Telugu people
Telugu vāru
తెలుగు వారు
Telugu Thalli, the personification of Telugu language
Total population
c. 84.5 million[1][2]
(native speakers worldwide)
Regions with significant populations
Andhra Pradesh
Telangana
Yanam
 India81,127,740 (2011)[2]
 United States446,000[1][3]
 Saudi Arabia383,000[4]
 Myanmar138,000[5]
 Malaysia126,000[6]
 Australia59,400[7]
 Canada54,685[8]
 Bangladesh40,000[9]
 United Kingdom33,000[10]
 Fiji34,000[11]
 Mauritius20,000[12]
 Bahrain18,700[1]
 Oman13,300[1]
 New Zealand5,754[13]
 South Africa5,000[14]
OtherSee Telugu diaspora
Languages
Telugu
Religion
Majority:
Hinduism
Minority:
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
Related ethnic groups
Other Dravidian peoples:
PersonTelugu
PeopleTeluguvāru
LanguageTelugu
CountryTelugu Nāḍu

Telugu people (Telugu: తెలుగువారు, romanized: Teluguvāru), also called Telugus, are an ethno-linguistic group who speak the Telugu language and are native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Yanam district of Puducherry. They are the most populous of the four major Dravidian groups. Telugu is the fourth most spoken language in India[15] and the 14th most spoken native language in the world.[16] A significant number of Telugus also reside in the Indian states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa, Maharashtra. Members of the Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like United States, Australia, Malaysia, Mauritius, UAE, and others.[17] Telugu is the fastest-growing language in the United States.[18] It is also a protected language in South Africa.[19]

Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity.[20] The earliest mention of the Andhras occurs in Aitareya Brahmana (c. 800 BCE) of the Rigveda.[21][22][23] They were also mentioned in the Mahabharata and Buddhist Jataka tales.[24] Megasthenes reported in his Indica (c. 310 BCE) that Andhras were living in the Godavari and Krishna river deltas and were famous for their military strength which was second only to Mauryans in all of India.[25] The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan plateau and even distant areas of western and central India.[26][27][28] They established trade relations with the Roman Empire and their capital city, Amaravati was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE.[29] Inscriptions in Old Telugu script (Vengi script) were found as far away as Indonesia and Myanmar.[30]

In the 13th century, Kakatiyas unified various Telugu-speaking areas under one realm.[31] Later, Telugu culture and literature flourished and reached its zenith during the late Vijayanagara Empire.[32] After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, various Telugu rulers called Nayakas established independent kingdoms across South India.[33][34] Kandyan Nayaks, the last dynasty to rule Sri Lanka were of Telugu descent.[35][36] In this era, Telugu became the language of high culture across South India.[37][38][39] Vijaya Ramaswamy compared it to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era.[39] Telugu also predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music.[39][40][41][42]

The architecture developed by Andhras in Krishna river valley in early first centuries CE, called the Amaravati School of Art, is regarded as one of the three major styles of ancient Indian art and had a great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.[43][44][45] Mahayana, the predominant Buddhist tradition in China, Japan, and Korea and the largest Buddhist denomination in the world, was developed among Telugus in Andhra.[46][47][48]

Telugu is one of six languages designated as a classical language by the Government of India. It has an inscriptional history dating back to c. 400 BCE.[49][50] It has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years.[51][52] Telugu performing arts include the classical dance form Kuchipudi, as well as Perini Sivatandavam, Burra Katha. Tholu Bommalata, the Telugu shadow puppetry tradition dates back to 3rd century BCE.[53] It is the ancestor of Wayang, the popular Indonesian art form which has been a staple of Indonesian tourism.[54][55][56] Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office as well as admissions.[57][58] The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films of all time.

