For other uses, see Ceuta (disambiguation). "Sabtah" redirects here. For the biblical figure, see Sabtah (biblical figure).

Ceuta
سَبْتَة
Autonomous city
View of Ceuta
Royal Walls
Palace of the Assembly
Flag of Ceuta
Flag
Coat of arms of Ceuta
Coat of arms
Anthem: Ceuta, mi ciudad querida
"Ceuta, my beloved city"
Location of Ceuta
Coordinates: 35°53′18″N 5°18′56″W / 35.88833°N 5.31556°W / 35.88833; -5.31556
Country Spain
First settled1st millennium BC
End of Muslim rule14 August 1415
Ceded to Spain/Iberian Union4 August 1578
Autonomy status14 March 1995
Founded byCarthaginians
Government
 • TypeAutonomous city
 • BodyCouncil of Government
 • Mayor-PresidentJuan Jesús Vivas (PP)
Area
 • Total18.5 km2 (7.1 sq mi)
 • Land18.5 km2 (7.1 sq mi)
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Highest elevation
349 m (1,145 ft)
Population
 (2018)[1]
 • Total85,144
 • Density4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
DemonymsCeutan
ceutí (es)
caballa ("Atlantic mackerel", colloquial)[2][3]
GDP
[4]
 • Total€1.907 billion (2022)
 • Per capita€23,073 (2022)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 code
ES-CE
Postal code
51001–51005
Official languageSpanish
ParliamentAssembly of Ceuta
Congress1 deputy (out of 350)
Senate2 senators (out of 264)
CurrencyEuro (€) (EUR)
Websitewww.ceuta.es

Ceuta (UK: /ˈsjuːtə/, US: /ˈseɪuːtə/,[5][6] Spanish: [ˈsewta, θewta]; Arabic: سَبْتَة, romanized: Sabtah) is an autonomous city of Spain on the north coast of Africa.

Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of several Spanish territories in Africa and, along with Melilla and the Canary Islands, one of only a few that are permanently inhabited by a civilian population. It was a regular municipality belonging to the province of Cádiz prior to the passing of its Statute of Autonomy in March 1995,[7] as provided by the Spanish Constitution, henceforth becoming an autonomous city.

Ceuta, like Melilla and the Canary Islands, was classified as a free port before Spain joined the European Union.[8] Its population is predominantly Christians and Muslims, with a small minority of Sephardic Jews and Sindhi Hindus, the latter originating in Pakistan.[9]

Spanish is the official language. Spanish and Darija Arabic are the two main spoken languages.

Names

The name Abyla has been said to have been a Punic name ("Lofty Mountain"[10] or "Mountain of God") for Jebel Musa,[11] the southern Pillar of Hercules.[12] The name of the mountain was in fact Habenna (Punic: 𐤀𐤁‬𐤍‬, ʾbn, "Stone" or "Stele") or ʾAbin-ḥīq (𐤀𐤁‬𐤍𐤇‬𐤒, ʾbnḥq, "Rock of the Bay"), about the nearby Bay of Benzú.[13] The name was hellenized variously as Ápini (Greek: Ἄπινι),[13] Abýla (Ἀβύλα), Abýlē (Ἀβύλη), Ablýx (Ἀβλύξ), and Abilē Stḗlē (Ἀβίλη Στήλη, "Pillar of Abyla")[12] and in Latin as Abyla Mons ("Mount Abyla") or Abyla Columna ("the Pillar of Abyla").

The settlement below Jebel Musa was later renamed for the seven hills around the site, collectively referred to as the "Seven Brothers"[14] (Greek: Ἑπτάδελφοι, translit. Heptádelphoi;[15] Latin: Septem Fratres).[16] In particular, the Roman stronghold at the site took the name "Fort at the Seven Brothers" (Castellum ad Septem Fratres).[12] This was gradually shortened to Septem[17] (Σέπτον Sépton) or, occasionally, Septum[18] or Septa.[19] These clipped forms continued as Berber Sebta and Arabic Sabtan[14] or Sabtah (سبتة‎), which themselves became Ceuta in Portuguese (pronounced [ˈsewtɐ]) and Spanish (locally pronounced [ˈsewta]).

History

Ancient

Phoenician archeological site, dated to the 7th century BC, next to the Cathedral of Ceuta

Controlling access between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, the Strait of Gibraltar is an important military and commercial chokepoint. The Phoenicians realized the extremely narrow isthmus joining the Peninsula of Almina to the African mainland makes Ceuta eminently defensible and established an outpost there early in the 1st millennium BC. The Greek geographers record it by variations of Abyla, the ancient name of nearby Jebel Musa. Beside Calpe, the other Pillar of Hercules now known as the Rock of Gibraltar, the Phoenicians established Kart at what is now San Roque, Spain. Other good anchorages nearby became Phoenician and then Carthaginian ports at what are now Tangiers and Cádiz.

