The Honourable
Basdeo Panday
Panday in 2008
5th Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
In office
9 November 1995 – 24 December 2001
PresidentNoor Mohamed Hassanali
A. N. R. Robinson
Preceded byPatrick Manning
Succeeded byPatrick Manning
Additional ministries
In office
25 January 2001 – 24 December 2001
Ministry and DepartmentsMinister of National Security of Trinidad and Tobago
Preceded byJoseph Theodore
Succeeded byHoward Chin Lee
4th Leader of the Opposition of Trinidad and Tobago
In office
17 December 2007 – 24 February 2010
Preceded byKamla Persad-Bissessar
Succeeded byKamla Persad-Bissessar
In office
17 October 2002 – 23 April 2006
Preceded byPatrick Manning
Succeeded byKamla Persad-Bissessar
In office
10 September 1990 – 8 November 1995
Preceded byPatrick Manning
Succeeded byPatrick Manning
In office
24 September 1976 – 29 October 1986
Preceded byRaffique Shah
Succeeded byPatrick Manning
1st and 3rd Political Leader of the United National Congress
In office
10 September 2006 – 24 January 2010
Preceded byWinston Dookeran
Succeeded byKamla Persad-Bissessar
In office
16 October 1988 – 2 October 2005
Preceded byInaugural holder
Succeeded byWinston Dookeran
9th Minister of Foreign Affairs of Trinidad and Tobago
In office
12 January 1987 – 8 February 1988
Preceded byErrol Mahabir
Succeeded bySahadeo Basdeo
Member of Parliament
for Couva North
In office
13 September 1976 – 24 May 2010
Preceded byConstituency Created
Succeeded byRamona Ramdial
Opposition Member of the Senate of Trinidad and Tobago
In office
15 Sep 1972 – 19 Jun 1976
President General of All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers' Trade Union
In office
1978–1995
Preceded byHimself as President General of ATSEFWU
Succeeded byBoysie Moore-Jones
President General of All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union
In office
1973–1978
Preceded byKrishna Gowandan
Succeeded byHimself as President General of ATSGWTU
Personal details
Born(1933-05-25)25 May 1933
St. Julien Village, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago
Died1 January 2024(2024-01-01) (aged 90)
Jacksonville, Florida, U.S.[1]
NationalityTrinidadian and Tobagonian
Political partyUnited National Congress (from 1989; nominally)
Patriotic Front (from 2020)
Other political
affiliations
Spouse(s)Norma Mohammed (died 1981)
Oma Ramkissoon
RelativesSam Boodram (brother-in-law)
Residence(s)Bryan’s Gate, Phillipine, Penal-Debe, Trinidad and Tobago[2]
EducationPresentation College, San Fernando
Alma mater
OccupationPolitician
AwardsPravasi Bharatiya Samman (2005)
NicknameThe Silver Fox[3]

Basdeo Panday (pronounced [bɑːsəd̪eːoː pɑːⁿɖeː]; 25 May 1933 – 1 January 2024) was a Trinidadian and Tobagonian statesman, lawyer, politician, trade unionist, economist, and actor who served as the fifth Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from 1995 to 2001. He was the first person of Indian descent along with being the first Hindu to hold the office of Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago.[4][5] He was first elected to Parliament in 1976 as the Member for Couva North, Panday served as Leader of the Opposition four times between 1976 and 2010 and was a founding member of the United Labour Front (ULF), the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR), and the United National Congress (UNC). He served as leader of the ULF and UNC, and was President General of the All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers' Trade Union from 1973 to 1995.

He was the chairman and party leader of the United National Congress. In 2006, Panday was convicted of failing to declare a bank account in London and imprisoned; however, on 20 March 2007, that conviction was quashed by the Court of Appeal. On 1 May he decided to resign as chairman of the United National Congress, but the party's executive refused to accept his resignation. He lost the party's internal elections on 24 January 2010, to deputy leader and now former prime minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar.