Etymology

Telugu

Speakers of Telugu refer to it as simply Telugu or Telugoo.[59] Older forms of the name include Teluṅgu and Tenuṅgu.[60] Tenugu is derived from the Proto-Dravidian word *ten ("south")[61] to mean "the people who lived in the south/southern direction". The name Telugu, then, is a result of an "n" to "l" alternation established in Telugu.[62][63]

P. Chenchiah and Bhujanga Rao note that Atharvana Acharya in the 13th century wrote a grammar of Telugu, calling it the Trilinga Śabdānusāsana (or Trilinga Grammar).[64] However, most scholars note that Atharvana's grammar was titled Atharvana Karikavali.[65][66][67][68] Appa Kavi in the 17th century explicitly wrote that Telugu was derived from Trilinga. Scholar Charles P. Brown made a comment that it was a "strange notion" since the predecessors of Appa Kavi had no knowledge of such a derivation.[69]

George Abraham Grierson and other linguists doubt this derivation, holding rather that Telugu was the older term and Trilinga must be the later Sanskritisation of it.[70][71] If so the derivation itself must have been quite ancient because Triglyphum, Trilingum and Modogalingam are attested in ancient Greek sources, the last of which can be interpreted as a Telugu rendition of "Trilinga".[72]

Andhra

Andhra is an ethnonym used for Telugu people since antiquity.[20] As per Iravatham Mahadevan, non-Aryan people living beyond the borders of the region inhabited by the Indo-Aryan speakers were known as the Andhras.[23] Mahadevan notes that since most Dravidian-speaking men had names ending with the suffIx -(a)nṟ, the Dravidian etymon -(a)nṟ was borrowed as a loanword into Indo-Aryan as andha and later as āndhra to denote the name of the neighbouring Dravidian-speaking people.[23]

History

Andhra (Telugu: ఆంధ్ర) was a kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata.[24] It was a southern kingdom, currently identified as Indian state of Andhra Pradesh where it got its name from. Andhra communities are also mentioned in the Vayu and Matsya Purana. In the Mahabharata the infantry of Satyaki was composed by a tribe called Andhras, known for their long hair, tall stature, sweet language, and mighty prowess. They lived along the banks of the Godavari river. Andhras and Kalingas supported the Kauravas during the Mahabharata war. Sahadeva defeated the kingdoms of Pandya, Andhra, Kalinga, Dravida, Odra and Chera while performing the Rajasuya Yajna. Buddhist references to Andhras are also found.[73][74][75]

Andhra was mentioned in the Sanskrit sources such as Aitareya Brahmana (c. 800 BCE). According to Aitareya Brahmana of the Rigveda, the Andhras left North India from the banks of river Yamuna and migrated to South India.[76][77] They were also mentioned in the Mahabharata and Buddhist Jataka tales.[24] In the sixth century BCE, Asmaka was one of the sixteen Mahajanapadas. Andhras were mentioned by Megasthenes in his Indica (c. 310 BCE) as being second only to Mauryans in military strength in the entire Indian subcontinent.[25] They are mentioned at the time of the death of the great Mauryan King Ashoka in 232 BCE.[78][79][80]

Approximate extent of the Satavahana Empire (Andhra Empire) in the late 1st century CE.[81]

The first major Andhra polity was the Satavahana dynasty (2nd century BCE–2nd century CE) which ruled over the entire Deccan plateau and established trade relations with the Roman Empire.[26][27][82] The kingdom reached its zenith under Gautamiputra Satakarni. Their capital city, Amaravati was the most prosperous city in India in 2nd century CE.[29] At the end of the Satavahana rule, the Telugu region was divided into Kingdoms ruled by lords. In the late second century CE, the Andhra Ikshvakus ruled the eastern region along the Krishna River. During the fourth century, the Pallava dynasty extended their rule from southern Andhra Pradesh to Tamilakam and established their capital at Kanchipuram. Their power increased during the reigns of Mahendravarman I (571–630) and Narasimhavarman I (630–668). The Pallavas dominated the southern Telugu-speaking region and northern Tamilakam until the end of the ninth century. Later, various dynasties have ruled the area, including the Salankayanas, Vishnukundinas and Eastern Chalukyas.[78]

