Bell Canada Enterprises Inc.
BCE Inc.
TypePublic
IndustryTelecommunications
Mass media
Founded1983 (1983)
HeadquartersVerdun, Quebec, Canada[1]
Key people
  • Mirko Bibic (President & CEO)
  • Glen LeBlanc (CFO & Vice Chair, Atlantic Canada)
ProductsFixed line and
mobile telephony
Internet services
Digital television
Radio broadcasting
Print
RevenueIncrease CA$23.96 billion (FY19)
Increase CA$7.96 billion (FY19)
Increase CA$3.25 billion (FY19)
Total assetsIncrease CA$60.15 billion (FY19)
Number of employees
52,100 (2019)
SubsidiariesBell Canada
Bell Media
Bell Technical Solutions
Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (37.5%)
Bell Mobility
Bell Aliant
Virgin Plus
Bell Internet
Bell Satellite TV
Bell Fibe TV
Fibe
Bell MTS
Lucky Mobile
The Source (retailer)
Glentel Inc. (50%)
Northwestel
Websitebce.ca

BCE Inc., an abbreviation of its full name Bell Canada Enterprises Inc., is a publicly traded Canadian holding company for Bell Canada, which includes telecommunications providers and various mass media assets under its subsidiary Bell Media Inc.[2] Founded through a corporate reorganization in 1983, when Bell Canada, Northern Telecom, and other related companies all became subsidiaries of Bell Canada Enterprises Inc., it is one of Canada's largest corporations. The company is headquartered at 1 Carrefour Alexander-Graham-Bell[3] in the Verdun borough of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

BCE Inc. is a component of the S&P/TSX 60 and is listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange. It was ranked as Canada's 17th largest corporation by revenue as of June 2014,[4] and as the ninth-largest by capitalization as of June 2015.[5]

History

Logo used by the Bell Telephone Company of Canada from 1902 to 1922

The Bell Telephone Company of Canada Ltd. was created by an act of Parliament on 29 April 1880.[6] Later known as Bell Canada, its charter granted it the right to construct telephone lines alongside all public rights-of-way in Canada. Under a licensing agreement with the US-based American Bell Telephone Company, Bell also manufactured telephones and telephone equipment, an activity that would be spun off in a separate company that later became Northern Telecom and then Nortel Networks.

In 1983, all of the Bell Canada group of companies (also known as the "Bell Group") were placed under a new holding company, Bell Canada Enterprises Inc. (BCE).[7] This corporate reorganization resulted in Bell Canada and its subsidiaries, including Northern Telecom (later Nortel Networks) and over 80 others, becoming subsidiaries of the new holding company, BCE. Under the new parent, each company was owned directly by BCE, which had the benefit of freeing the manufacturing company, Nortel, and other holdings from the heavily regulated telephone company, Bell Canada. Under a variety of leaders, BCE has embarked on a series of diversifications, consolidations, and corporate strategies.[8] In 1988, Bell Canada Enterprises was shortened to BCE Inc.

Diversification and expansion

In 1983, A. Jean de Grandpré, chairman of Bell Canada, was appointed as the first chairman and chief executive officer (CEO) of BCE.[9] The company soon embarked on a major diversification into property development, the energy sector, financial services, and other sectors. Within a few years, it became the first Canadian company to report CAD$1 billion in profits.

When Jean Monty assumed the job of CEO in 1998, he pursued a convergence strategy, attempting to combine both content creation and distribution within BCE, and to take greater advantage of the emerging Internet market. BCE's acquisition in 2000 (and subsequent financing) of overseas carrier Teleglobe cost billions of dollars. BCE sold Teleglobe two years later; Jean Monty resigned and was succeeded by Michael Sabia as CEO.[10][11]

Refocus on core business

Michael Sabia refocused BCE on its core telecommunications business, prompting BCE to buy back the 20% share in Bell Canada that it had sold in 1999 to Ameritech (later acquired by SBC Corporation).[12] BCE also spun off operating units that it did not consider to be core to its business, including Emergis in 2004, and Bell Globemedia and Telesat Canada in 2006.

