Before Uganda's independence in 1962, the main banks in Uganda were Barclays (UK based); Grindlays (also UK), Standard Bank (South Africa based) and the Bank of Baroda from India. The currency was issued by the East African Currency Board, a London-based body. In 1966, the Bank of Uganda (BoU), which controlled the issue of currency and managed foreign exchange reserves, became the central bank and national banking regulator. The government-owned Uganda Commercial Bank and the Uganda Development Bank were launched in the 1960s. The Uganda Development Bank is a state-owned development finance institution, which channeled loans from international sources into Ugandan enterprises and administered most of the development loans made to Uganda.[1]

The East African Development Bank (EADB), established in 1967, was jointly owned by Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania. It was also concerned with development finance. It survived the breakup of the East African Community in 1977 and received a new charter in 1980.[1]

In the 1960s, other commercial banks included local operations of the Bank of Baroda, Barclays, the Bank of India, Grindlays Bank, Standard Chartered, and the Uganda Cooperative Bank.[1] The Uganda government took majority shares in all commercial banks in 1969 as part of President Obote's "Move to the Left" policy. This was increased to 100 percent control when European and Asian business owners were expelled in 1972-75 under President Idi Amin.

During the 1970s and early 1980s, the number of commercial bank branches and services contracted significantly. Whereas Uganda had 290 commercial bank branches in 1970, by 1987 there were only 84, of which 58 branches were operated by government-owned banks. This number began to increase slowly the following year, and in 1989 the gradual increase in banking activity signaled growing confidence in Uganda's economic recovery.[1]

1990s–2004

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the Ugandan banking industry underwent significant restructuring. Several indigenous commercial banks were declared insolvent, taken over by the central bank, and eventually sold or liquidated. These included the Uganda Cooperative Bank, Greenland Bank, the International Credit Bank, Teefe Bank, and Gold Trust Bank. The Uganda Commercial Bank (UCB) was initially privatized through a sale of its majority shares to a purported company from Malaysia. It later became public, however, that the actual buyer was a partnership between Greenland Bank, which was insolvent at the time, and politically connected individuals. A second privatization sale was conducted, with the Standard Bank of South Africa emerging as the winner.[2][3][4]

The privatized UCB was merged with the former Grindlays Bank Uganda that the Standard Bank of South Africa already owned and had renamed Stanbic Bank (Uganda). The combined bank is now known as Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited.[5] As of 2008, Stanbic Uganda was the dominant commercial bank in Uganda, with about 27 percent of all bank assets and about 20 percent of all bank branches.[6]

Nile Bank Limited, an indigenous institution, was acquired by the British conglomerate Barclays in January 2007 and merged with its existing Ugandan operations to form the Barclays Bank of Uganda.[7][8]

A moratorium on new commercial bank licences was declared in 2004 with the passage of a new banking bill in Parliament, which established new banking institution classification guidelines. There are four classes of lending financial institutions under the new regulations as outlined below.[9]

Regulatory changes, 2007–2010

During the 18 months following the July 2007 lifting of the new banks moratorium, several commercial banks were newly licensed.[10] These included KCB Bank Uganda Limited, Equity Bank Uganda Limited, GT Bank Uganda, Global Trust Bank, United Bank for Africa, Ecobank, and Housing Finance Bank. Three other banks, ABC Bank (Kenya), Access Bank from Nigeria, and CRDB Bank from Tanzania, publicly declared their intention to start banking operations in Uganda.[11]

During 2008 and 2009, several of the existing banks went on an accelerated branch expansion through mergers and acquisitions or new branch openings. As of December 2009, total commercial bank assets in Uganda were estimated at USh 8.73 trillion.[10] In April 2009, Bank PHB, Nigeria's fifth largest bank at the time, bought 80 percent ownership of Orient Bank, Uganda's eighth largest commercial bank. This brought the number of Ugandan banks with major investments from Nigeria to three.[12]

In October 2010, there were 22 licensed commercial banks in Uganda, with nearly 400 bank branches and almost 600 automated teller machines.[10] At that time, the bank accounts in the country numbered over 5 million.[10] This represented a 16 percent penetration, given Uganda's population of about 32 million at that time.[10]

In November 2010, the BoU directed that all commercial banks in Uganda must raise their minimum capital to USh 10 billion by March 2011[13] and to USh 25 billion by March 2013.[14]