Map of the Kakatiyas, circa 1150–1300 CE.[83]

Between 1163 and 1323 the Kakatiya dynasty emerged, bringing the distinct upland and lowland cultures of Telugu lands, which brought into being a feeling of cultural affinity between those who spoke the Telugu language.[31] Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes.[84] Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda, Ramappa Temple in Palampet, Warangal Fort, Golconda Fort and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur.[85] During this period, the Telugu language emerged as a literary medium with the writings of Nannaya, Tikkana, Eranna, Pothana etc. are the translators and poets of the great Hindu epics like Ramayana, Mahabharatha, Bhagavatha etc.

Telingana, a term referring to the land inhabited by Telugus, was first used during the 14th century CE.[86][87] In 1323 the sultan of Delhi, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, sent a large army commanded by Ulugh Khan (later, as Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Delhi sultan) to conquer the Telugu region and lay siege to Warangal. The fall of the Kakatiya dynasty led to an era with competing influences from the Turkic kingdoms of Delhi, the Chalukya Chola dynasty (1070–1279) in the south and the Persio-Tajik sultanate of central India. The struggle for Andhra ended with the victory of the Musunuri Nayaks over the Turkic Delhi Sultanate.

Extent of Vijayanagara Empire, around 1520 CE.

The Telugus achieved independence under Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646). The Qutb Shahi dynasty of the Bahmani Sultanate succeeded that empire. The Qutub Shahis were tolerant of Telugu culture from the early 16th to the end of the 17th centuries.[88]

The arrival of Europeans (the French under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau and the English under Robert Clive) altered polity of the region . In 1765, Clive and the chief and council at Visakhapatnam obtained the Northern Circars from Mughal emperor Shah Alam. The British achieved supremacy when they defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati Raju of Vizianagaram in 1792.

Andhra's modern foundation was laid in the struggle for Indian independence under Mohandas Gandhi. Potti Sreeramulu's campaign for a state independent of the Madras Presidency and Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu and Kandukuri Veeresalingam's social-reform movements led to the formation of Andhra State, with Kurnool its capital and freedom-fighter Pantullu its first chief minister. A democratic society, with two stable political parties and a modern economy, emerged under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao.

India became independent from the United Kingdom in 1947. Although the Muslim Nizam of Hyderabad wanted to retain independence from India, he was forced to cede his kingdom to the Dominion of India in 1948 to form Hyderabad State. Andhra, the first Indian state formed primarily on a linguistic basis, was carved from the Madras Presidency in 1953. In 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking portion of Hyderabad State to create the state of Andhra Pradesh. The Lok Sabha approved the formation of Telangana from ten districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014.[89]

Culture

Language

Telugu is a South-Central Dravidian language primarily spoken in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language. The oldest inscriptions with Telugu words date to 400 BCE found at Bhattiprolu in Guntur district.[90] Other early inscriptions with more refined language were found in Kantamanenivarigudem, Guntupalli in West Godavari district and Gummadidurru and Ghantasala in Krishna district. The earliest inscription completely written in Telugu dates to 575 CE were found at Kalamalla village in Kadapa district.[90]

Literature

Telugu has an unbroken and diverse literary tradition of over a thousand years.[51][52] The earliest Telugu literature dates to 11th century CE with Nannaya's Andhra Mahabharatam. The language experienced a golden age under the patronage of the Vijayanagara king-poet Krishnadevaraya.[32]

Performing arts

Two Kuchipudi dancers from Andhra Pradesh, 2011

Kuchipudi, originating from the eponymous village in Krishna district, is of the eight major Indian classical dances.[91][92] It is a dance-drama performance, with its roots in the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of Natya Shastra.[93] It developed as a religious art linked to traveling bards, temples and spiritual beliefs, like all major classical dances of India.[94] Other Telugu performing arts include:

Architecture

Amaravati School of Art

Amaravati Stupa relief at a museum (1st–2nd century CE)

