95–4.24 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 108,71546.26+5.06 2±0
United Left–Left of Castilla–La Mancha (IU–ICAM) 9,1453.89–1.10 0±0
Citizens for Blank Votes (CenB) 5800.25New 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 3710.16+0.05 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 3530.15New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 2230.09New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 2120.09New 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 1600.07–0.02 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1550.07–0.04 0±0
Republican Left (IR) 1390.06New 0±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 1160.05±0.00 0±0
Authentic Phalanx (FA) 950.04New 0±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 490.02New 0±0
Blank ballots 4,3721.86+0.29
Total 235,023 4±0
Valid votes 235,02399.24–0.08
Invalid votes 1,8100.76+0.08
Votes cast / turnout 236,83379.27+3.69
Abstentions 61,94720.73–3.69
Registered voters 298,780
Sources[9]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 113,40651.19+6.53 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' PartyProgressives (PSOE–p) 91,27041.20–2.69 2±0
United Left (IU) 11,0624.99–4.63 0±0
Liberal Independent Group (GIL) 5350.24New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 4740.21New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 3070.14+0.01 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 2500.11+0.04 0±0
Centrist Union–Democratic and Social Centre (UC–CDS) 2480.11–0.15 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 2070.09New 0±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) 1750.08New 0±0
Spanish Democratic Party (PADE) 1210.05New 0±0
Blank ballots 3,4841.57+0.60
Total 221,539 4±0
Valid votes 221,53999.32–0.18
Invalid votes 1,5140.68+0.18
Votes cast / turnout 223,05375.58–7.90
Abstentions 72,05224.42+7.90
Registered voters 295,105
Sources[9]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
People's Party (PP) 105,29444.66+4.16 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 103,47143.89–2.25 2±0
United Left–Left of Castile-La Mancha (IU–ICAM) 22,6829.62+0.29 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 6170.26–1.64 0±0
Regionalist Party of Castilla–La Mancha (PRCM) 4950.21New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 3010.13+0.07 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT) 2420.10New 0±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 2270.10New 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1560.07+0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 2,2890.97+0.14
Total 235,774 4±0
Valid votes 235,77499.50+0.04
Invalid votes 1,1910.50–0.04
Votes cast / turnout 236,96583.48+1.09
Abstentions 46,88616.52–1.09
Registered voters 283,851
Sources[9]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 103,05746.14–3.51 2–1
People's Party (PP) 90,45340.50+9.73 2+1
United Left (IU) 20,8419.33+0.92 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 4,2531.90–5.53 0±0
The Greens (Verdes) 1,3100.59–0.09 0±0
The Ecologists (LE) 6190.28–0.17 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos GroupEuropean Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 4560.20–0.43 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1320.06–0.04 0±0
Commoners' Land–Castilian Nationalist Party (TC–PNC) 1300.06New 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 1250.06New 0±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS) 1160.05New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,8430.83+0.16
Total 223,335 4±0
Valid votes 223,33599.46+0.08
Invalid votes 1,2140.54–0.08
Votes cast / turnout 224,54982.39+5.74
Abstentions 47,98717.61–5.74
Registered voters 272,536
Sources[9]