On February 1, 2006, stating the need to remain competitive, Bell Canada announced job cuts of 3,000 to 4,000 employees by the end of 2006.[13]

On April 28, BCE announced that CEO Michael Sabia was taking a 455% pay increase; his salary being raised from C$1.21 million to $6.71 million. The pay included a $1.25 million salary, a $2.2 million bonus that Sabia converted to deferred share units, a long-term incentive payout of $3 million and other compensation, the filing shows. Bell Canada also posted record revenue increases for the previous fiscal year.

Under pressure from investors, on October 11, 2006, BCE announced it would be wound down, with its remaining assets converted to an income trust so its income could be distributed directly to shareholders through dividends, avoiding corporate taxes.[14] The new entity was planned to be named "Bell Canada Income Fund". As part of this restructuring, Bell Aliant offered to take Bell Nordiq private, while remaining separate from the new Bell trust.[15] Due to announced changes in taxation law by the Canadian federal government, on December 12, 2006, BCE announced it would not proceed with its planned conversion to an income trust.[16][17] It then started planning a restructuring that would have eliminated the BCE holding company,[18][19] but this was put on hold when the company began attracting takeover bids.

In February 2021, and in line with the growing importance of 5G wireless networks, BCE announces the launch of the largest investment program in its history to double the proportion of Canadians covered.[20]

Proposed takeover

Due to its stagnant share price, starting in April 2007, BCE was courted for acquisition by pension funds and private equity groups, including a consortium led by the Canada Pension Plan Investment Board (with Kohlberg Kravis Roberts as one of the participants), a consortium led by the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan (OTPP), and a consortium that included Cerberus Capital Management.[21] On June 30, 2007, BCE accepted a bid of $42.75 per share in cash, for a total valuation of $51.7 billion, from the group led by the OTPP, and including Providence Equity Partners, Madison Dearborn Partners, Merrill Lynch Global Private Equity, and Toronto-Dominion Bank. The proposed deal would have been the largest acquisition in Canadian history and the largest leveraged buyout ever.[22][23] The deal was approved by BCE shareholders,[24] Quebec Superior Court[25] (whose ruling was overturned by the Quebec Court of Appeal,[26] but was later upheld by the Supreme Court of Canada[27]), and the CRTC, subject to certain conditions for its corporate governance structure to ensure that Bell remained under Canadian control.[28] (See BCE Inc v 1976 Debentureholders for further information).

Due to the tightening of the credit market caused by the subprime mortgage crisis, the investment banks financing the deal – led by Citigroup, Deutsche Bank and the Royal Bank of Scotland – started negotiations on May 16, 2008, to revise the terms of their loans with greater interest rates and greater restrictions to protect themselves.[23] On July 4, 2008, BCE announced that a final agreement had been reached on the terms of the purchase,[29] with all financing in place, and Michael Sabia left BCE, with George Cope assuming the position of CEO on July 11.[30]

On November 26, 2008, BCE announced that KPMG had informed BCE that it would not be able to issue a statement on the solvency of the company after its privatization, one of the required conditions of the buyout. As a result, the purchase was cancelled.[31][32]

Expanding again into mass media

A Bell Media/CTV antenna in Ottawa, 2010. BCE Inc. gained full control of CTVglobemedia in 2010.

With Shaw Communications purchasing the Global Television Network, Vidéotron launching its wireless telephone network with video content as a key selling point,[33] and the enormous popularity of wireless and Internet video and other media streams at the 2010 Vancouver Olympics,[34] Bell once again sought to bring a content provider into its portfolio. In September 2010, Bell announced a deal to reacquire full control of the broadcasting properties owned by CTVglobemedia including the CTV Television Network. Bell also obtained a 15% interest in The Globe and Mail, CTVglobemedia's other major asset, with the remaining 85% owned by the Thomson family.[35] Through this acquisition, Bell responded to an increasing trend away from traditional cable and satellite delivery channels and towards new distribution methods over the Internet and wireless networks.[36] The CRTC approved the transaction in March 2011.[37]

In 2016, BCE announced that it had entered an agreement to acquire Manitoba Telecom Services (MTS) in a transaction worth $3.9 billion. The deal was approved by both companies' shareholders and boards of directors, and closed in March 2017 after the Competition Bureau and other agencies approved of the acquisition.[38]