According to a study published in 2010, most of the banking activity was concentrated around Kampala, the country's capital, and other large towns, leaving 42 percent of Ugandans dependent on the informal financial sector and another 30 percent totally excluded from the financial services sector.[15]

After 2010

By April 2011, the number of commercial banks had increased to 23. The bank branches in the country numbered over 400. The banking sector employed over 8,700 people. Total commercial bank assets in the country were valued at more than USh 11 trillion.[16]

During 2012, the BoU closed the National Bank of Commerce (Uganda) (NBCU), a small indigenous operation with wealthy investors, some of whom held high-ranking government positions. NBCU's deposits were transferred to Crane Bank.[17] In November 2012, the total number of commercial bank branches in the country reached 500.[18]

In June 2012, the BoU estimated the total banking assets in the country at USh 14.4 trillion.[19] In June 2013, the BoU estimated the total of all commercial bank assets in the country at USh 15.7 trillion.[20] Those assets had increased to USh 18.6 trillion by 30 June 2014.[21] As of 31 December 2015, total banking assets in the country were USh 21.7 trillion.[22]

The Bank of Uganda reported total banking assets at USh 24.9 trillion, as at 30 June 2017,[23] with 7.4 million commercial bank accounts in the country.[24] At that time, there were 546 bank branches and 818 ATMs in Uganda.[23]

As of June 2019, according to the Uganda Deposit Protection Fund, total banking assets in the country were USh 30.3 trillion (US$8.34 billion), with total customer deposits of USh 22 trillion (US$6.05 billion), held in approximately 14 million deposit accounts. The total banking sector loan portfolio had a 3.48 percent non-performing loan ratio. At that time, the Deposit Protection Fund had assets valued at USh 689 billion (US$190 million).[25]

As of January 2020, according to Uganda Bankers Association, there were 13 million bank accounts in Uganda and 11,000 banking agents countrywide.[26]

Asset allocation among commercial banks in Uganda

As of December 2022, total assets in Uganda's banking institutions were valued at USh45.44 trillion (approx. US$12.3 billion). At that time the 10 largest commercial banks accounted for 82.18 percent of total banking assets, while the remaining 15 commercial banks held 17.82 percent. The top five banks held a combined market share of 57.54 percent of total national banking assets.[27] As of 30 June 2023, as reported by the Daily Monitor, total banking assets in Uganda were USh48.3 trillion (approx. US$12.9 billion).[28]

Classification of financial institutions

Tier I financial Institutions

This class includes commercial banks that are authorized to hold checking, savings, and time deposit accounts for individuals and institutions in local and international currencies. Commercial banks are also authorized to buy and sell foreign exchange, issue letters of credit, and make loans to depositors and non-depositors.[29][30][31]

Tier II financial institutions

This class includes credit and finance companies. They are not authorized to establish checking accounts or trade in foreign currency. They are authorized to accept customer deposits and to establish savings accounts. They are also authorized to make loans backed with collateral or without collateral to savings and non-savings customers.[31]

The licensed credit institutions as of 31 March 2023 were:[32]

  1. BRAC Uganda Bank Limited[33][34]
  2. Mercantile Credit Bank
  3. Top Finance Bank Uganda Limited
  4. Yako Bank Uganda Limited

Tier III financial institutions

This class includes microfinance institutions that are allowed to accept deposits from customers but only in the form of savings accounts. Members of this class of institutions are known as Microfinance Deposit-taking Institutions or MDIs. MDIs are not authorized to offer checking accounts or to trade in foreign currency.[31]

The MDIs in the country as of 31 March 2023 were:[35]

  1. EFC Uganda Limited
  2. FINCA Uganda Limited
  3. Pride Microfinance Limited
  4. UGAFODE Microfinance Limited

Tier IV institutions

These institutions are regulated by the Uganda Microfinance Regulatory Authority (UMRA). They are not authorized to accept deposits from the public. They may, however, offer loans backed with collateral or without collateral to the public. In 2008, it was estimated that there were over 1,000 such institutions in the country.[31]

  1. Letshego Microfinance Uganda[36]
  2. Asaak Financial Services Limited
  3. Hofokam Limited
  4. VisionFund Uganda Limited[37]

