November 2019 Spanish general election
10 November 2019
All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 208 (of 265) seats in the Senate
176 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies
Opinion polls
Registered37,001,379 0.3%
Turnout24,507,715 (66.2%)
5.5 pp
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Pedro Sánchez Pablo Casado Santiago Abascal
Party PSOE PP Vox
Leader since 18 June 2017 21 July 2018 20 September 2014
Leader's seat Madrid Madrid Madrid
Last election 123 seats, 28.7% 66 seats, 16.7% 24 seats, 10.3%
Seats won 120 89 52
Seat change 3 23 28
Popular vote 6,792,199 5,047,040 3,656,979
Percentage 28.0% 20.8% 15.1%
Swing 0.7 pp 4.1 pp 4.8 pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Pablo Iglesias Gabriel Rufián Albert Rivera
Party Unidas Podemos[lower-alpha 1] ERC–Sobiranistes Cs
Leader since 15 November 2014 14 October 2019 9 July 2006
Leader's seat Madrid Barcelona Madrid
Last election 42 seats, 14.3% 15 seats, 3.9% 57 seats, 15.9%
Seats won 35 13 10
Seat change 7 2 47
Popular vote 3,119,364 880,734 1,650,318
Percentage 12.9% 3.6% 6.8%
Swing 1.4 pp 0.3 pp 9.1 pp
Election results by Congress of Deputies constituency
Prime Minister before election

Pedro Sánchez (acting)
PSOE

 Prime Minister after election

Pedro Sánchez
PSOE

The November 2019 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 10 November 2019, to elect the 14th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain. All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate.

The election was held as provided under article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution,[1] as a result of the failure in government formation negotiations between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos following Pedro Sánchez's failed investiture voting on 23–25 July 2019. On 17 September 2019, King Felipe VI declined to propose any candidate for investiture ahead of the 23 September deadline as a result of the lack of agreement between parties, with a new general election scheduled for 10 November.[2][3][4][5] The failure in negotiations prompted Podemos founder Íñigo Errejón to turn his regional Más Madrid platform—which had obtained a remarkable result in the 26 May Madrilenian regional election—into a national alliance under the newly-created brand of Más País,[6][7] comprising a number of regional parties and former Podemos and United Left (IU) allies, such as Coalició Compromís, Equo or Chunta Aragonesista (CHA), while also seeing an exodus of a number of Podemos officials into Errejón's new party.[8][9]

Voter turnout was the lowest since the transition to democracy in 1975, with just 66.2% of the electorate casting a ballot, which was lower than the previous negative record set in the 2016 election (66.5%), the only other occasion in Spanish democracy that an election was triggered as a result of the failure of a government formation process. The election saw a partial recovery for the People's Party (PP) and large gains for the far-right Vox party at the expense of Citizens (Cs), which suffered one of the largest electoral setbacks in the history of Spanish elections following the party scoring its best historical result in the April 2019 general election, signalling the end of Albert Rivera's active political career.[10] Both PSOE and Unidas Podemos saw slight decreases in both popular vote and seats, but were still able to outperform the combined strength of PP, Vox and Cs; consequently, both parties agreed to set aside their political feuds and successfully negotiated a government shortly after the election, to become the first governing coalition in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic.[11][12][13]

The tenure of the newly-formed government, which was formally appointed on 13 January 2020, would be quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in March and its political and economical consequences, including the worst worldwide recession since the Great Depression resulting from the massive lockdowns enforced to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Overview

Electoral system

The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate, having the ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment—which were not subject to the Congress' override.[1][14] Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[15]

For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting.[1][16] The use of the D'Hondt method might result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[17]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[18]

Seats Constituencies
37 Madrid
32 Barcelona
15 Valencia
12 Alicante, Seville
11 Málaga
10 Murcia
9 Cádiz
8 A Coruña, Balearic Islands, Biscay, Las Palmas
7 Asturias, Granada, Pontevedra, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Zaragoza
6 Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Gipuzkoa, Girona, Tarragona, Toledo
5 Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Huelva, Jaén, Navarre, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, Cáceres, La Rioja, León, Lleida, Lugo, Ourense, Salamanca
3 Ávila, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Teruel, Zamora
2 Soria

For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system, with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands, districts were the islands themselves, with the larger—Majorca, Gran Canaria and Tenerife—being allocated three seats each, and the smaller—Menorca, Ibiza–Formentera, Fuerteventura, La Gomera, El Hierro, Lanzarote and La Palma—one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants.[1][16]

Election date

The term of each chamber of the Cortes Generales—the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election was held on 28 April 2019, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 28 April 2023. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 4 April 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 28 May 2023.[16]

The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election, provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot.[1] Barred this exception, there was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2024 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution.

The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 24 September 2019 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 10 November and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 3 December.[18]

Parliamentary composition

The tables below show the composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution.[19][20]

Parties and candidates

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[16] The electoral law provided for a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again.