Major subsidiaries

As of 2016, BCE Inc. has three primary divisions: Bell Canada, Bell Mobility, and Bell Media, comprising over 80% of BCE's revenue.[39] Bell Aliant was a subsidiary company formed in 1999 from the merger of the four BCE-controlled telephone companies serving Canada's Atlantic provinces. In 2016, the operations of Bell Aliant were consolidated into those of Bell Canada.[40]

Its Bell MTS Inc. subsidiary, owns 100% of its Bell Canada division which includes Bell Aliant, Bell Mobility, Bell Satellite TV, Bell Media, Bell Fibe TV, Virgin Mobile Canada and Lucky Mobile. Bell's flanker wireless brand, Virgin Mobile was officially rebranded to Virgin Plus on July 19, 2021 to reflect the brand's evolution beyond just wireless offerings which now includes Virgin Plus Internet as well as Virgin Plus TV. [41]

The Bell Media assets include two Canadian conventional television networks, CTV and CTV 2 along with dozens of specialty television channels including BNN Bloomberg, CTV Comedy Channel, CTV News Channel, CTV Drama Channel, CTV Sci-Fi Channel, MTV Canada, MTV2 Canada, Much, E!, TSN, and 109 licensed radio stations in 58 markets across the country, all part of the iHeartRadio brand and streaming service.[42] In 2014, Bell launched their CraveTV streaming service which offers the latest originals from Crave, HBO, HBO Max and Showtime, exclusive access to the entire HBO library, the biggest Hollywood blockbusters, and the best French-language content in Canada.[43]

BCE also owns 18% of the Montreal Canadiens ice hockey club, and (together with BCE's pension plan) a 37.5% interest in Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (owner of several Toronto sports franchises).[44]

Bell Canada

Bell Canada headquarters in Montreal. The telecommunications company is a subsidiary of BCE Inc.

Bell Canada formed the primary historic core of the company in central, Atlantic, and northern Canada.

Bell Media

Bell Media headquarters at 299 Queen Street West in Toronto. The company is BCE's mass media subsidiary.

Bell Media is the BCE broadcast and media subsidiary. In 2000, BCE bought the CTV Television Network for $2.3 billion. The company combined CTV with its holdings in The Globe and Mail newspaper to form Bell Globemedia, with BCE owning 70% and Thomson Newspapers and Woodbridge Co. Ltd. the remainder. In 2005, BCE sold its controlling interest in Bell Globemedia for $183 million to Woodbridge, Torstar, and the Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan, with BCE retaining a 20% stake.[45][46] The company was subsequently renamed CTVglobemedia. In 2007, it acquired most assets of CHUM Limited. In 2010, BCE bought out the other owners, acquiring CTV's specialty television, digital media, conventional TV and radio broadcasting platforms.[47] In August 2015, BCE sold its remaining 15% stake in the Globe and Mail to Woodbridge.[48] Bell Media's subsidiaries:

  • Bell Media TV
  • Bell Media TV – Sports Specialty Services
  • Bell Media TV – Specialty Services (other than Sports)
  • Bell Media Radio
  • Bell Media Astral – Radio, TV, & Specialty Services

Other holdings

Below is partial list of the holdings of the BCE conglomerate.

Montreal Canadiens

In 2009, BCE partnered with the Molson family in acquiring the Montreal Canadiens Hockey Club and the Bell Centre. The $575 million purchase was termed "the richest deal in NHL history"; BCE's share was reported to be $40 million.[49]

Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment

In 2011, together with Rogers Communications and Kilmer Sports (holding company of Larry Tanenbaum), BCE acquired Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, owner of the Toronto Maple Leafs professional hockey team. BCE's interest is held in partnership with Rogers Communications through the holding company 8047286 Canada Inc., 50% owned by Rogers and 50% by BCE holding company 7680147 Canada Inc., which is in turn 74.67% owned by BCE and 25.33% by BCE Master Trust Fund (investment fund of Bell's pension plan).[50]

Kilmer Sports and BCE also co-own the Toronto Argonauts, a team the companies purchased in 2015; BCE and Kilmer each own 50% of the team.[51]