In 2005, he was awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman by the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs.

Early life

Basdeo Panday was born on 25 May 1933, in St. Julien Village, Princes Town, British Trinidad and Tobago into an Indo-Trinidadian family to Kissoondaye and Harry "Chote" Sookchand Panday.[6][7][8] He was the oldest of five children born to his parents and on his father's side he had two elder half-sisters and one younger half-sister.[9] His parents and grandparents were immigrants from British India who immigrated to Trinidad as indentured labourers under the Indian indenture system.[10] His maternal grandmother was from Laxmanpur, a farming village of the Azamgarh district in the Bhojpur region of the present-day state of Uttar Pradesh in the Hindi Belt of North India, which he visited on a state trip to India in 1997 and met with extended members of his family and donated INR₹1.5 million to help develop the village.[11][12][13][14] He attended New Grant Government School and St. Julien Presbyterian School.[15] He was later enrolled in Presentation College, San Fernando with help from his father's uncle Jospeh Hardath Dube.[16] He later worked as a sugarcane weigher at the Williamsville Estate near Princes Town for one crop season in 1951. He then worked as a primary school teacher at Seereram Memorial Vedic School in Montrose, Chaguanas, and at St. Clement Vedic School at the St. Clement Junction in St. Madeleine. He was also a civil servant at the San Fernando Magistrate's Court where he took notes for Magistrate Churchill Johnson, Magistrate Errol Roopnarine, and Magistrate Noor Mohamed Hassanali, who would go on to be the President of Trinidad and Tobago during Panday's term as prime minister.[8]

In 1957, Panday left Trinidad and Tobago to go to the United Kingdom to further his education. He obtained a diploma in drama from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 1960 and a degree in law in 1962 from Inns of Court School of Law where he was a member of Lincoln's Inn and was subsequently called to the bar. He also received a Bachelor of Science from the University of London as an external student in 1965, majoring in economics and minoring in political science. While in the United Kingdom, Panday worked as a laborer on a building site, a clerk at the London County Council, and an electrician to support himself through university. He also appeared in several acting roles, including Nine Hours to Rama (1963), The Winston Affair (1964), and The Brigand of Kandahar (1965).[17][18] In 1965, he was awarded a Commonwealth scholarship to go to the Delhi School of Economics in India to pursue a post-graduate degree in economics and political science; however, he turned down the offer and returned to Trinidad and Tobago in 1965 to practice law because of family commitments and the changing political situation in the newly independent Trinidad and Tobago.[8][19]

Political career

Early years

Panday's political career began in 1965, when he joined the Workers and Farmers Party and made an unsuccessful run for Parliament.[6][19] In 1972, he was appointed as an opposition senator for the Democratic Labour Party.[19][20] The following year he was recruited to the All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union. He staged an internal coup, becoming the union's President General and under him the union expanded to workers from a variety of industries and became the All Trinidad Sugar and General Workers' Trade Union.[21]

On 8 February 1975, amidst the backdrop of labour struggles, Panday met with fellow union leaders George Weekes and Raffique Shah. Together, they founded the United Labour Front.[22] All three were arrested on 18 March during an attempted march from San Fernando to Port of Spain, but were found not guilty on 22 April "on the charge of leading a public march without permission".[23]

Panday won the Couva North seat in the 1976 general election, becoming an MP and official opposition leader.[19][24] The next year the party split into two factions and Panday was ousted as party leader in favour of Shah.[21][22] He was reinstated in 1978 after Winston Nanan, who previously supported Shah, defected to Panday and Shah resigned.[22][25]

Following a poor performance in the 1980 local elections, Panday co-founded the Trinidad and Tobago National Alliance with A. N. R. Robinson of the Democratic Action Congress and Lloyd Best of the Tapia House Group.[21][26] He retained his seat in the 1981 general election.[27]