Amaravati School of Art is an ancient Indian art style that evolved in the region of Amaravati (then known as Dhānyakaṭaka) from 2nd century BCE to the end of the 3rd century CE.[45][95][96] It is also called the Andhra School or Vengi School.[95] Art historians regard the art of Amaravati as one of the three major styles or schools of ancient Indian art, the other two being the Mathura style, and the Gandharan style.[43][97] Amaravati school flourished under the local Sada rulers, Satavahanas, and Andhra Ikshvakus till 325–340 CE. Amaravati Stupa is the most famous monument of this style, and it was for some time "the greatest monument in Buddhist Asia",[98] and "the jewel in the crown of early Indian art".[99] Apart from Amaravati, the style is also found in Nagarjunakonda and Chandavaram Buddhist site.

Largely because of the maritime trading links of the East Indian coast, the Amaravati school of sculpture had great influence on art in South India, Sri Lanka, and South-East Asia.[44][45][95][97][100] Buddha image in sculptures which later on became the prototype of images in different Buddhist countries was standardised here.[97][101] The Amaravati style of Buddha image retained its popularity in Sri Lanka till the 12th century.[101]

Kakatiya architecture

Ramappa temple (1213–1253 CE), a UNESCO World Heritage Site[102]

Kakatiya era also saw the development of a distinct style of architecture which improved and innovated upon the existing modes.[103] It is a fusion of Dravidian architecture and Nagara Bhumija styles in which sandbox technology is used to construct Vimana—horizontal stepped tower. Most notable examples are the Thousand Pillar Temple in Hanamkonda, Ramappa Temple in Palampet, and Kota Gullu in Ghanpur.[85] Ramappa Temple, also known as the Rudreswara temple, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Mulugu.[104]

Cinema

Telugu cinema is the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office as well as admissions.[105][57][58] The industry has produced some of India's most expensive and highest-grossing films of all time over the years.

Clothing

  • Masculine
  1. Uttareeyam (Uttariya) or Pai Pancha (Angvastram or veil)
  2. Pancha (Dhoti)
  3. Jubba (Kurta) The top portion
  4. Lungi (Casual dress)
  • Feminine
  1. Langa voni (Half sari)
  2. Pattu pavada
  3. Cheera (sari)

Festivals

Important festivals celebrated by Telugu people include:

Population

Distribution

Telugu is the fourth most spoken language after Hindi, Bengali and Marathi in India.[15] Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are the principal resident states for Telugu people. Telugu people form the majority speakers in South India with over 75 million speakers in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana.

Outside Telugu states the largest number of Telugu speakers are found in Tamil Nadu (4.2 million) and Karnataka (3.7 million), making them the second largest language groups in those neighbouring states.[106] In Tamil Nadu, Telugu people who migrated during the Vijayanagara period have spread across several northern districts and constitute a significant percentage of the population in Chennai city. In Karnataka, Telugu people are predominantly found in the border districts with majority in Bengaluru city and Bellary city. In Maharashtra, the Telugu population is over 1.4 million, followed by 0.7 million in Orissa. Other states with significant populations include West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Gujarat with 200,000, 150,000 and 100,000 respectively.[106]

Members of the overseas Telugu diaspora are spread across countries like United States, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, New Zealand in the Anglosphere; Malaysia, Myanmar, Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa; UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait in the Arabian Gulf.[17][107] Telugu speakers number more than 1,000,000 in the United States, with the highest concentration in Central New Jersey, Texas, and California.[108] There are around 300,000 Telugu people in Malaysia,[109] and 200,000 in Myanmar.[110]