Past holdings

BCE Development

BCE Development was founded as Daon Development by Vancouver-based developer Jack Poole in 1964. In the mid-1970s, Daon became known for expanding aggressively in the United States. The company first entered the American market in 1976 and nearly quadrupled its total assets to $1.67 billion in four years.[52] It borrowed heavily to finance deals for premium office space and condominium conversions. By 1981, the company had assets worth more than $2 billion. When interest rates soared, however, Daon was caught overextended, could not meet its debt payments, and was forced into a major restructuring with its bankers. In 1985, BCE acquired 68% of Daon from its creditors and changed its name to BCE Development Corporation in February 1986. In March 1986, it agreed to acquire US$1 billion of commercial real estate from the American subsidiary of the Oxford Development Group Ltd., more than doubling BCED's portfolio. BCE stated its goal was to convert from a land developer to a developer of prime commercial properties.[53]

In July 1990, BCE Inc. sold 50% ownership in BCE Development to Carena Developments Ltd. (controlled by the Toronto branch of the Bronfman family). BCED was renamed Brookfield Development Inc. (now Brookfield Asset Management) followed in 1994 by the remaining 50%.[54][55][56]

Montreal Trust

In March 1989, BCE bought a 64% stake in Montreal Trust from Power Financial for $547-million. The diversification was considered a "natural evolution" due to BCE's long-standing interest in financial services, its familiarity in selling services to the public, and its in-house money management operations. In 1993, BCE sold Montreal Trust to Scotiabank for about $290-million, taking a substantial loss.[57]

Nortel Networks

A Bell Nortel Millennium payphone, introduced in the 1990s. Nortel was a BCE subsidiary from 1983 to 2000.

When BCE was created in 1983, Northern Telecom was transferred from a subsidiary of CRTC-regulated Bell Canada to a non-regulated subsidiary of BCE. In 1998, with Nortel's acquisition of Bay Networks, the company's name was changed to Nortel Networks. As a consequence of the stock transaction used to purchase Bay Networks, BCE's holding was diluted to a minority stake. In 2000, BCE spun out Nortel, distributing its stock in Nortel to its shareholders. Nortel's share price collapsed with the dot-com crash of 2000 and combined with a mishandling of a subsequent accounting investigation, the company never fully recovered. It was liquidated in 2009.[58][59]

Teleglobe Inc.

In 1987, BCE purchased a 30% stake in Memotec Data Corporation for $196 million.[60] When Memotec purchased international telecommunications carrier Teleglobe Canada from the Canadian government in 1987, the company was renamed Teleglobe Inc. In March 2000, BCE announced the purchase of the Teleglobe shares it did not own for $9.65 billion.[61] In April 2002, BCE announced it was cutting off long-term funding of Teleglobe, would give up on the company, and take a charge of up to $8.5 billion.[62] In 2005, Teleglobe was sold to the Tata Group and is now known as VSNL International Canada. In September 2002, it sold its voice and data business for $197 million.[63]

Telesat Canada

In 1970, Bell Canada acquired a minority interest in satellite telecommunications carrier Telesat Canada. In 1998, BCE raised its stake to 100% at a cost of $158 million for the 42% of shares it did not already own.[64] In December 2006, BCE announced the sale of Telesat to Loral Space & Communications and the Public Sector Pension Investment Board for CAD$3.28 billion.

TransCanada Pipelines

In 1983, BCE acquired a controlling 42% stake in TransCanada PipeLines Limited (TCPL). In 1990, it announced its departure from the energy sector and sold its stake in TCPL for $1.1 billion.[65]

Corporate governance

BCE Inc.’s ISS Governance QualityScore as of December 3, 2019 is 2. The pillar scores are Audit: 1; Board: 3; Shareholder Rights: 3; Compensation: 3.

Corporate governance scores are provided to Yahoo! Finance by Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS). Scores denote a decile rank relative to index or region. A decile score of 1 denotes the lowest governance risk, while a score of 10 denotes the highest governance risk.[66]

Board of directors

As of March 2020, the current board of directors[67] are: Barry K. Allen, Mirko Bibic, Sophie Brochu, Robert E. Brown, David F. Denison, Robert P. Dexter, Ian Greenberg, Katherine Lee, Monique F. Leroux, Calin Rovinescu, Karen Sheriff, Robert C. Simmonds, and Paul R. Weiss.