Below is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election:

Candidacy Parties and
alliances		 Leading candidate Ideology Previous result Gov. Ref.
Votes (%) Con. Sen.
PSOE Pedro Sánchez Social democracy 28.67% 123 123 check
PP Pablo Casado Conservatism
Christian democracy		 16.69% 66 54 ☒ [23]
Cs Albert Rivera Liberalism 15.86% 57 4 ☒ [24]
Unidas
Podemos
List
 Pablo Iglesias Left-wing populism
Direct democracy
Democratic socialism		 14.32% 42 0 ☒ [25]
Vox
List
 Santiago Abascal Right-wing populism
Ultranationalism
National conservatism		 10.26% 24 0 ☒
ERC–
Sobiranistes		 Gabriel Rufián Catalan independence
Left-wing nationalism
Social democracy		 3.91% 15 11 ☒ [26]
JxCat–Junts Laura Borràs Catalan independence
Liberalism		 1.91% 7 2 ☒ [26]
EAJ/PNV
List
 Aitor Esteban Basque nationalism
Christian democracy
Social democracy		 1.51% 6 9 ☒
EH Bildu
List
 Mertxe Aizpurua Basque independence
Abertzale left
Socialism		 0.99% 4 1 ☒
CCa–
PNC–NC		 Ana Oramas Regionalism
Canarian nationalism
Centrism		 0.66%[lower-alpha 5] 2 0 ☒ [27]
NA+ Sergio Sayas Regionalism
Christian democracy
Conservatism
Liberalism		 0.41% 2 3 ☒ [28]
PRC José María Mazón Regionalism
Centrism		 0.20% 1 0 ☒
BNG Néstor Rego Galician nationalism
Left-wing nationalism
Socialism		 0.36% 0 0 ☒
ASG Fabián Chinea Insularism
Social democracy		 Senate 1 ☒ [29]
Más País
List
 Íñigo Errejón Green politics
Direct democracy
Alter-globalization		 New[lower-alpha 6] ☒ [9]
[30]
[31]
[32]
CUP–PR
List
 Mireia Vehí Catalan independence
Anti-capitalism
Socialism		 New ☒ [33]
[34]
[35]
¡TE!
List
 Tomás Guitarte Regionalism New ☒

Timetable

The November 2019 Spanish general election was the first to apply the new electoral procedures introduced for election re-runs as a result of the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election. This consists of a special, simplified process, including a shortening of deadlines, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through the same pre-election procedures again. The key dates are listed below (all times are CET. The Canary Islands used WET (UTC+0) instead):[16][36]

  • 24 September: The election decree is issued with the countersign of the President of the Congress of Deputies, ratified by the King.[18] Formal dissolution of the Cortes Generales and beginning of a suspension period of events for the inauguration of public works, services or projects.
  • 25 September: Initial constitution of provincial and zone electoral commissions.
  • 30 September: Deadline for parties and federations intending to maintain or enter into a coalition to inform the relevant electoral commission.
  • 7 October: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to maintain or present lists of candidates to the relevant electoral commission.
  • 9 October: Submitted lists of candidates are provisionally published in the Official State Gazette (BOE).
  • 13 October: Deadline for parties, federations, coalitions, and groupings of electors to rectify irregularities in their lists.
  • 14 October: Official proclamation of valid submitted lists of candidates.
  • 15 October: Proclaimed lists are published in the BOE.
  • 19 October: Deadline for citizens entered in the Register of Absent Electors Residing Abroad (CERA) and for citizens temporarily absent from Spain to apply for voting.
  • 31 October: Deadline to apply for postal voting.
  • 1 November: Official start of electoral campaigning.[18]
  • 5 November: Official start of legal ban on electoral opinion polling publication, dissemination or reproduction and deadline for CERA citizens to vote by mail.
  • 6 November: Deadline for postal and temporarily absent voters to issue their votes (extended to 8 November by the Central Electoral Commission).
  • 8 November: Last day of official electoral campaigning and deadline for CERA citizens to vote in a ballot box in the relevant consular office or division.[18]
  • 9 November: Official 24-hour ban on political campaigning prior to the general election (reflection day).
  • 10 November: Polling day (polling stations open at 9 am and close at 8 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 8 pm have cast their vote). Provisional counting of votes starts immediately.
  • 13 November: General counting of votes, including the counting of CERA votes.
  • 16 November: Deadline for the general counting of votes to be carried out by the relevant electoral commission.
  • 25 November: Deadline for elected members to be proclaimed by the relevant electoral commission.
  • 5 December: Deadline for both chambers of the Cortes Generales to be re-assembled (the election decree determines this date, which for the November 2019 election was set for 3 December).[18]
  • 4 January: Final deadline for definitive results to be published in the BOE.

Campaign

Party slogans

Party or alliance Original slogan English translation Ref.
PSOE « Ahora Gobierno. Ahora España »
« Ahora sí »		 "Government now. Spain now"
"Yes now"		 [37]
[38]
PP « Por todo lo que nos une » "For everything that unites us" [39]
Cs « España en marcha » "Spain underway" [40]
Unidas Podemos Main: « Un Gobierno contigo »
ECP: « Si vols solucions, vota solucions »
En Común: « Conta con nós »		 Main: "A Government with you"
ECP: "If you want solutions, vote solutions"
En Común: "Count with us"		 [41]
[42]
[43]
Vox « España siempre » "Always Spain" [44]
ERC–Sobiranistes « Tornarem més forts » "We shall return stronger" [45]
JxCat–Junts « Per la independència, ni un vot enrere » "For independence, not a vote back" [46]
EAJ/PNV « Hemen, EAJ-PNV » "Here, EAJ/PNV" [47]
EH Bildu « Erabaki Baietz! » "Decide Yes!" [48]
CCa–PNC–NC « Hagamos más fuerte a Canarias » "Let's make the Canaries stronger" [49]
NA+ « Navarra, clave en España » "Navarra, key in Spain" [50]
BNG « Facer valer Galiza con voz propia » "Enforce Galicia with our own voice" [51]
Más País Main: « Desbloquear, avanzar, Más País »
Més Compromís: « Acordar, la política útil »		 Main: "Unblock, make progress, More Country"
Més Compromís: "Agreeing, the useful policy"		 [52]
[53]
CUP–PR « Ingovernables » "Ungovernable" [54]