After Carthage's destruction in the Punic Wars, most of northwest Africa was left to the Roman client states of Numidia and—around Abyla—Mauretania. Punic culture continued to thrive in what the Romans knew as "Septem". After the Battle of Thapsus in 46 BC, Caesar and his heirs began annexing north Africa directly as Roman provinces but, as late as Augustus, most of Septem's Berber residents continued to speak and write in Punic.

Caligula assassinated the Mauretanian king Ptolemy in AD 40 and seized his kingdom, which Claudius organized in AD 42, placing Septem in the province of Tingitana and raising it to the level of a colony. It subsequently was romanized and thrived into the late 3rd century, trading heavily with Roman Spain and becoming well known for its salted fish. Roads connected it overland with Tingis (Tangiers) and Volubilis. Under Theodosius I in the late 4th century, Septem still had 10,000 inhabitants, nearly all Christian citizens speaking African Romance, a local dialect of Latin.[20]

Medieval

The Arab Baths of Ceuta, built between the 11th and 13th centuries
The Marinid Walls, built by Abu Sa'id Uthman II in 1328

Vandals, probably invited by Count Boniface as protection against the empress dowager, crossed the strait near Tingis around 425 and swiftly overran Roman North Africa. Their king Gaiseric focused his attention on the rich lands around Carthage; although the Romans eventually accepted his conquests and he continued to raid them anyway, he soon lost control of Tingis and Septem in a series of Berber revolts. When Justinian decided to reconquer the Vandal lands, his victorious general Belisarius continued along the coast, making Septem a westernmost outpost of the Byzantine Empire around 533. Unlike the former ancient Roman administration, however, Eastern Rome did not push far into the hinterland and made the more defensible Septem their regional capital in place of Tingis.

Epidemics, less capable successors and overstretched supply lines forced a retrenchment and left Septem isolated. It is likely that its count (comes) was obliged to pay homage to the Visigoth Kingdom in Spain in the early 7th century. There are no reliable contemporary accounts of the end of the Islamic conquest of the Maghreb around 710. Instead, the rapid Muslim conquest of Spain produced romances concerning Count Julian of Septem and his betrayal of Christendom in revenge for the dishonor that befell his daughter at King Roderick's court. Allegedly with Julian's encouragement and instructions, the Berber convert and freedman Tariq ibn Ziyad took his garrison from Tangiers across the strait and overran the Spanish so swiftly that both he and his master Musa bin Nusayr fell afoul of a jealous caliph, who stripped them of their wealth and titles.

After the death of Julian, sometimes also described as a king of the Ghomara Berbers, Berber converts to Islam took direct control of what they called Sebta. It was then destroyed during their great revolt against the Umayyad Caliphate around 740. Sebta subsequently remained a small village of Muslims and Christians surrounded by ruins until its resettlement in the 9th century by Mâjakas, chief of the Majkasa Berber tribe, who started the short-lived Banu Isam dynasty.[21] His great-grandson briefly allied his tribe with the Idrisids, but Banu Isam rule ended in 931[22] when he abdicated in favor of Abd ar-Rahman III, the Umayyad ruler of Córdoba.

Chaos ensued with the fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba in 1031. Following this, Ceuta and Muslim Iberia were controlled by successive North African dynasties. Starting in 1084, the Almoravid Berbers ruled the region until 1147, when the Almohads conquered the land. Apart from Ibn Hud's rebellion in 1232, they ruled until the Tunisian Hafsids established control. The Hafsids' influence in the west rapidly waned, and Ceuta's inhabitants eventually expelled them in 1249. After this, a period of political instability persisted, under competing interests from the Marinids and Granada as well as autonomous rule under the native Banu al-Azafi. The Fez finally conquered the region in 1387, with assistance from Aragon.

Portuguese

Representation of Prince Henry the Navigator during the Conquest of Ceuta in azulejos at the São Bento railway station
1572 depiction of Ceuta
The Royal Walls of Ceuta, built from 962 to the 18th century, and navigable moats
Eclectic House of the Dragons, built in 1905

On the morning of 21 August 1415, King John I of Portugal led his sons and their assembled forces in a surprise assault that would come to be known as the Conquest of Ceuta. The battle was almost anticlimactic, because the 45,000 men who traveled on 200 Portuguese ships caught the defenders of Ceuta off guard and suffered only eight casualties. By nightfall the town was captured. On the morning of 22 August, Ceuta was in Portuguese hands. Álvaro Vaz de Almada, 1st Count of Avranches was asked to hoist what was to become the flag of Ceuta, which is identical to the flag of Lisbon, but in which the coat of arms derived from that of the Kingdom of Portugal was added to the center; the original Portuguese flag and coat of arms of Ceuta remained unchanged, and the modern-day Ceuta flag features the configuration of the Portuguese shield.