Development banks

Investment banks and stock brokerage firms

Investment banks and stock brokerage firms in Uganda are regulated by the Capital Markets Authority and the various stock exchanges in the country.[41]

Insurance companies

There were 18 insurance companies in Uganda in January 2015.[42]

Foreign exchange bureaus

As of March 2016, there were 246 licensed foreign exchange bureaus in the country.[43]

Deposit insurance

The Uganda Deposit Protection Fund became operational in 1997. It is funded by premiums charged to every licensed deposit-taking financial institution in the country. Each account is protected up to USh 10 million.[44] The Depositor Insurance Law was enacted by Parliament and states that all depositors must be paid within 90 days of a bank failure and that the failing institution must be sold by the auctioning of its assets within six months of its seizure by the central bank. If the central bank determines that the failed institution will fetch a better economic return, if sold as a whole, then it will re-open under new ownership and management, provided the new owners and managers meet the approval of the BoU.[44]

Credit bureaux

In 2008, the Bank of Uganda registered Compuscan CRB Ltd, a subsidiary of Compuscan, as the first credit reference bureau in the county.[45] In addition to its traditional credit bureau services, Compuscan CRB introduced and maintained the biometric identity smart card system used in the Ugandan financial industry.[46]

With improved credit risk assessment afforded by the credit bureau, new products, including medium and long-term financing like car loans and mortgages, have been introduced by most Ugandan commercial banks. As of April 2014, interest rates that were formerly in the 20 to 30 percent range had dropped to as low as 10 percent for the best customers at some banks.[47]