Pre-campaign period

The pre-campaign period saw the rise of a new left-wing electoral platform, Más País, founded by former Podemos co-founder Íñigo Errejón around his Más Madrid platform, following the failure of the left to agree on a government following the April election.[55] Más País was joined by several other parties, such as Coalició Compromís, Chunta Aragonesista and Equo, the latter of which voted for breaking up its coalition with Unidas Podemos in order to join Errejón's platform.[9][56][57] The leadership of Podemos in the Region of Murcia also went on to joint Más País.[8] The platform went on to poll at 6% as soon as it was formed.[58]

On 24 September, the Spanish Supreme Court ruled in favor of the PSOE's plan to remove the remnants of Francisco Franco from the Valle de los Caídos, a key policy of Pedro Sánchez during the previous legislature.[59] The prior of the Valle de los Caídos' abbey, Santiago Cantera, initially announced his intention to disregard the Supreme Court's ruling and not authorize Franco's exhumation;[60] however, the Spanish government closed down the monument to the public on 11 October in order to prepare for the exhumation—finally scheduled for 22 October at latest, so for the removal to be over by 25 October—to uphold the Supreme Court's ruling.[61][62]

On 13 October, the leaders of the Catalan independence movement involved in the events of October 2017 were sentenced by the Supreme Court for sedition and embezzlement to convictions ranging from 9 to 13 years in jail.[63] The ruling unleashed a wave of violent protests throughout Catalonia, and particularly in Barcelona, throughout the ensuing days.[64][65][66]

Election debates

November 2019 Spanish general election debates
Date Organisers Moderator(s)     P  Present[lower-alpha 7]    S  Surrogate[lower-alpha 8]    NI  Not invited 
PSOE PP Cs UP Vox ERC JxCat PNV Audience Ref.
1 November RTVE[lower-alpha 9] Xabier Fortes P
Lastra		 P
A. de Toledo		 P
Arrimadas		 P
I. Montero		 P
Espinosa		 P
Rufián		 NI P
Esteban		 17.7%
(2,468,000)		 [67]
[68]
2 November laSexta
(La Sexta Noche)		 Iñaki López S
Sicilia		 S
Gamarra		 S
Rodríguez		 S
Vera		 S
O. Smith		 P
Rufián		 S
Borràs		 P
Esteban		 8.5%
(865,000)		 [69]
[70]
4 November TV Academy Ana Blanco
Vicente Vallés		 P
Sánchez		 P
Casado		 P
Rivera		 P
Iglesias		 P
Abascal		 NI NI NI 52.7%
(8,621,000)		 [71]
[72]
7 November laSexta[lower-alpha 10] Ana Pastor P
M. Montero		 P
Pastor		 P
Arrimadas		 P
I. Montero		 P
Monasterio		 NI NI NI 19.2%
(3,133,000)		 [73]
[74]
Opinion polls
Candidate viewed as "performing best" or "most convincing" in each debate
Debate Polling firm/Commissioner PSOE PP Cs UP Vox ERC PNV Tie None Question
1 November SocioMétrica/El Español[75] 14.3 17.6 19.4 16.6 18.5 6.0 3.7 – – 3.9
4 November ElectoPanel/Electomanía[76] 9.7 7.5 14.8 34.3 33.8 – – – – –
Sigma Dos/Antena 3[77] 20.0 21.5 10.8 29.5 18.2 – – – – –
Invymark/laSexta[78] 32.3 17.4 12.8 15.5 13.8 – – – – 8.2
SocioMétrica/El Español[79] 20.0 26.3 13.3 15.0 21.8 – – – – 3.6
Ipsos/Henneo[80] 24.0 9.0 6.0 32.0 29.0 – – – – –
NC Report/La Razón[81] 22.8 25.1 10.1 24.3 17.7 – – – – –
CIS[82] 15.3 9.4 4.2 23.3 14.7 – – 3.4 23.7 6.1

Opinion polls

Local regression trend line of poll results from 28 April 2019 to 10 November 2019, with each line corresponding to a political party.

Voter turnout

The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA).