John's son Henry the Navigator distinguished himself in the battle, being wounded during the conquest. The looting of the city proved to be less profitable than expected for John I; he decided to keep the city to pursue further enterprises in the area.[23]

From 1415 to 1437, Pedro de Meneses became the first governor of Ceuta.

The Marinid Sultanate started the 1419 siege but was defeated by the first governor of Ceuta before reinforcements arrived in the form of John, Constable of Portugal and his brother Henry the Navigator who were sent with troops to defend Ceuta.

Under King John I's son, Duarte, the colony at Ceuta rapidly became a drain on the Portuguese treasury. Trans-Saharan trade journeyed instead to Tangier. It was soon realized that without the city of Tangier, possession of Ceuta was worthless. In 1437, Duarte's brothers Henry the Navigator and Fernando, the Saint Prince persuaded him to launch an attack on the Marinid sultanate. The resulting Battle of Tangier (1437), led by Henry, was a debacle. In the resulting treaty, Henry promised to deliver Ceuta back to the Marinids in return for allowing the Portuguese army to depart unmolested, which he reneged on.

Possession of Ceuta would indirectly lead to further Portuguese expansion. The main area of Portuguese expansion, at this time, was the coast of the Maghreb, where there was grain, cattle, sugar, and textiles, as well as fish, hides, wax, and honey.[24]

Ceuta had to endure alone for 43 years, until the position of the city was consolidated with the taking of Ksar es-Seghir (1458), Arzila and Tangier (1471) by the Portuguese.

The city was recognized as a Portuguese possession by the Treaty of Alcáçovas (1479) and by the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494).

In the 1540s the Portuguese began building the Royal Walls of Ceuta as they are today including bastions, a navigable moat and a drawbridge. Some of these bastions are still standing, like the bastions of Coraza Alta, Bandera and Mallorquines.[25]

Luís de Camões lived in Ceuta between 1549 and 1551, losing his right eye in battle, which influenced his work of poetry Os Lusíadas.

Iberian Union

In 1578 King Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir (known as the Battle of Three Kings) in what is today northern Morocco, without descendants, triggering the 1580 Portuguese succession crisis. His granduncle, the elderly Cardinal Henry, succeeded him as King, but Henry also had no descendants, having taken holy orders. When the cardinal-king died two years after Sebastian's death, three grandchildren of King Manuel I of Portugal claimed the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza; António, Prior of Crato; and Philip II of Spain (Uncle of former King Sebastian of Portugal), who would prevail and be crowned King Philip I of Portugal in 1581, uniting the two crowns and overseas empires in what is historically referred to as the "Iberian Union".[26]

During the Iberian Union 1580 to 1640, Ceuta attracted many settlers of Spanish origin.[27] Ceuta became the only city of the Portuguese Empire that sided with Spain, when Portugal regained its independence in the Portuguese Restoration War of 1640.

Spanish

Fort of the Desnarigado, built in the 19th century. It houses a museum.
Bastion of la Coraza Alta on the shore of the Playa del Chorrillo beach

On 1 January 1668, King Afonso VI of Portugal recognised the formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain and ceded Ceuta to King Carlos II of Spain by the Treaty of Lisbon.[28]

The city was attacked by Moroccan forces under Moulay Ismail during the Siege of Ceuta (1694–1727). During the longest siege in history, the city underwent changes leading to the loss of its Portuguese character. While most of the military operations took place around the Royal Walls of Ceuta, there were also small-scale penetrations by Spanish forces at various points on the Moroccan coast, and seizure of shipping in the Strait of Gibraltar.

During the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), Spain allowed Britain to occupy Ceuta. Occupation began in 1810, with Ceuta being returned at the conclusion of the Wars.[29]

Disagreements regarding the border of Ceuta resulted in the Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60), which ended at the Battle of Tetuán.