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 97,90449.65–1.40 3±0
People's Party (PP)1 60,66430.77–1.11 1±0
United Left (IU) 16,5808.41+3.86 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 14,6517.43–1.31 0±0
The Greens–Green List (LV–LV) 1,3360.68New 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) 1,2420.63New 0±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE) 8910.45New 0±0
Workers' Party of Spain–Communist Unity (PTE–UC)2 8300.42–0.64 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 7290.37+0.08 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 5570.28New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2700.14–0.24 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1970.10New 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))3 00.00–0.14 0±0
Blank ballots 1,3220.67±0.00
Total 197,173 4±0
Valid votes 197,17399.38+0.48
Invalid votes 1,2360.62–0.48
Votes cast / turnout 198,40976.65+3.60
Abstentions 60,44623.35–3.60
Registered voters 258,855
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 97,83851.05–2.52 3±0
People's Coalition (APPDPPL)1 61,09331.88+3.02 1±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 16,7508.74+6.75 0±0
United Left (IU)2 8,7294.55–0.05 0±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 2,0311.06New 0±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 1,8710.98New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 7230.38+0.26 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 5530.29–0.15 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 3430.18+0.11 0±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 2610.14+0.06 0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 1600.08New 0±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,2890.67+0.22
Total 191,641 4±0
Valid votes 191,64198.90+0.99
Invalid votes 2,1261.10–0.99
Votes cast / turnout 193,76773.05–8.98
Abstentions 71,50026.95+8.98
Registered voters 265,267
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 103,32853.57+14.86 3+1
People's Alliance–People's Democratic Party (APPDP)1 55,66628.86+24.00 1+1
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 16,7558.69–30.27 0–2
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 8,8744.60–7.79 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 3,8461.99New 0±0
New Force (FN)2 1,3880.72–1.50 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 8550.44New 0±0
Spanish Solidarity (SE) 4570.24New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2400.12New 0±0
Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC)3 1930.10–0.10 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) 1490.08New 0±0
Falangist Movement of Spain (MFE) 1410.07New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1290.07–0.10 0±0
Communist Movement (MC) 00.00New 0±0
Communist League–Internationalist Socialist Workers' Coalition (LC (COSI)) 00.00New 0±0
Socialist Party (PS)4 00.00–1.30 0±0
Blank ballots 8610.45+0.24
Total 192,882 4±0
Valid votes 192,88297.91–1.17
Invalid votes 4,1102.09+1.17
Votes cast / turnout 196,99282.03+10.52
Abstentions 43,16317.97–10.52
Registered voters 240,155
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 65,88338.96+0.86 2±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE)1 65,46538.71–1.52 2±0
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 20,94512.39+4.36 0±0
Democratic Coalition (CD)2 8,2244.86–4.58 0±0
National Union (UN)3 3,7532.22–0.69 0±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh) 2,2051.30New 0±0
Party of Labour of Spain (PTE)4 4550.27–0.73 0±0
Workers' Communist Party (PCT) 3380.20New 0±0
Republican Left (IR) 3110.18New 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 2860.17New 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT) 2840.17New 0±0
Carlist Party (PC) 2410.14New 0±0
Communist Organization of Spain (Red Flag) (OCE–BR) 1950.12New 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR) 1650.10New 0±0
Blank ballots 3590.21–0.07
Total 169,109 4±0
Valid votes 169,10999.08+0.32
Invalid votes 1,5690.92–0.32
Votes cast / turnout 170,67871.51–9.76
Abstentions 68,00428.49+9.76
Registered voters 238,682
Sources[9]
Footnotes:

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Albacete
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 64,60338.10n/a 2n/a
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 56,33233.22n/a 2n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 16,0059.44n/a 0n/a
Communist Party of Spain (PCE) 13,6238.03n/a 0n/a
Centre-Left of Albacete (CIA) 11,8797.01n/a 0n/a
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 4,9392.91n/a 0n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI) 1,6981.00n/a 0n/a
Blank ballots 4740.28n/a
Total 169,553 4n/a
Valid votes 169,55398.76n/a
Invalid votes 2,1371.24n/a
Votes cast / turnout 171,69081.27n/a
Abstentions 39,55918.73n/a
Registered voters 211,249
Sources[9]

References

  1. "Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (305): 178928–178933. 21 December 2022. ISSN 0212-033X.
  2. "Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. 1 2 "Constitución Española". Act of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  4. Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  5. 1 2 "Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales". Royal Decree-Law No. 20 of 18 March 1977 (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  6. 1 2 "Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985 (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  7. Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 2017-07-30. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  8. "Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla" (PDF). Boletín Oficial del Estado (in Spanish) (209): 122201–122274. 1 September 2023. ISSN 0212-033X.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.

38°50′N 2°00′W / 38.833°N 2.000°W / 38.833; -2.000

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