In 2015, Ugandan regulators licensed an additional credit bureau, Metropol Credit Reference Bureau Limited. Based out of Nairobi, Kenya, Metropol has operations in Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda.[48][49]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Library of Congress Country Studies: Uganda Banking". Library of Congress Online Catalog. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  2. ↑ Mugabe, Faustin (24 February 2013). "High-profile corruption scandals registered under NRM". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  3. ↑ Hellen Ntegyereize (20 June 2008). "Former BoU Governor Suleiman Kiggundu Dies". Kampala: Uganda Radio Network. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  4. ↑ BBC News (17 October 2001). "Uganda's largest bank for sale". London: British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  5. ↑ "Uganda: Interview with Patrick Mweheire, CEO of Stanbic Bank Uganda". The Report. The-Report.com. 15 October 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  6. ↑ "About Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited". Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited. 20 April 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  7. ↑ Juuko, Sylvia (3 March 2007). "Barclays concludes Nile Bank takeover". New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  8. ↑ URN Reporter (20 December 2006). "Barclays Confirms Purchase of Nile Bank". Kampala: Uganda Radio Network. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  9. ↑ Bank of Uganda (8 June 2018). "Bank of Uganda: Supervision Overview". Kampala: Bank of Uganda. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Khisa, Isaac (4 February 2011). "Kenya bank joins Uganda market". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  11. ↑ "Kenyan Banks Assert Presence in Uganda". African Executive. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  12. ↑ "Nigeria's Bank BHP acquires controlling stake in Orient Bank". TradeInvestAfrica. 12 May 2009. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
  13. ↑ Wafula, Walter (3 June 2011). "Banks raise minimum capital to USh 10 billion". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  14. ↑ Mugerwa, Yasiin (23 March 2011). "Government tightens grip on banks". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  15. ↑ Were, Nathan (14 June 2011). "Uganda: Banks Should Rethink Expansion Strategies". Daily Monitor via AllAfrica.com. Kampala. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  16. ↑ Nannozi, Tereza (7 April 2011). "Banks Rolling In Profits". The Independent (Uganda). Kampala. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  17. ↑ Rupiny, David (28 September 2012). "BoU: National Bank of Commerce Was In Financial Mess". Uganda Radio Network Online. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  18. ↑ Sanya, Wilfred (1 November 2012). "Bank of Baroda Goes to Industrial Area". New Vision. Kampala. Retrieved 8 June 2018.
  19. ↑ "Uganda Financial Stability Report June 2012" (PDF). Kampala: Bank of Uganda. p. 9. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  20. ↑ "Uganda Financial Stability Report June 2013" (PDF). Bank of Uganda. p. 11. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  21. ↑ BOU (30 June 2014). "Bank of Uganda Financial Stability Report, June 2014: Issue Number 6" (PDF). Kampala: Bank of Uganda (BOU). p. 7. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  22. ↑ Bank of Uganda (31 December 2015). "Bank of Uganda: Annual Supervision Report - December 2015: Issue No. 6" (PDF). Kampala: Bank of Uganda. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  23. 1 2 BoU (November 2017). "Bank of Uganda Annual Report for the Financial Year 2016/2017" (PDF). Bank of Uganda (BoU). Kampala. p. 53. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  24. ↑ UBN (27 November 2017). "2017 was a year of consolidation in the banking sector – Kasekende". Uganda Business News (UBN). Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  25. ↑ Martin Luther Oketch (20 February 2020). "Assets in banking sector grow to Shs30.3 trillion". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  26. ↑ Bernard Busuulwa (27 January 2020). "Firms partner to reduce bank processes in Uganda". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
  27. ↑ Taddewo William Senyonyi (9 May 2023). "Exclusive: Largest & Smallest Banks By Assets Named As Total Industry Assets Hit Shs45.4Tn In 2022". Business Focus Uganda. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  28. ↑ Martin Luther Oketch (17 October 2023). "Banks register robust growth in assets - BoU". Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  29. ↑ BOU (8 August 2016). "Non Banking financial institutions Department (NBFI): Overview". Kampala: Bank of Uganda (BOU). Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  30. ↑ BOU (31 March 2016). "List of Licensed Commercial Banks As At March 2016" (PDF). Kampala: Bank of Uganda (BOU). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Michael Dzineku; et al. (2009). "Uganda: Wharton Financial Institutions Center" (PDF). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.
  32. ↑ BoU (31 March 2023). "Licensed Credit Institutions As At 31 March 2023" (PDF). Bank of Uganda. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  33. ↑ Patricia Akankwatsa (3 April 2023). "BRAC Turns 50". The Independent (Uganda). Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  34. ↑ Martin Luther Oketch (6 April 2023). "BRAC seeks to grow its loan book among rural borrowers". Daily Monitor. Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  35. ↑ UPDF (31 March 2023). "Microfinance Deposit-Taking Institutions (MDIs) As At 31 March 2023". Uganda Deposit Protection Fund (UDPF). Kampala, Uganda. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  36. ↑ Mwesigwa, Alon (26 February 2014). "Letshego raises competition among microfinance firms". The Observer (Uganda). Kampala. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  37. ↑ RIN (24 October 2023). "VisionFund Uganda (VFU)". Refugee Investments Network (RIN). Washington, DC, United States. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  38. ↑ Press Release (27 June 2013). "East African businesses to benefit from EUR 101m European Investment Bank support with leading local banks". European Union. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  39. ↑ ULII (24 May 1985). "The East African Development Act of 1985: Chapter 52". Kampala: Uganda Legal Information Institute (ULII).
  40. ↑ Moses Mugalu, and Samuel Kayiwa (6 March 2015). "Uganda Development Bank to focus on agriculture market". The Observer (Uganda). Kampala. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  41. ↑ Mugwe, David (10 November 2011). "Ugandan Stockbroker Transfers Kenyans' Share Accounts". Business Daily Africa (Nairobi).
  42. ↑ IRAU (January 2015). "List of Licensed Insurance Companies In Uganda". Kampala: Insurance Regulatory Authority of Uganda (IRAU). Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  43. ↑ Bank of Uganda (31 March 2016). "Operational Forex Bureau Outlets As At March 2016" (PDF). Kampala: Bank of Uganda (BOU). Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  44. 1 2 Ismail Musa Ladu (19 August 2014). "Why your bank could be closed by the regulator". Daily Monitor. Kampala. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  45. ↑ "Bank of Uganda opens Credit Reference Bureau (CRB) market" (PDF). 11 December 2017.
  46. ↑ "Compuscan celebrates 5 years in Uganda". Compuscan. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  47. ↑ Lyatuu, Justus (1 February 2010). "Post Bank unveils new agricultural loans project". Daily Monitor. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  48. ↑ Ngigi, George (16 March 2015). "Kenya's Metropol gets Uganda credit referencing licence". Business Daily Africa. Nairobi. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  49. ↑ Herblin, David (27 November 2015). "Kenyan credit bureau Metropol gets licence to start Uganda operations". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
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