A street in Ceuta, c. 1905–1910

In July 1936, General Francisco Franco took command of the Spanish Army of Africa and rebelled against the Spanish republican government; his military uprising led to the Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939. Franco transported troops to mainland Spain in an airlift using transport aircraft supplied by Germany and Italy. Ceuta became one of the first battlegrounds of the uprising: General Franco's rebel nationalist forces seized Ceuta, while at the same time the city came under fire from the air and sea forces of the official republican government.[30]

The Llano Amarillo monument was erected to honor Francisco Franco, it was inaugurated on 13 July 1940. The tall obelisk has since been abandoned, but the shield symbols of the Falange and Imperial Eagle remain visible.[31]

Following the 1947 Partition of India, a substantial number of Sindhi Hindus from current-day Pakistan settled in Ceuta, adding up to a small Hindu community that had existed in Ceuta since 1893, connected to Gibraltar's.[32]

When Spain recognized the independence of Spanish Morocco in 1956, Ceuta and the other plazas de soberanía remained under Spanish rule. Spain considered them integral parts of the Spanish state, but Morocco has disputed this point.

Culturally, modern Ceuta is part of the Spanish region of Andalusia. It was attached to the province of Cádiz until 1925, the Spanish coast being only 20 km (12.5 miles) away. It is a cosmopolitan city, with a large ethnic Arab-Berber Muslim minority as well as Sephardic Jewish and Hindu minorities.[33]

On 5 November 2007, King Juan Carlos I visited the city, sparking great enthusiasm from the local population and protests from the Moroccan government.[34] It was the first time a Spanish head of state had visited Ceuta in 80 years.[35]

Since 2010, Ceuta (and Melilla) have declared the Muslim holiday of Eid al-Adha, or Feast of the Sacrifice, an official public holiday. It is the first time a non-Christian religious festival has been officially celebrated in Spanish ruled territory since the Reconquista.[36][37]

Geography

Map of Ceuta (the Perejil Island, part of Ceuta, is just off the coast, in the upper left of this map)
Perspective view of the Strait of Gibraltar facing eastwards; Spain and Gibraltar on the left; Morocco and Ceuta on the right. The vertical dimension is exaggerated by a factor of 3.
A highly detailed map of Ceuta

Ceuta is separated by 17 km (11 mi)[38] from the province of Cádiz on the Spanish mainland by the Strait of Gibraltar and it shares a 6.4 km (4 mi) land border with M'diq-Fnideq Prefecture in the Kingdom of Morocco. It has an area of 18.5 km2 (7 sq mi; 4,571 acres). It is dominated by Monte Anyera, a hill along its western frontier with Morocco, which is guarded by a Spanish military fort. Monte Hacho on the Peninsula of Almina overlooking the port is one of the possible locations of the southern pillar of the Pillars of Hercules of Greek legend (the other possibility being Jebel Musa).[39]

Important Bird Area

The Ceuta Peninsula has been recognised as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because the site is part of a migratory bottleneck, or choke point, at the western end of the Mediterranean for large numbers of raptors, storks and other birds flying between Europe and Africa. These include European honey buzzards, black kites, short-toed snake eagles, Egyptian vultures, griffon vultures, black storks, white storks and Audouin's gulls.[40]

Climate

Ceuta has a maritime-influenced Mediterranean climate, similar to nearby Spanish and Moroccan cities such as Tarifa, Algeciras or Tangiers.[41] The average diurnal temperature variation is relatively low; the average annual temperature is 18.8 °C (65.8 °F) with average yearly highs of 21.4 °C (70.5 °F) and lows of 15.7 °C (60.3 °F) though the Ceuta weather station has only been in operation since 2003.[42] Ceuta has relatively mild winters for the latitude, while summers are warm yet milder than in the interior of Southern Spain, due to the moderating effect of the Straits of Gibraltar. Summers are very dry, but yearly precipitation is still at 849 mm (33.4 in),[42] which could be considered a humid climate if the summers were not so arid.