Notable Telugu people

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Telugu population figure worldwide". Ethnologue. March 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India.
  3. ↑ "Almost Half Speak a Foreign Language in America's Largest Cities". 19 September 2018.
  4. ↑ "Telugu-speaking South Asian in Saudi Arabia". Joshua Project. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  5. ↑ "Telugu-speaking South Asian in Myanmar (Burma)". Joshua Project. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  6. ↑ "Telugu-speaking South Asian in Malaysia". Joshua Project. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  7. ↑ "Language spoken at home | Australia | Community profile". .id (informed decisions). Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  8. ↑ "Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions". Census Profile, 2021 Census. Statistics Canada Statistique Canada. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  9. ↑ "In Dhaka Telugu Christians from Andhra Pradesh celebrate Christmas in extreme poverty". AsiaNews. 18 December 2018.
  10. ↑ "Language, England and Wales: Census 2021". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  11. ↑ "Telugu-speaking South Asian in Fiji". Joshua Project. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  12. ↑ "Telugu-speaking South Asian in Mauritius". Joshua Project. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  13. ↑ "2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights (updated)". Statistics New Zealand. 30 April 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  14. ↑ "Telugu-speaking South Asian in South Africa". Joshua Project. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  15. 1 2 Jain, Bharti (21 June 2014). "Nearly 60% of Indians speak a language other than Hindi". The Times of India.
  16. ↑ Statistics, in Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2023). Ethnologue: Languages of the World (26th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
  17. 1 2 Oonk, Gijsbert (2007). Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 92–116. ISBN 978-90-5356-035-8. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  18. ↑ "Do you speak Telugu? Welcome to America". BBC News. 20 October 2018. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  19. ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions". Government of South Africa. Archived from the original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  20. 1 2 Subramanian, K. R. (1989). Buddhist Remains in Andhra and the History of Andhra Between 225 and 610 A.D. Asian Educational Services. pp. 8, 9. ISBN 978-81-206-0444-5.
  21. ↑ Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 132. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4.
  22. ↑ Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 646. ISBN 978-81-7671-006-0.
  23. 1 2 3 Mahadevan, Iravatham (1 January 2010). "Harappan Heritage of Andhra: A New Interpretation" (PDF). International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics. 39 (1): 12, 14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2021.
  24. 1 2 3 Chopra, Pran Nath (1994). Encyclopaedia of India: Andhra Pradesh. Rima Publishing House. p. 135.
  25. 1 2 V. D., Mahajan (2016). Ancient India. S. Chand Publishing. p. 297. ISBN 978-93-5253-132-5.
  26. 1 2 Wolpert, Stanley A. (1989). A New History of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 75, 76. ISBN 978-0-19-505636-5. Apparently originating somewhere between the peninsular rivers Godavari and Krishna, homeland of the Dravidian Telugu-speaking peoples whose descendants now live in a state called Andhra, the great Andhra dynasty spread across much of south and central India from the second century BC till the second century AD.
  27. 1 2 "History of Andhra Pradesh". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 26 March 2023. About the 1st century CE the Satavahanas (or Satakarni), one of the most-renowned of the Andhra dynasties, came to power.
  28. ↑ Shastri, Ajay Mitra (1998). The Sātavāhanas and the Western Kshatrapas: A Historical Framework. Dattsons. pp. 11, 12. ISBN 978-81-7192-031-0.
  29. 1 2 Wolpert, Stanley A. (1989). A New History of India. Oxford University Press. pp. 75, 76. ISBN 978-0-19-505636-5. Amaravati on the banks of the Krishna, which was later the southeast capital of the Satavahanas, flourished in its trade with Rome, Ceylon, and Southeast Asia, and may well have been the most prosperous city of India during the second century of the Christian era.
  30. ↑ Miśra, Bhāskaranātha; Rao, Manjushri; Pande, Susmita, eds. (1996). India's Cultural Relations with South-east Asia. Sharada Publishing House. pp. 70, 71. ISBN 978-81-85616-39-1.