Region Time
14:00 18:00 20:00
28A 10N +/– 28A 10N +/– 28A 10N +/–
Andalusia 38.94% 35.80% –3.14 57.25% 54.85% –2.40 73.31% 68.25% –5.06
Aragon 44.65% 41.18% –3.47 62.32% 57.91% –4.41 77.62% 71.50% –6.12
Asturias 40.15% 34.42% –5.73 58.67% 53.50% –5.17 73.35% 65.48% –7.87
Balearic Islands 38.10% 30.95% –7.15 54.42% 47.40% –7.02 67.58% 58.71% –8.87
Basque Country 41.75% 40.18% –1.57 60.05% 57.60% –2.45 74.52% 68.91% –5.61
Canary Islands 30.72% 27.08% –3.64 51.00% 44.36% –6.64 68.14% 60.46% –7.68
Cantabria 43.12% 39.12% –4.00 63.65% 59.28% –4.37 78.09% 70.83% –7.26
Castile and León 41.80% 37.29% –4.51 62.00% 56.70% –5.30 78.24% 71.37% –6.87
Castilla–La Mancha 42.71% 38.07% –4.64 62.35% 57.44% –4.91 78.02% 71.36% –6.66
Catalonia 43.52% 40.58% –2.94 64.20% 59.88% –4.32 77.58% 72.17% –5.41
Extremadura 42.87% 37.17% –5.70 60.22% 54.41% –5.81 76.31% 69.12% –7.19
Galicia 36.97% 31.96% –5.01 58.93% 53.26% –5.67 73.97% 66.62% –7.35
La Rioja 44.76% 40.42% –4.34 61.62% 57.45% –4.17 78.11% 71.27% –6.84
Madrid 43.61% 40.98% –2.63 65.11% 61.50% –3.61 79.75% 74.54% –5.21
Murcia 43.41% 39.01% –4.40 61.85% 57.89% –3.96 75.69% 69.99% –5.70
Navarre 43.79% 39.38% –4.41 60.97% 56.46% –4.51 76.29% 69.21% –7.08
Valencian Community 45.87% 42.51% –3.36 61.67% 59.97% –1.70 76.34% 71.74% –4.60
Ceuta 30.47% 27.27% –3.20 48.84% 43.77% –5.07 63.97% 56.16% –7.81
Melilla 28.14% 24.61% –3.53 45.45% 38.98% –6.47 63.05% 57.12% –5.93
Total 41.49% 37.92% –3.57 60.76% 56.85% –3.91 75.75% 69.87% –5.88
Sources[83]

Results

Congress of Deputies

← Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 6,792,19928.00–0.67 120–3
People's Party (PP) 5,047,04020.81+4.12 89+23
Vox (Vox) 3,656,97915.08+4.82 52+28
United We Can (Unidas Podemos) 3,119,36412.86–1.46 35–7
United We Can (Podemos–IU) 2,381,9609.82–1.24 26–7
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) 549,1732.26–0.09 7±0
In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU) 188,2310.78–0.13 2±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 1,650,3186.80–9.06 10–47
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 880,7343.63–0.28 13–2
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 874,8593.61–0.28 13–2
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) 5,8750.02±0.00 0±0
More Country (Más País) 582,3062.40New 3+2
More Country–Equo (Más País–Equo) 330,3451.36New 2+2
More Commitment (Més Compromís)1 176,2870.73+0.07 1±0
More Country (Más País) 52,4780.22New 0±0
More Country–Aragonese Union–Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo) 23,1960.10New 0±0
Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) 530,2252.19+0.28 8+1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 379,0021.56+0.05 6±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 277,6211.14+0.15 5+1
Popular Unity Candidacy–For Rupture (CUP–PR) 246,9711.02New 2+2
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 228,8560.94–0.31 0±0
Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)2 124,2890.51–0.15 2±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 120,4560.50+0.14 1+1
Sum Navarre (NA+) 99,0780.41±0.00 2±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 68,8300.28+0.08 1±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 35,0420.14–0.04 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 27,2720.11+0.03 0±0
Teruel Exists (¡TE!) 19,7610.08New 1+1
More Left (Més–MxMe–esquerra)3 18,2950.08–0.02 0±0
Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) 14,0460.06+0.02 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 13,8280.06–0.01 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 13,0290.05±0.00 0±0
Yes to the Future (GBai) 12,7090.05–0.04 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 10,2430.04New 0±0
Spanish Communist Workers' Party (PCOE) 9,7250.04+0.01 0±0
Coalition for Melilla (CpM) 8,9550.04+0.01 0±0
Blank Seats (EB) 5,9700.02–0.01 0±0
For Ávila (XAV) 5,4160.02New 0±0
Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) 5,4160.02–0.01 0±0
The Greens (Verdes) 3,2870.01New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 3,1500.01–0.01 0±0
Feminist Initiative (IFem) 3,0050.01New 0±0
We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) 2,3390.01–0.01 0±0
We Are Region (Somos Región) 2,3280.01–0.01 0±0
Left in Positive (IZQP) 2,3250.01±0.00 0±0
Canaries Now (ANC–UP) 2,0320.01±0.00 0±0
With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) 2,0150.01New 0±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 2,0000.01New 0±0
Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) 1,4660.01±0.00 0±0
United Extremadura (EU) 1,3470.01New 0±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) 1,2590.01+0.01 0±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 1,1710.00±0.00 0±0
Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 1,0680.00New 0±0
United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) 1,0670.00New 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 9410.00–0.01 0±0
Andecha Astur (Andecha) 8870.00±0.00 0±0
Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) 8190.00New 0±0
Puyalón (PYLN) 6300.00±0.00 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 6160.00±0.00 0±0
At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) 5850.00New 0±0
Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) 5300.00±0.00 0±0
Andalusian Convergence (CAnda) 5200.00New 0±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 4610.00±0.00 0±0
European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) 2700.00±0.00 0±0
Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) 2490.00±0.00 0±0
Centered (centrados) 2340.00±0.00 0±0
Plural Democracy (DPL) 2140.00±0.00 0±0
Revolutionary Anticapitalist Left (IZAR) 1130.00±0.00 0±0
XXI Convergence (C21) 720.00±0.00 0±0
Union of Everyone (UdT) 260.00±0.00 0±0
Blank ballots 217,2270.90+0.14
Total 24,258,228 350±0
Valid votes 24,258,22898.98+0.03
Invalid votes 249,4871.02–0.03
Votes cast / turnout 24,507,71566.23–5.53
Abstentions 12,493,66433.77+5.53
Registered voters 37,001,379
Sources[84][85]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 28.00%
PP
 
 20.81%
Vox
 
 15.08%
Unidas Podemos
 
 12.86%
Cs
 
 6.80%
ERC–Sob.
 