Climate data for Ceuta, 2003-2010
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1)		 25.5
(77.9)		 27.9
(82.2)		 28.4
(83.1)		 33.7
(92.7)		 35.3
(95.5)		 40.2
(104.4)		 38.9
(102.0)		 34.8
(94.6)		 33.1
(91.6)		 27.2
(81.0)		 25.6
(78.1)		 40.2
(104.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4)		 15.9
(60.6)		 17.4
(63.3)		 19.1
(66.4)		 21.9
(71.4)		 25.7
(78.3)		 28.9
(84.0)		 28.5
(83.3)		 25.8
(78.4)		 22.8
(73.0)		 18.8
(65.8)		 16.4
(61.5)		 21.4
(70.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1)		 13.7
(56.7)		 14.8
(58.6)		 16.4
(61.5)		 18.8
(65.8)		 22.3
(72.1)		 24.9
(76.8)		 25.0
(77.0)		 22.8
(73.0)		 20.2
(68.4)		 16.4
(61.5)		 14.3
(57.7)		 18.6
(65.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8)		 11.4
(52.5)		 12.2
(54.0)		 13.6
(56.5)		 15.7
(60.3)		 18.8
(65.8)		 20.9
(69.6)		 21.5
(70.7)		 19.8
(67.6)		 17.5
(63.5)		 14.0
(57.2)		 12.1
(53.8)		 15.7
(60.3)
Record low °C (°F) 1.3
(34.3)		 4.4
(39.9)		 7.2
(45.0)		 9.0
(48.2)		 10.5
(50.9)		 7.2
(45.0)		 16.3
(61.3)		 18.0
(64.4)		 15.3
(59.5)		 12.2
(54.0)		 7.4
(45.3)		 6.3
(43.3)		 1.3
(34.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 122
(4.8)		 145
(5.7)		 90
(3.5)		 57
(2.2)		 21
(0.8)		 3
(0.1)		 1
(0.0)		 3
(0.1)		 37
(1.5)		 82
(3.2)		 127
(5.0)		 161
(6.3)		 849
(33.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 8 9 6 6 4 1 0 0 2 7 7 10 60
Average relative humidity (%) 72 75 68 71 66 67 61 70 72 75 73 73 70
Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[43]

Government and administration

The Palacio de la Asamblea de Ceuta is the seat of the Assembly of Ceuta.

Since 1995, Ceuta is, along with Melilla, one of the two autonomous cities of Spain.[44]

Ceuta is known officially in Spanish as Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta (English: Autonomous City of Ceuta), with a rank between a standard municipality and an autonomous community. Ceuta is part of the territory of the European Union. The city was a free port before Spain joined the European Union in 1986. Now it has a low-tax system within the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union.

Since 1979, Ceuta has held elections to its 25-seat assembly every four years. The leader of its government was the Mayor until the Autonomy Statute provided for the new title of Mayor-President. As of 2011, the People's Party (PP) won 18 seats, keeping Juan Jesús Vivas as Mayor-President, which he has been since 2001. The remaining seats are held by the regionalist Caballas Coalition (4) and the Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, 3).[45]

Owing to its small population, Ceuta elects only one member of the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Spanish legislature. As of the November 2019 election, this post is held by María Teresa López of Vox.[46]

Ceuta is subdivided into 63 barriadas ("neighborhoods"), such as Barriada de Berizu, Barriada de P. Alfonso, Barriada del Sarchal, and El Hacho.[47][48][49]

Ceuta maintains its own police force.

Defence and Civil Guard

The defence of the enclave is the responsibility of the Spanish Armed Forces' General Command of Ceuta (COMGECEU).[50] The Spanish Army's combat components of the command include:

The command also includes its headquarters battalion as well as logistics elements.[50]

In 2023, the Spanish Navy replaced the Aresa-class patrol boat P-114 in the territory with the Rodman-class patrol boat Isla de León.[53]

Ceuta itself is only 113 km (70 mi) distant from the main Spanish naval base at Rota on the Spanish mainland. The Spanish Air Force's Morón Air Base is also within 135 km (84 mi) proximity.

The Civil Guard is responsible for border security and protects both the territory's fortified land border as well as its maritime approaches against frequent, and sometimes significant, migrant incursions.[54]

Economy

Ceuta products treemap, 2020
The Moroccan mountain of Jebel Musa, as viewed from Benzú. It is also known as the 'Dead Woman' because of its silhouette.

The official currency of Ceuta is the euro. It is part of a special low tax zone in Spain.[55] Ceuta is one of two Spanish port cities on the northern shore of Africa, along with Melilla. They are historically military strongholds, free ports, oil ports, and also fishing ports.[56] Today the economy of the city depends heavily on its port (now in expansion) and its industrial and retail centres.[55] Ceuta Heliport is now used to connect the city to mainland Spain by air. Lidl, Decathlon and El Corte Inglés have branches in Ceuta. There is also a casino. Border trade between Ceuta and Morocco is active because of advantage of tax-free status. Thousands of Moroccan women are involved in the cross-border porter trade daily, as porteadoras. The Moroccan dirham is used in such trade, even though prices are marked in euros.[57][58][59]

Transport

The city's Port of Ceuta receives high numbers of ferries each day from Algeciras in Andalusia in the south of Spain. The closest airport is Sania Ramel Airport in Morocco.

A single road border checkpoint to the south of Ceuta near Fnideq allows for cars and pedestrians to travel between Morocco and Ceuta. An additional border crossing for pedestrians exists between Benzú and Belyounech on the northern coast. The rest of the border is closed and inaccessible.

There is a bus service throughout the city, and while it does not pass into neighbouring Morocco, it services both frontier crossings.