  31. 1 2 Talbot, Cynthia (2001). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-19-513661-6.
  32. 1 2 Varadaraja, V. Raman. Glimpses of Indian Heritage. Popular Prakashan. p. 136. ISBN 978-81-7154-758-6.
  33. ↑ Habib, Irfan; Raychaudhuri, Tapan, eds. (2009). Cambridge Economic History Of India Vol-1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 106, 457. ISBN 978-81-250-2730-0.
  34. ↑ Stein, Burton (1990). The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara. Cambridge University Press. pp. 130–132. ISBN 978-0-521-26693-2.
  35. ↑ Muthiah, S. (27 March 2017). "The Nayaka kings of Kandy". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 October 2020. All four worshipped at Buddhist and Hindu shrines, used Sinhala and Tamil as court languages (though they spoke Telugu), and encouraged their courtiers to take wives from Madurai and Thanjavur.
  36. ↑ The Journal of Asian studies. Vol. 53. Issue 1-2. University of California. 1994. p. 14.
  37. ↑ Winterbottom, Anna (29 April 2016). Hybrid Knowledge in the Early East India Company World. Springer. p. 120. ISBN 978-1-137-38020-3. Telugu had become the language of high culture in southern India during the medieval period, and by the seventeenth century its status rivalled that of Sanskrit.
  38. ↑ Miller, Barbara Stoler (1992). The Powers of Art: Patronage in Indian Culture. Oxford University Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-19-562842-5. In Tyagaraja's time, Telugu was the language of high culture even in Tanjore, the heartland of the Tamil linguistic area.
  39. 1 2 3 Ramaswamy, Vijaya (25 August 2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-5381-0686-0. In precolonial or early-modern South India, Telugu became the cultural language of the south, including the Tamil country, somewhat similar to the overwhelming dominance of French as the cultural language of modern Europe during roughly the same era. Therefore, Telugu predominates in the evolution of Carnatic music, and it is the practice to teach Telugu language in music colleges to those aspiring to become singers.
  40. ↑ Arnold, Alison, ed. (1998). The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music. Vol. 5: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent. Taylor & Francis. pp. 231, 232, 269. ISBN 978-0-8240-4946-1.
  41. ↑ Randel, Don Michael (28 November 2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music: Fourth Edition. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-41799-1.
  42. ↑ Shulman, David (1 August 2009). Spring, Heat, Rains: A South Indian Diary. University of Chicago Press. pp. xiii, xiv. ISBN 978-0-226-75578-6.
  43. 1 2 Pal, Pratapaditya (1986). Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-520-05991-7.
  44. 1 2 Rowland 1967, p. 210
  45. 1 2 3 "Amarāvatī sculpture". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  46. ↑ Warder, Anthony Kennedy (2004). Indian Buddhism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 336, 355, 402, 464. ISBN 978-81-208-1741-8. Those of us who have studied the evidence above will prefer to locate this source of most of the Mahāyāna sutras in Andhra. (p. 355) From the internal evidence it appears that this sutra was written in South India, very likely in Andhra, in which case the country of origin of the Mahāyāna continued in the lead in the development of new ideas in India. (p. 402)
  47. ↑ Guang Xing. The Evolution of the Concept of the Buddha from Early Buddhism to the Formulation of the Trikaya Theory. 2002. p. 104. "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krishna River."
  48. ↑ Williams, Paul. Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition. Routledge, 2009, p. 47.
  49. ↑ (20 December 2007) Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI The Hindu. Archived 3 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine "The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has joined the Andhra Pradesh Official Languages Commission to say that early forms of the Telugu language and its script indeed existed 2,400 years ago"
  50. ↑ Agrawal, D. P.; Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (1979), Essays in Indian protohistory, The Indian Society for Prehistoric and Quaternary Studies/B.R. Pub. Corp., p. 326, ISBN 9780391018662, archived from the original on 13 October 2022, retrieved 15 November 2015
  51. 1 2 Greene, Roland; Cushman, Stephen (22 November 2016). The Princeton Handbook of World Poetries. Princeton University Press. p. 541. ISBN 978-1-4008-8063-8.
  52. 1 2 Harder, Hans (3 August 2017). Literature and Nationalist Ideology: Writing Histories of Modern Indian Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-38435-3.