 3.63%
Más País
 
 2.40%
JxCat–Junts
 
 2.19%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.56%
EH Bildu
 
 1.14%
CUP–PR
 
 1.02%
CCa–PNC–NC
 
 0.51%
BNG
 
 0.50%
NA+
 
 0.41%
PRC
 
 0.28%
¡TE!
 
 0.08%
Others
 
 2.73%
Blank ballots
 
 0.90%
Seats
PSOE
 
 34.29%
PP
 
 25.43%
Vox
 
 14.86%
Unidas Podemos
 
 10.00%
ERC–Sob.
 
 3.71%
Cs
 
 2.86%
JxCat–Junts
 
 2.29%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.71%
EH Bildu
 
 1.43%
Más País
 
 0.86%
CUP–PR
 
 0.57%
CCa–PNC–NC
 
 0.57%
NA+
 
 0.57%
BNG
 
 0.29%
PRC
 
 0.29%
¡TE!
 
 0.29%

Senate

← Summary of the 10 November 2019 Senate of Spain election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes  % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 19,481,84630.62+1.29 93–30
People's Party (PP) 17,074,30126.84+7.68 83+29
United We Can (Unidas Podemos) 7,884,44412.39–0.38 0±0
United We Can (Podemos–IU) 5,993,3049.42–0.25 0±0
In Common We Can–Let's Win the Change (ECP–Guanyem el Canvi) 1,440,3732.26+0.15 0±0
In Common–United We Can (Podemos–EU) 450,7670.71–0.03 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) 4,951,3507.78–7.07 0–4
Vox (Vox) 3,229,6315.08–3.27 2+2
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 3,054,2854.80+0.41 11±0
Republican Left of Catalonia–Sovereigntists (ERC–Sobiranistes) 3,040,7794.78+0.40 11±0
Republican Left of the Valencian Country (ERPV) 11,8940.02+0.01 0±0
Republican Left (esquerra)1 1,6120.00±0.00 0±0
Together for Catalonia–Together (JxCat–Junts) 1,689,4822.66+0.53 3+1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 1,152,4401.81+0.16 9±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 977,8441.54–0.30 0±0
More Country (Más País) 960,2871.51New 0±0
More Commitment (Més Compromís)2 474,6070.75–0.05 0±0
More Country–Equo (Más País–Equo) 384,7280.60New 0±0
More Country–Aragonese Union–Equo (Más País–CHA–Equo) 51,5320.08New 0±0
More Country (Más País) 49,4200.08New 0±0
Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) 842,9931.33+0.43 1±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 411,9480.65+0.18 0±0
Sum Navarre (NA+) 309,3570.49+0.04 3±0
Canarian Coalition–New Canaries (CCa–PNC–NC)3 220,2990.35–0.09 0±0
Regionalist Party of Cantabria (PRC) 176,7400.28+0.06 0±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 128,2010.20–0.04 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 70,5140.11+0.02 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 69,3260.11+0.04 0±0
Teruel Exists (¡TE!) 57,3400.09New 2+2
Yes to the Future (GBai)4 52,0760.08n/a 0±0
Andalusia by Herself (AxSí) 50,6630.08+0.02 0±0
Leonese People's Union (UPL) 41,7730.07New 0±0
More Left (Més–esquerra) 37,7270.06New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 28,0520.04+0.01 0±0
Blank Seats (EB) 26,2580.04±0.00 0±0
Communist Party of the Workers of Spain (PCTE) 22,7670.04+0.01 0±0
For Ávila (XAV) 21,3400.03New 0±0
Coalition for Melilla (CpM) 17,4270.03+0.01 0±0
Feminist Initiative (IFem) 14,1390.02New 0±0
Forward–The Greens (Avant/Adelante–LV) 13,0990.02–0.01 0±0
We Are Region (Somos Región) 12,8880.02–0.01 0±0
Aragonese Union (CHA) 7,6220.01New 0±0
We Are Valencian in Movement (UiG–Som–CUIDES) 7,0580.01±0.00 0±0
United Extremadura (EU) 7,0210.01New 0±0
Sorian People's Platform (PPSO) 7,0150.01±0.00 0±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 6,3500.01–0.01 0±0
Canaries Now (ANC–UP) 6,1960.01±0.00 0±0
Left in Positive (IZQP) 4,7860.01±0.00 0±0
Andecha Astur (Andecha) 4,5180.01±0.00 0±0
With You, We Are Democracy (Contigo) 4,2760.01New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 4,1790.01+0.01 0±0
Gomera Socialist Group (ASG) 3,6280.01±0.00 1±0
More for Menorca (MxMe) 3,3100.01±0.00 0±0
Libertarian Party (P–LIB) 2,3310.01+0.01 0±0
Federation of Independents of Aragon (FIA) 2,3270.00–0.01 0±0
Regionalist Union of Castile and León (Unión Regionalista) 2,3070.00±0.00 0±0
The Greens (Verdes) 1,8620.00New 0±0
European Retirees Social Democratic Party (PDSJE) 1,5570.00New 0±0
Social Aragonese Movement (MAS) 1,5140.00New 0±0
Aragonese Land (TA) 1,5090.00New 0±0
Movement for Dignity and Citizenship (MDyC) 1,4390.00New 0±0
Puyalón (PYLN) 1,3730.00±0.00 0±0
At Once Valencian Community (aUna CV) 1,1150.00New 0±0
European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) 9740.00±0.00 0±0
Andalusian Solidary Independent Republican Party (RISA) 8550.00±0.00 0±0
Centered (centrados) 7340.00±0.00 0±0
Plural Democracy (DPL) 4280.00±0.00 0±0
United–Acting for Democracy (Unidos SI–ACPS–DEf) 4010.00New 0±0
XXI Convergence (C21) 2570.00±0.00 0±0
Union of Everyone (UdT) 790.00New 0±0
Blank ballots[lower-alpha 11] 451,4491.89+0.18
Total 63,619,307 208±0
Valid votes 23,825,57697.70–0.28
Invalid votes 561,6012.30+0.28
Votes cast / turnout 24,387,17765.91–5.41
Abstentions 12,614,20234.09+5.41
Registered voters 37,001,379
Sources[20][84][85]
Footnotes:
Popular vote
PSOE
 