Since inception, BCE has had five CEOs:

References

  1. ↑ "Contact Us." Contact Us | BCE Inc. Accessed February 25, 2021. https://www.bce.ca/contact-us.
  2. ↑ "BCE Inc. Corporate Structure" (PDF). CRTC. 2019-10-04. Retrieved 2020-05-08.
  3. ↑ "BCE Inc. Corporate headquarters". www.bce.ca. Retrieved 2020-06-17.
  4. ↑ FP500: 2014. Retrieved 2016-03-06 Archived 18 June 2014
  5. ↑ Investor 500 2015: Canada’s Biggest 15 companies by market cap, Canadian Business, June 16, 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  6. ↑ "Bell Canada Enterprises Inc | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  7. ↑ chcom (2020-08-31). "BCE Inc". CompaniesHistory.com - The largest companies and brands in the world. Retrieved 2023-03-29.
  8. ↑ Bell Canada Enterprises, The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  9. ↑ Bell Canada Enterprises Inc. has become the new parent..., UPI, April 29, 1983. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  10. ↑ Macklem, Katherine (2002-05-06). "Monty quits as BCE CEO". Maclean's Magazine. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  11. ↑ Lewis, Mark (2002-04-25). "BCE Backs Away From The Full Monty". Forbes.
  12. ↑ "BCE to Own 100 per cent of Bell Canada" (Press release). BCE, Inc. 2002-06-28. Archived from the original on 2007-09-21. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  13. ↑ "Bell Canada cuts 471 Ontario jobs | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2018-09-29.
  14. ↑ "Bell Canada to convert to income trust | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2018-09-29.
  15. ↑ BCE to be wound down, Bell Canada to convert to income trust Archived 2008-06-17 at the Wayback Machine, BCE press release, October 11, 2006
  16. ↑ BCE dies Bell lives as trust, The Globe and Mail, Oct. 12, 2006. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  17. ↑ BCE drops its income-trust plan, Montreal Gazette, December 13, 2011. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  18. ↑ "Bell announces 2007 business outlook — Improving revenue and EBITDA growth in 2007 guidance" (Press release). BCE, Inc. 2006-12-12. Archived from the original on 27 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-11.
  19. ↑ "United States SEC filing, June 12, 2007, Form 6-K". Securities and Exchange Commission. 2007-06-12. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
  20. ↑ "bce-boosts-capital-spending-by-up-to-1-2b-plans-to-double-5g-coverage". 4 February 2021.
  21. ↑ "Telus's exit likely to pull down price of BCE bids". Reuters. 2002-06-27. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
  22. ↑ "Teachers win BCE bid". CanWest News service. 2007-06-30. Archived from the original on 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
  23. 1 2 Sorkin, Andrew Ross; de la Merced, Michael J. (2008-05-19). "Banks' Terms Imperil Deal to Buy Out Bell Canada". The New York Times.
  24. ↑ "BCE holders approve giant buyout". Toronto Star. 2007-09-22. Archived from the original on 2007-12-01. Retrieved 2007-10-01.
  25. ↑ CBC News (2008-03-07). "Quebec court OK's BCE takeover, dismisses bondholders' complaints". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 May 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  26. ↑ Austen, Ian (2008-05-22). "Bell Canada Takeover Is Blocked". The New York Times.
  27. ↑ Beltrame, Julian (2008-06-20). "Supreme Court approves BCE deal". The Canadian Press. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-20.
  28. ↑ "CRTC approves BCE purchase with conditions". CNW Group. 2008-03-27. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  29. ↑ "BCE and Purchaser Enter Into Final Agreement Financing and Credit Agreements Signed" (Press release). BCE, Inc. 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-08-07.
  30. ↑ "George Cope appointed to the boards of directors and as CEO of BCE Inc. and Bell Canada" (Press release). BCE. 2008-07-11. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-11.
  31. ↑ CBC News (2008-12-11). "BCE takeover deal dead as fight looms over $1.2B breakup fee". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  32. ↑ "BCE statement regarding privatization transaction" (Press release). BCE, Inc. 2008-11-26. Retrieved 2008-12-03.
  33. ↑ Marlow, Iain (2010-09-10). "Bell's Big Bet". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
  34. ↑ McNish, Jacquie; Paul Waldie (2010-09-11). "Olympic moment turned Bell CEO into champion for mobile media". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