  53. ↑ Osnes, Beth (2001). Acting: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio. pp. 152, 335. ISBN 978-0-87436-795-9.
  54. ↑ "Wayang | Indonesian theatre". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 3 April 2023. Developed before the 10th century, the form had origins in the tholu bommalata, the leather puppets of southern India. The art of shadow puppetry probably spread to Java with the spread of Hinduism.
  55. ↑ Keith, Rawlings (November 1999). "Observations on the historical development of puppetry - Chapter Two". Retrieved 3 April 2023. Perhaps the most interesting of the south-Indian puppet types for me, however, were the tholu bommalata -- the articulated, leather, shadow puppets -- which are the probable ancestors of Indonesia's wayang.
  56. ↑ Currell, David (1974). The Complete Book of Puppetry. Pitman. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-273-36118-3. The tolu bommalata shadow puppets are found in the Andhra region and may be the origin of the Javanese wayang kulit puppets.
  57. 1 2 "Why Telugu films gave Hindi films a run for their money in the pandemic". Business Today. 15 February 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  58. 1 2 Jha, Lata (31 January 2023). "Footfalls for Hindi films slump up to 50%". Mint. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  59. ↑ Rao & Shulman 2002, Chapter 2.
  60. ↑ Parpola, Asko (2015), The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization, Oxford University Press, p. 167, ISBN 978-0190226923
  61. ↑ Telugu Basha Charitra. Hyderabad: Osmania University. 1979. pp. 6, 7.
  62. ↑ The Dravidian Languages – Bhadriraju Krishnamurti.
  63. ↑ Rao & Shulman 2002, Introduction.
  64. ↑ Chenchiah, P.; Rao, Raja M. Bhujanga (1988). A History of Telugu Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 55. ISBN 978-81-206-0313-4. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  65. ↑ Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal. Vol. 17. Oriental Research Institute, Sri Venkateswara University. 1974. p. 55.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  66. ↑ Purushottam, Boddupalli (1996). The Theories of Telugu Grammar. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-85692-17-3.
  67. ↑ Aksharajna (1915). Some Mile-stones in Telugu Literature. Read & Company. p. 41.
  68. ↑ Sherwani, Haroon Khan (1974). History of Medieval Deccan, 1295-1724: Mainly cultural aspects. Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 167.
  69. ↑ Brown, Charles P. (1839), "Essay on the Language and Literature of Telugus", Madras Journal of Literature and Science, vol. X, Vepery mission Press., p. 53, archived from the original on 13 October 2022, retrieved 26 January 2017
  70. ↑ Grierson, George A. (1967) [1906]. "Telugu". Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IV, Mundā and Dravidian languages. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 576. Retrieved 12 June 2014.
  71. ↑ Sekaram, Kandavalli Balendu (1973), The Andhras through the ages, Sri Saraswati Book Depot, p. 4, archived from the original on 13 October 2022, retrieved 25 January 2017, The easier and more ancient "Telugu" appears to have been converted here into the impressive Sanskrit word Trilinga, and making use of its enormous prestige as the classical language, the theory was put forth that the word Trilinga is the mother and not the child.
  72. ↑ Caldwell, Robert (1856), A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages (PDF), London: Harrison, p. 64, archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022
  73. ↑ Śrīhari, R. (1 January 1987). Proceedings of the Andhra Pradesh Oriental Conference: Fourth session, Nagarjuna University, Guntur, 3rd to 5th March 1984. The Conference.
  74. ↑ Journal of Indian History. University of Kerala. 1 January 1949.
  75. ↑ Datta, Manmathanatha (1 January 1897). A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (tr. Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text). H.C. Dass.
  76. ↑ Devi, Ragini (1990). Dance Dialects of India. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 66. ISBN 81-208-0674-3. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
  77. ↑ "History of Andhra Pradesh". AP Online. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  78. 1 2 Andhra Pradesh - MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009.
  79. ↑ "History of Andhra Pradesh". Government of Andhra Pradesh. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
  80. ↑ Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh. Sterling Publishers. 1993. p. iv. ISBN 9788120714953. Retrieved 9 June 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  81. ↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 145, map XIV.1 (e). ISBN 0226742210.