 30.62%
PP
 
 26.84%
Unidas Podemos
 
 12.39%
Cs
 
 7.78%
Vox
 
 5.08%
ERC–Sob.
 
 4.80%
JxCat–Junts
 
 2.66%
EAJ/PNV
 
 1.81%
PACMA
 
 1.54%
Más País
 
 1.51%
EH Bildu
 
 1.33%
NA+
 
 0.49%
¡TE!
 
 0.09%
ASG
 
 0.01%
Others
 
 2.36%
Blank ballots
 
 1.89%
Seats
PSOE
 
 44.71%
PP
 
 39.90%
ERC–Sob.
 
 5.29%
EAJ/PNV
 
 4.33%
JxCat–Junts
 
 1.44%
NA+
 
 1.44%
Vox
 
 0.96%
¡TE!
 
 0.96%
EH Bildu
 
 0.48%
ASG
 
 0.48%

Aftermath

On 11 November, the day after the election, Albert Rivera resigned as leader of Citizens (Cs)[86] after the party lost over 80% of its seats in the Congress and one-third of its seats in the Senate (mainly to Vox and the PP), and announced his intention to give up the Congress seat to which he had been elected, and retire from politics entirely.[87] The PP recovered around one-third of the seats it had lost in the Congress in the April 2019 election, and almost half of the Senate seats it had lost on that occasion. The right-wing nationalist Vox party saw its seats in the Congress more than double, and it won its first directly elected Senate seats. Más País gained two seats in the Congress from Madrid (one from the PSOE and one from Podemos), while the leftist and Catalan nationalist Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) gained its first seats in the national legislature after choosing to participate at the national level for the first time.

Government formation

On 7 January 2020, Pedro Sánchez was confirmed as prime minister by the Congress of Deputies.[88]

Investiture
Pedro Sánchez (PSOE)
Ballot → 5 January 2020 7 January 2020
Required majority → 176 out of 350 ☒ Simple check
Yes
166 / 350
167 / 350
No
165 / 350
165 / 350
Abstentions
18 / 350
18 / 350
Absentees
1 / 350
0 / 350
Sources[89][90]

2020 motion of no confidence

Motion of no confidence
Santiago Abascal (Vox)
Ballot → 22 October 2020
Required majority → 176 out of 350 ☒
Yes
52 / 350
No
298 / 350
Abstentions
0 / 350
Absentees
0 / 350
Sources[91]

2023 motion of no confidence

In February 2023, Ramón Tamames, a former member of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE), aged 89 at that moment, put himself forward to be an independent candidate for prime minister if a Vox-proposed motion of no confidence were successful.[92] The motion failed on 22 March with 52 votes in favour (Vox plus one independent), 91 abstentions (People's Party plus one independent) and 201 votes against.[93]

Motion of no confidence
Ramón Tamames (Independent)
Ballot → 22 March 2023
Required majority → 176 out of 350
Yes
53 / 350
No
201 / 350
Abstentions
91 / 350
Absentees
4 / 350
Sources