  35. ↑ Marlow, Iain (2010-09-10). "BCE-CTV deal remakes media landscape". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
  36. ↑ DeCloet, Derek (2010-09-10). "The new convergence: A lot like the old version but much, much cheaper". Toronto: The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 2010-09-11.
  37. ↑ Canadian Press (2011-03-07). "CRTC approves BCE's purchase of CTVglobemedia". CTV.ca. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2011-05-23.
  38. ↑ Jackson, Emily (March 17, 2017). "Bell MTS deal closes, kicking off $1-billion investment that brings 4G to Churchill, Manitoba". The Financial Post. Retrieved February 28, 2021.
  39. ↑ BCE Inc. "BCE INC. 2015 ANNUAL REPORT" (PDF). BCE Inc. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  40. ↑ CRTC Ownership structure 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  41. ↑ "Virgin Mobile rebranded to Virgin Plus | IT World Canada News". www.itworldcanada.com. 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  42. ↑ "About us". Bell Media. Retrieved 2021-11-30.
  43. ↑ "Bell launches CraveTV streaming service". CBC News. Archived from the original on 2014-12-03.
  44. ↑ https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/bell-rogers-now-official-owners-of-mlse/article4493958/The+Canadian+Press+(2011-12-09).+%22Bell+to+keep+Canadiens+stake%22.+CBC.ca.+Retrieved+2011-12-09.
  45. ↑ BCE to buy CTV for $1.3B, CBC.ca, September 10, 2010. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  46. ↑ BCE sells most of CTV and the Globe, National Post, December 3, 2011. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  47. ↑ Bell Canada parent BCE buys CTV Inc. for $1.3B, CTV.ca, September 10, 2010. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  48. ↑ Thomson family's Woodbridge buys full control of Globe and Mail, Reuters Canada, August 14, 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  49. ↑ Oh Canadiens: Inside The Richest Deal In NHL History, Forbes Magazine, 12/02/2010. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  50. ↑ BCE Inc. (December 9, 2011). "Bell acquires ownership position in Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment – MLSE". Retrieved March 6, 2016.
  51. ↑ "Leading the way in communications" (PDF). BCE Inc. 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-30.
  52. ↑ Bell Canada to Acquire Daon Development Co. : Seeks Controlling Interest in Firm Whose Lightning Rise Ended With the Recession, LA Times, February 3, 1985. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  53. ↑ Chairman rebuilding former Daon Corp., NY Times, March 14, 1986. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  54. ↑ BCE Development Changes Its Name, Chicago Tribune, July 3, 1990. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  55. ↑ Brookfield Properties Corporation, Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  56. ↑ Brookfield Office Properties history Archived 2011-11-07 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  57. ↑ Rogers bank plans: Lessons from BCE, Financial Post, September 7, 2011. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  58. ↑ Nortel – Collapse of a giant, Canadian Business, January 14, 2009. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  59. ↑ Lessons from Nortel: Acquisitions spree, bad management calls led to tech giant’s fall, study says, Financial Post, March 17, 2014. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  60. ↑ Babe, Robert E. Telecommunications in Canada: Technology, Industry, and Government. University of Toronto Press, 1990. Page 30. ISBN 0802067387. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  61. ↑ BCE goes International with Teleglobe, IT Canada, March 9, 2000. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  62. ↑ BCE sells last of Teleglobe, Light Reading, 1/2/2003. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  63. ↑ Teleglobe sells voice and data business, CBC, September 19, 2002. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  64. ↑ Canada's BCE sells stake in British Firm, Journal of Commerce, May 13, 1998. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  65. ↑ BCE Inc. – Company Profile, Reference for Business. Retrieved 2016-03-06
  66. ↑ "BCE, Inc. (BCE) Company Profile & Facts - Yahoo Finance". finance.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
  67. ↑ "Board Members | BCE Inc". www.bce.ca. Retrieved 2020-03-26.
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