  82. ↑ Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age International. pp. 172–176. ISBN 9788122411980. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
  83. ↑ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.3 (b). ISBN 0226742210.
  84. ↑ Singh, B. Satyanarayana (1999). The Art and Architecture of the Kākatīyas. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. pp. 33, 65. ISBN 978-81-86050-34-7.
  85. 1 2 V. V. Subba Reddy (2009). Temples of South India. Gyan Publishing House. ISBN 9788121210225. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  86. ↑ "Earliest reference to Telangana found not in Telugu, but Gond language". The Times of India. 13 December 2017. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  87. ↑ Caldwell, Robert (1856), A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages (PDF), London: Harrison, p. 64
  88. ↑ Richard M. Eaton (2005), A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761: Eight Indian Lives, Vol. 1, Cambridge University Press, 142-143
  89. ↑ Menon, Amamath K. (1 June 2014). "Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first CM". India Today. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  90. 1 2 "Telugu is 2,400 years old, says ASI". The Hindu. 20 December 2007. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
  91. ↑ Bishnupriya Dutt; Urmimala Sarkar Munsi (2010). Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity. SAGE Publications. p. 216. ISBN 978-81-321-0612-8.
  92. ↑ "'Art has to be nurtured to sustain'". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  93. ↑ Manohar Laxman Varadpande (1982). Krishna Theatre in India. Abhinav Publications. p. 133. ISBN 978-81-7017-151-5.
  94. ↑ James G. Lochtefeld (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 376–377. ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8.
  95. 1 2 3 V. D., Mahajan (2016). Ancient India. S. Chand Publishing. pp. 294, 295. ISBN 978-93-5253-132-5.
  96. ↑ Kumari, Sabita (2012). "Representation of the Birth of the Buddha in Buddhist Art of Andhradesa". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 73: 163–168. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44156202.
  97. 1 2 3 Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979). Thai Art with Indian Influences. Abhinav Publications. pp. 48, 49. ISBN 978-81-7017-090-7.
  98. ↑ Harle, 35
  99. ↑ Harle, 34
  100. ↑ Chowdhuri, Sreyashi Ray (24 October 2022). "Impact of Amarāvatī on early schools of art of South-East Asia". University of Calcutta. Retrieved 27 March 2023 – via Wisdom Library.
  101. 1 2 Ramachandran, A. "Amaravati Buddhist Images in Srilanka and Southeast Asia." Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, vol. 53, 1992, pp. 686–91. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44142888. Accessed 27 Mar. 2023.
  102. ↑ "Kakatiya Rudreswara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 1 April 2023.
  103. ↑ Singh, B. Satyanarayana (1999). The Art and Architecture of the Kākatīyas. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. pp. 33, 65. ISBN 978-81-86050-34-7.
  104. ↑ Nanisetti, Serish (25 July 2021). "Telangana's Ramappa Temple inscribed as a World Heritage Site". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  105. ↑ Kohli-Khandekar, Vanita (4 February 2022). "Rise of the South: Telugu cinema sets Indian box office on fire". Business Standard. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
  106. 1 2 "Kannadigas outnumber Malayalis 2:1 in Tamil Nadu". The Times of India. 15 April 2008. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  107. ↑ Rajan, S. Irudaya; Saxena, Prem (10 October 2019). India's Low-Skilled Migration to the Middle East: Policies, Politics and Challenges. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-981-13-9224-5. Archived from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 14 August 2022.
  108. ↑ Avadhuta, Mahesh (14 December 2017). "Telugu language scores big in the US". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  109. ↑ Satyanarayana, Adapa (2008). "Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Vol. 69 : Telugu Diaspora in South East/West Asia, 1871-1990". Indian History Congress. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  110. ↑ "'Telugu population dwindling in Myanmar'". The Hindu. 4 March 2018. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 11 March 2023.

Bibliography

  • Harle, J.C., The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, ISBN 0300062176
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.