Notes

  1. ↑ Total figures include results for En Comú Podem and En Común.
  2. ↑ Oriol Junqueras had his Congress of Deputies membership suspended, and as a result was forced into the Mixed Group.
  3. ↑ 3 seats were vacant, pending regional appointments as a result of the 2019 Spanish regional elections.
  4. ↑ Raül Romeva had his Senate membership suspended, and as a result was forced into the Mixed Group.
  5. ↑ Results for CCa–PNC (0.53%, 2 deputies and 0 senators) and NCa (0.14%, 0 seats) in the April 2019 election.
  6. ↑ Coalició Compromís (1 deputy) joined the Més Compromís alliance ahead of the November 2019 election.
  7. ↑ Denotes a main invitee attending the event.
  8. ↑ Denotes a main invitee not attending the event, sending a surrogate in their place.
  9. ↑ Parliamentary spokespersons' debate.
  10. ↑ "Women's debate".
  11. ↑ The percentage of blank ballots is calculated over the official number of valid votes cast, irrespective of the total number of votes shown as a result of adding up the individual results for each party.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Constitución Española". Constitution of 29 December 1978 (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  2. ↑ "La falta de acuerdo entre los partidos obliga a otras elecciones". El País (in Spanish). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  3. ↑ "El Rey constata la falta de apoyos a Sánchez que aboca a elecciones el 10 de noviembre". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  4. ↑ "El rey constata el desacuerdo político, no propone candidato y España se aboca a elecciones". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  5. ↑ "Country to hold 10 November election after talks to break deadlock fail". The Guardian. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  6. ↑ "Errejón formaliza su candidatura al 10-N aclamado por la militancia de Más País". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  7. ↑ "El plan de Errejón para que Más País consiga grupo propio en el Congreso". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 26 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  8. 1 2 "Los dos diputados autonómicos de Podemos en Murcia se pasan al partido de Errejón". El País (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  9. 1 2 3 "Primera ruptura en Unidas Podemos: Equo decide aliarse con Más País de Íñigo Errejón". El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  10. ↑ "Ciudadanos pierde 47 escaños tras el 10-N y sufre el quinto mayor batacazo electoral de la historia de la democracia: estos son los otros cuatro". Business Insider (in Spanish). 11 November 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  11. ↑ "El primer Gobierno de coalición que marcaría un nuevo hito en la historia de España" (in Spanish). RTVE. 12 November 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  12. ↑ "Pedro Sánchez se rodea de perfiles técnicos frente al peso político de Unidas Podemos". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 10 January 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  13. ↑ Rodon, Toni (2020). "The Spanish electoral cycle of 2019: a tale of two countries". West European Politics. 43 (7): 1490–1512. doi:10.1080/01402382.2020.1761689. ISSN 0140-2382. S2CID 219424822.
  14. ↑ "Constitución española, Sinopsis artículo 66". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 September 2020.
  15. ↑ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
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  17. ↑ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
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  19. ↑ "Grupos Parlamentarios en el Congreso de los Diputados y el Senado". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  20. 1 2 "Composición del Senado 1977-2024". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  21. ↑ "Grupos parlamentarios". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  22. ↑ "Grupos Parlamentarios desde 1977". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  23. ↑ "PP y Foro Asturias concurrirán en coalición a las generales del 10N". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  24. ↑ "Ciudadanos y UPyD irán juntos a las elecciones generales". El País (in Spanish). 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  25. ↑ "IU ratifica que irá bajo la fórmula de Unidas Podemos al 10N porque defiende "la misma propuesta" que en el 28A". Europa Press (in Spanish). 26 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  26. 1 2 "Junqueras y los otros condenados salen de las listas electorales para el 10-N". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 15 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  27. ↑ "NC opta por ir con CC el 10N". Diario de Avisos (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  28. ↑ "UPN volverá a concurrir con Navarra Suma a las elecciones del 10-N y cierra también sus candidatos en las listas" (in Spanish). Navarra.com. 23 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  29. ↑ "Fabián Chinea será el candidato de ASG al Senado". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 6 October 2019. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  30. ↑ "Errejón ya tiene marca para presentarse a las elecciones: concurrirá el 10 de noviembre con Más País". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.
  31. ↑ "Compromís elige a Errejón para el 10-N: "La plataforma única no es posible"". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  32. ↑ "CHA negocia una alianza con el partido de Errejón para las elecciones del 10N". Heraldo de Aragón (in Spanish). 24 September 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  33. ↑ "Pirates de Catalunya aprueba concurrir al 10N en coalición con la CUP". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 28 September 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  34. ↑ "La exdiputada Mireia Vehí encabezará la lista de la CUP al Congreso". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 4 October 2019. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
  35. ↑ "La CUP-PR concorrerà al 10N per impugnar el règim i dificultar la governabilitat a l'Estat". cup.cat (in Catalan). Popular Unity Candidacy. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  36. ↑ "Elecciones Generales 10 de noviembre de 2019. Calendario Electoral" (PDF). www.juntaelectoralcentral.es (in Spanish). Central Electoral Commission. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  37. ↑ "'Ahora Gobierno, ahora España', lema del PSOE para las elecciones del 10-N". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 30 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  38. ↑ "'Ahora sí', lema del PSOE para el 10-N". El País (in Spanish). 28 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  39. ↑ ""Por todo lo que nos une", lema del PP frente al intento de Sánchez de polarizar España". ABC (in Spanish). 7 October 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  40. ↑ "Rivera levanta el veto al PSOE y se abre a pactar con Sánchez". El País (in Spanish). 5 October 2019. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  41. ↑ "Iglesias anuncia el lema de campaña de Unidas Podemos: 'Un Gobierno contigo'". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 21 October 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  42. ↑ ""Si vols solucions, vota solucions": el lema dels comuns per al 10-N". Nació Digital (in Catalan). 30 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  43. ↑ "Galicia en Común encara o 10N co lema 'Conta con nós'". Sermos Galiza (in Catalan). 14 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  44. ↑ "Vox rivaliza con el PSOE y responde a su lema de campaña con el eslogan "España siempre"". El Mundo (in Spanish). 1 October 2019. Retrieved 2 October 2019.