Hospitals

The following hospitals are located within Ceuta:[60][61]

  • University Hospital of Ceuta, established in 2010, 252 beds[62]
  • Primary Care Emergency Services Jose Lafont
  • Ceuta Medical Centre
  • Spanish Military Hospital (500 beds in 1929, 2020 listed as a clinic)[63][64]

Demographics

Ceuta population pyramid in 2022

As of 2018, its population was 85,144.[65] Due to its location, Ceuta is home to a mixed ethnic and religious population. The two main religious groups are Christians and Muslims. As of 2006 approximately 50% of the population was Christian and approximately 48% Muslim.[66] As of a 2018 estimate, around 67.8% of the city's population were born in Ceuta.[67]

Spanish is the primary and official language of the enclave.[68] Moroccan Arabic (Darija) is widely spoken.[69] In 2021, the Council of Europe demanded that Spain formally recognize the language by 2023.[70]

Religion

Remains of the Late Roman Christian Basilica and Necropolis of Ceuta, dated to the mid-4th century AD or the beginning of the 5th century AD
Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption, completed in 1726

Christianity has been present in Ceuta continuously from late antiquity, as evidenced by the ruins of a basilica in downtown Ceuta[71] and accounts of the martyrdom of St. Daniel Fasanella and his Franciscans in 1227 during the Almohad Caliphate.

The town's Grand Mosque had been built over a Byzantine-era church. In 1415, the year of the city's conquest, the Portuguese converted the Grand Mosque into Ceuta Cathedral. The present form of the cathedral dates to refurbishments undertaken in the late 17th century, combining baroque and neoclassical elements. It was dedicated to St Mary of the Assumption in 1726.

The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ceuta was established in 1417. It incorporated the suppressed Diocese of Tanger in 1570.[72] The Diocese of Ceuta was a suffragan of Lisbon until 1675, when it became a suffragan of Seville.[73] In 1851, Ceuta's administration was notionally merged into the Diocese of Cádiz and Ceuta as part of a concordat between Spain and the Holy See;[74] the union was not actually accomplished, however, until 1879.

Small Jewish and Hindu minorities are also present in the city.[75]

Roman Catholicism is the largest religion in Ceuta. In 2019, the proportion of Ceutans that identify themselves as Roman Catholic was 60.0%.[76] The next largest religion was Islam (36.7%) and only 3.4% of people considered themselves as non-religious (1.5% atheist and 1.9% as non-religious) [76]

Migration

Like Melilla, Ceuta attracts African migrants both Christians (Pentecostals mostly) and Muslims who try to use it as an entry to Europe. As a result, the enclave is surrounded by double fences that are 6 m (20 ft) high, and hundreds of migrants congregate near the fences waiting for a chance to cross them. The fences are regularly stormed by migrants trying to claim asylum once they enter Ceuta.[77]

Education

The University of Granada offers undergraduate programs at their campus in Ceuta. Like all areas of Spain, Ceuta is also served by the National University of Distance Education (UNED).

While primary and secondary education are generally offered in Spanish only, a growing number of schools are entering the Bilingual Education Program.

Notable people from Ceuta

up to 1800

since 1800

  • General Francisco Llano de la Encomienda (1879 in Ceuta – 1963 in Mexico City), a Spanish soldier. During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) he remained loyal to the Second Spanish Republic
  • General Antonio Escobar Huertas (1879 in Ceuta – executed 1940 in Barcelona), a Spanish military officer
  • África de las Heras Gavilán (1909 in Ceuta – 1988 in Moscow), a Spanish Communist, naturalized Soviet citizen, and KGB spy who went by the code name Patria
  • Eugenio Martín (born 1925 in Ceuta), a Spanish film director and screenwriter [79]
  • Jacob Hassan, PhD (1936 in Ceuta – 2006 in Madrid), a Spanish philologist of Sephardic Jewish descent
  • Manuel Chaves González (born 1945 in Ceuta), a Spanish politician of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He served as the Third Vice President of the Spanish Government from 2009 to 2011
  • Ramón Castellano de Torres (born 1947 in Ceuta), a Spanish artist, thought by some to be an expressionist painter
  • Ignacio Velázquez Rivera (born 1953), first Mayor-President of Melilla
  • Juan Jesús Vivas Lara (born 1953 in Ceuta), became the Mayor-President of Ceuta in Spain in 2001
  • Pedro Avilés Gutiérrez (born 1956 in Ceuta), a Spanish novelist from Madrid.
  • Eva María Isanta Foncuberta (born 1971 in Ceuta), a Spanish actress [80]
  • Mohamed Taieb Ahmed (born 1975 in Ceuta), a Spanish-Moroccan drug lord [81] responsible for trafficking hashish across the Strait of Gibraltar and into Spain.
  • Rakesh Narwani (born 1981 in Ceuta), a Spanish Filmmaker