  45. ↑ "ERC avisa que amb un PSOE que ho fa "tot impossible" i no dialoga "no hi ha res a parlar"". El Punt Avui (in Catalan). 28 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  46. ↑ "Borràs afirma que JxCat "no regalarà cap vot" a Sánchez després del 10-N". Ara (in Catalan). 29 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  47. ↑ "PNV se compromete a aportar estabilidad institucional al Estado y buscará tener capacidad de interlocución" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 29 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  48. ↑ "Otegi dice que solo la suma de soberanistas de izquierdas "pondrá fin a la herencia que dejó la dictadura"" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  49. ↑ "Oramas pide el voto nacionalista para hacer "más fuerte a Canarias"" (in Spanish). Europa Press. 1 November 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  50. ↑ "NA+ se presenta a las elecciones defendiendo que "Navarra es clave en España"". Diario de Navarra (in Spanish). 30 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  51. ↑ "O Morrazo se suma a la campaña más corta". Faro de Vigo (in Spanish). 1 November 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
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  53. ↑ "Més Compromís se reivindica como "socio útil" para "obligar al PSOE a que haya gobierno de izquierdas"". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 28 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  54. ↑ "La CUP presenta el lema de campanya per a les eleccions del 10-N: 'Ingovernables'". La República (in Catalan). 29 October 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  55. ↑ "Spanish elections: popular leftwing politician forms new party". The Guardian. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  56. ↑ "Un 70% de la militancia de Compromís apoya ir con la formación de Errejón el 10-N". El País (in Spanish). 25 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  57. ↑ "La Chunta Aragonesista irá con Errejón el 10-N en Zaragoza y no se presentará en Teruel". El Mundo (in Spanish). 27 September 2019. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  58. ↑ "New Spanish poll points to election stalemate". euronews. September 27, 2019.
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  61. ↑ "El Gobierno cierra el Valle de los Caídos hasta la exhumación de Franco". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  62. ↑ "El Gobierno desactiva al prior y estira la exhumación de Franco como arma del 10-N". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  63. ↑ "Sentencia del 'procés': penas de 9 a 13 años para Junqueras y los otros líderes por sedición y malversación⟨⟩". El País (in Spanish). 14 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  64. ↑ "Las protestas bloquean el aeropuerto de El Prat". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 15 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  65. ↑ "Catalan protests: Fresh clashes after Spain jails separatist leaders". BBC News. 15 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  66. ↑ "Grupos violentos trasladan su pulso a la sede de Interior en Barcelona". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  67. ↑ "RTVE celebra un debate a siete con los portavoces parlamentarios el 1 de noviembre" (in Spanish). RTVE. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  68. ↑ "Esto empieza fuerte: viernes récord en TV con el primer debate (17.7% y 2.468.000)" (in Spanish). VerTele!. 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  69. ↑ "'La Sexta noche': Iñaki López reune a Ortega Smith, Rufián o Laura Borrás en el debate". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 2 November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  70. ↑ "El mitin del 'Deluxe' (18.8%) acostumbra a ser lo más multitudinario del sábado noche" (in Spanish). VerTele!. 3 November 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2019.
  71. ↑ "Blanco y Vallés de moderadores, 700.000 € de coste: los últimos datos del debate del 4-N". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 27 October 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  72. ↑ Saiz, David (5 November 2019). "10N. El debate a cinco barre con 8.621.000 espectadores pero pierde audiencia respecto al 28A" (in Spanish). ecoteuve.es. Retrieved 5 November 2019.
  73. ↑ "7N, el debate en laSexta: la última oportunidad antes de las elecciones generales" (in Spanish). laSexta. 8 October 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  74. ↑ "laSexta se dispara con El Debate 7N (19.2%), su emisión más vista de la temporada" (in Spanish). VerTele!. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 8 November 2019.
  75. ↑ "Arrimadas ganó el debate con el 42% entre los abstencionistas mientras Lastra se hundió". El Español (in Spanish). 2 November 2019.
  76. ↑ "ElectoPanel (Debate 4N): Iglesias y Abascal empatados en cabeza. Sánchez, perdedor del debate". Electomanía (in Spanish). 5 November 2019.
  77. ↑ "Pablo Iglesias gana el debate electoral según la encuesta exclusiva de Sigma Dos para Antena 3 Noticias". Antena 3 (in Spanish). 5 November 2019.
  78. ↑ "Pedro Sánchez, ganador del debate electoral del 4N". laSexta (in Spanish). 5 November 2019.
  79. ↑ "Pablo Casado ganó el debate al imponerse en cuatro de los cinco bloques". El Español (in Spanish). 5 November 2019.
  80. ↑ "Encuesta IPSOS: El debate del lunes fue irrelevante para un 43% de los españoles y cambió el voto al 5%". 20 minutos (in Spanish). 5 November 2019.
  81. ↑ "Pablo Casado ganó el debate al imponerse en cuatro de los cinco bloques". La Razón (in Spanish). 5 November 2019.
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  84. 1 2 "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales". Ministry of the Interior (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  85. 1 2 "Elecciones Generales 10 de noviembre de 2019". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 October 2021.
  86. ↑ García de Blas, Elsa (11 November 2019). "Ciudadanos leader Albert Rivera quits after election debacle". El País. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  87. ↑ "Albert Rivera abandona la política: dimite como presidente de Ciudadanos y renuncia a su escaño tras el batacazo electoral". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.
  88. ↑ "Spain's Sánchez narrowly wins vote to govern in coalition". BBC. 7 January 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  89. ↑ Díez, Anabel; Marcos, José (5 January 2020). "Sánchez no logra la confianza del Congreso en la primera votación". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
  90. ↑ Casqueiro, Javier; J. Pérez, Fernando (7 January 2020). "Pedro Sánchez logra la investidura y formará el primer Gobierno de coalición de la democracia". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
  91. ↑ "Fracasa la moción de censura de Abascal al no sumar Vox ni un voto en el Congreso" (in Spanish). Madrid: Europa Press. 22 October 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  92. ↑ Gil, Andrés (3 February 2023). "Ramón Tamames, de fundador de Izquierda Unida a candidato de Vox" [Ramón Tamames, from founder of the United Left to candidate for Vox]. elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  93. ↑ "El Congreso rechaza la moción de censura de Vox contra Pedro Sánchez" [Congress rejects Vox's vote of no confidence against Pedro Sánchez] (in Spanish). Onda Cero. 22 March 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
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