Sport

Twin towns and sister cities

Ceuta is twinned with:

Dispute with Morocco

The government of Morocco has repeatedly called for Spain to transfer the sovereignty of Ceuta and Melilla, along with uninhabited islets such as the islands of Alhucemas, Velez and the Perejil island, drawing comparisons with Spain's territorial claim to Gibraltar. In both cases, the national governments and local populations of the disputed territories reject these claims by a large majority.[87] The Spanish position is that both Ceuta and Melilla are integral parts of Spain, and have been since the 16th century, centuries prior to Morocco's independence from Spain and France in 1956, whereas Gibraltar, being a British Overseas Territory, is not and never has been part of the United Kingdom.[88] Morocco has claimed the territories are colonies.[89] One of the chief arguments used by Morocco to reclaim Ceuta comes from geography, as this exclave, which is surrounded by Morocco and the Mediterranean Sea, has no territorial continuity with the rest of Spanish territory.[90] This argument was originally developed by one of the founders of the Moroccan Istiqlal Party, Alal-El Faasi, who openly advocated the Moroccan conquest of Ceuta and other territories under Spanish rule.[91]

In 1986, Spain entered the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. However Ceuta and Melilla are not under NATO protection since Article 6 of the treaty limits the coverage to Europe and North America and islands north of the Tropic of Cancer. This contrasts with French Algeria which was explicitly included in the treaty. Legal experts have interpreted that other articles could cover the Spanish North African cities but this interpretation has not been tested in practice.[92] On the occasion of NATO's Madrid Summit in 2022, the issue of the protection Ceuta and Melilla was a prominent one with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg stating: "On which territories NATO protects and Ceuta and Melilla, NATO is there to protect all Allies against any threats. At the end of the day, it will always be a political decision to invoke Article 5, but rest assured NATO is there to protect and defend all Allies".[93]

On 21 December 2020, following the affirmations of the Moroccan Prime Minister, Saadeddine Othmani, stating that Ceuta and Melilla "are Moroccan as the Sahara [is]", Spain urgently summoned the Moroccan ambassador to convey that Spain expects all its partners to respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of its territory in Africa and asked for explanations of Othmani's words.[94]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.
  2. ↑ "Caballas". El Faro de Ceuta (in Spanish). 15 May 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  3. ↑ caballa | Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23.5 ed.). RAE-ASALE. 2021. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  4. ↑ "Contabilidad Regional de España" (PDF). www.ine.es.
  5. ↑ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
  6. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
  7. ↑ Jefatura del Estado (14 March 1995), Ley Orgánica 1/1995, de 13 de marzo, de Estatuto de Autonomía de Ceuta, pp. 8055–8061, retrieved 19 August 2023
  8. ↑ Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier (2008). "The Spanish–Moroccan border complex: Processes of geopolitical, functional and symbolic rebordering". Political Geography. 27 (3): 301–321. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2007.12.004.
  9. ↑ Gervilla Zapata, María; Vashdev Lalwani, Sony (2011). "La comunidad hindú ceutí y u integración en la cultura occidental". Actas del I Congreso Internacional sobre Migraciones en Andalucía (PDF). Granada: Instituto de Migraciones. p. 1865. ISBN 978-84-921390-3-3.
  10. ↑ Cauvin & al. (1843).
  11. ↑ Bonney & al. (1907), p. 26.
  12. 1 2 3 Smith (1854).
  13. 1 2 Lipiński (2004), p. 422–425.
  14. 1 2 Smedley & al. (1845), p. 49.
  15. ↑ Ptolemy, Geography, IV.i.5.
  16. ↑ In, e.g., Pomponius Mela.
  17. ↑ Walter E. Kaegi (4 November 2010). Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-521-19677-2.
  18. ↑ John Kitto; William Lindsay Alexander, eds. (1864). A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature. Vol. 2. p. 350.
  19. ↑ Dyer (1873).
  20. ↑ Mommsen, Theodore, The Provinces of the Roman Empire, s.v. "Africa".
  21. ↑ Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Bernard Lewis; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1994), The Encyclopaedia of Islam, E.J. Brill, p. 690.
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  32. ↑ Briones, Rafael; Tarrés, Sol; Salguero, Óscar (2013). Encuentros. Diversidad religiosa en Ceuta y Melilla (PDF). Editorial Pluralismo y Convivencia. p. 84. ISBN 978-84-9888-523-1.
  33. ↑ Bárbulo, Tomás (22 March 2009). "Resistir en el monte del Renegado". El País. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  34. ↑ "Ceuta y Melilla son España, dice Juan Carlos I; Sebta y Melilia son nuestras, responde Mohamed VI". Blogs.periodistadigital.com. 22 February 1999. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  35. ↑ Morgan, Marcus; Bond, Paul (6 December 2007). "Royal visit revives tensions between Spain and Morocco". World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  36. ↑ "Muslim Holiday in Ceuta and Melilla". Spainforvisitors.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
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  38. ↑ "Turismo. Ceuta, cuatro mundos por descubrir". abcViajes. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  39. ↑ H. Micheal Tarver; Emily Slape, eds. (25 July 2016). The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO. p. 160. ISBN 978-1-61069-422-3.
  40. ↑ "Ceuta". BirdLife Data Zone. BirdLife International. 2021. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  41. ↑ "Ceuta, Spain – Climate Summary". weatherbase. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
  42. 1 2 "Valores climatológicos normales. Ceuta" [Normal climate values. Ceuta]. AEMET (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
  43. ↑ "Valores extremos. Ceuta – Selector" [Extreme values. Ceuta – Selector]. AEMET (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Retrieved 16 August 2016.
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  50. 1 2 "Comandancia General de Ceuta". Spanish Ministry of Defence (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 January 2023.
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  52. ↑ "Regimiento De Artilleria Mixto Nº30". Spanish Ministry of Defence (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 January 2023.
    "Contenido - Army". Spanish Ministry of Defence (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 January 2023.
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    "Patrol Boat P-114". Armada Española. 2020. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  54. ↑ "Ceuta: Spain sends troops as 8,000 migrants enter enclave". BBC News. 18 May 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
    Guerraoui, Saad (12 June 2021). "Spanish report warns of Morocco's 'hybrid strategies' to annex Ceuta, Melilla". Middle East Online. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
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  71. ↑ Villada, Fernando. "Ceuta huellas del cristianismo en Ceuta". academia.edu. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  72. ↑ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Tingis". Newadvent.org. 1 July 1912. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
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  76. 1 2 Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) (October 2019). "Macrobarómetro de octubre 2019, Banco de datos - Document 'Población con derecho a voto en elecciones generales y residente en España, Ciudad Autónoma de Ceuta" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2020. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
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  78. ↑ Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Idrisi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 289–290.
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  83. ↑ Corrales, Carlos (5 August 2012). "Ceuta y Algeciras, tres lustros como ciudades hermanadas". Europa Sur.
  84. ↑ Durio, Pablo Manuel (19 September 2009). "Cádiz tiene ya una familia más que numerosa". Diario de Cádiz.
  85. ↑ "Ceuta, Melilla profile". BBC News. 14 December 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  86. ↑ Parodi, Luis (27 November 2007). "Vivas visitará el jueves la Casa de Ceuta en Cádiz antes de regresar". El Pueblo de Ceuta.
  87. ↑ François Papet-Périn (2012). La mer d'Alboran ou Le contentieux territorial hispano-marocain sur les deux bornes européennes de Ceuta et Melilla (doctorat d'histoire contemporaine soutenue thesis). Paris 1-Sorbonne. 2 volumes.
  88. ↑ Tremlett, Giles (12 June 2003). "A rocky relationship". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 June 2009.
  89. ↑ Gold, Peter (2000). Europe or Africa? A contemporary study of the Spanish North African exclaves of Ceuta and Melilla. Liverpool University Press. pp. XII–XIII. ISBN 0-85323-985-1.
  90. ↑ Castan Pinos, J. (2014). "The Spanish-Moroccan relationship: combining bonne entente with territorial disputes". In K. Stoklosa (ed.). Living on the border. European Border Regions in Comparison. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 103.
  91. ↑ Castan Pinos, J. (2014). La Fortaleza Europea: Schengen, Ceuta y Melilla. Ceuta: Instituto de Estudios Ceutíes. p. 61. ISBN 978-84-92627-67-7.
  92. ↑ Thess Móstoles (2 October 2021). "¿Están Ceuta y Melilla bajo el paraguas de la OTAN?". Newtral (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  93. ↑ Jens Stoltenberg (30 June 2022). "Press conference by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg following the meeting of the North Atlantic Council at the level of Heads of State and Government (2022 NATO Summit)". NATO (transcript). Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  94. ↑ "España convoca a la embajadora de Marruecos por unas declaraciones de su primer ministro sobre Ceuta y Melilla". elDiario.es (in Spanish). 21 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
    "Moroccan Ambassador to Spain summoned over calls for territorial sovereignty talks". AfricaNews. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 22 December 2020.

Bibliography

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