In 1984 the National Alliance became the National Alliance for Reconstruction (NAR) and in 1985 merged with the Organisation for National Reconstruction.[28] They won a decisive victory in 1986.[29][30] Panday was named Minister of External Affairs and International Trade.[6] The party soon fractured along racial lines; Panday accused Robinson and the government of discrimination against Indians and autocratic rule. Robinson reshuffled his cabinet in response, and Panday found himself with reduced ministerial responsibilities. The infighting continued, culminating with Panday, Kelvin Ramnath, and Trevor Sudama being expelled from the party on 8 February 1988.[19][31][32]

UNC, Prime Ministership, and electoral crises

Panday and the other expelled ministers founded the Caucus for Love, Unity and Brotherhood (CLUB '88), which he revealed in October would become the United National Congress (UNC) on 30 April 1989.[28][32][33] Economic decline, austerity, racial tensions and, above all, the failed but impactful 1990 coup attempt led to the NAR being swept out of power in the 1991 general election and the UNC, led by Panday, becoming official opposition.[31][34]

The 1995 general election was a defining moment in Panday's career. The ruling PNM party called an early vote, expecting a victory. However, the election ended with the PNM and UNC holding 17 seats each, and the NAR holding 2. The UNC and NAR entered a coalition, thereby bringing the UNC into power and making Panday the first Hindu and Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago.[35][36] In 1995 Panday was charged with five counts of sexual indecency related to a harassment case brought by a former female supporter, however he was freed less than two weeks after the 1995 election in what was seen as a politically motivated charge.[37]

Panday once again led the UNC to victory in the 2000 election, being sworn in as prime minister for a second time.[38] In 2001, UNC MPs Ramesh Maharaj, Trevor Sudama, and Ralph Maraj alleged government corruption, pressuring Panday to appoint a Commission of Inquiry; Panday responded by firing Maharaj. Sudama and Maraj then resigned, leaving the UNC with a minority. Panday was thus forced to call a new election. The 2001 general election resulted in an unprecedented 18–18 tie between the UNC and PNM, sparking a constitutional crisis over who should form government.[25][39][40][41][42] Both parties agreed to abide by the decision of the president, A.N.R. Robinson, as to who would lead the government, as well as to form a unity government. However, Panday reneged on the agreement when Robinson appointed PNM leader Patrick Manning, finding his explanation for doing so (Manning's "moral and spiritual values")[43] unsatisfactory. Panday also argued that Robinson did not act in accordance with the constitution by choosing Manning, as he did not hold the majority in parliament.[39][44] He refused to accept the position of Leader of the Opposition in protest.[35]

Parliament was dissolved and new elections were called in 2002 after it was unable to elect a Speaker.[42] This time the PNM were brought back into power with the UNC playing opposition.[45] Panday's third term as Leader of the Opposition would last until 2006, when he was convicted of failing to declare a bank account in London.[46]

Secret investigations into Panday began after the 2001 election, when the Central Authority and the Anti Corruption Bureau was set up by the PNM. On 18 September 2002, Panday was charged under section 27(1)(b) of the Integrity in Public Life Act No. 8 of 1987 for failing to declare the contents of a bank account in London for the years 1997, 1998 and 1999. During the investigation, he had first stated that the funds in the account were for his children's education and that his name was added to the account to prevent problems should something happen to his wife. He did not consider the funds his own, and thus did not declare them. However, after receiving further information from the bank, he stated that the account had been opened jointly with his wife to deposit money for his open heart surgery. After his wife transferred the account to another branch she maintained and administered it, and his name remained on it out of convenience.[47][48] Panday blamed it on the PNM for trying to derail him weeks before the 2002 general election was to be held.[37]

UNC leadership and power struggles

Basdeo Panday and Mikko Pyhälä Ambassador of Finland

On 31 May 2005, Panday, his wife, Oma, former UNC MP Carlos John, and businessman Ishwar Galbaransingh (chairman of Northern Construction Limited) were arrested on corruption charges. The State alleged that the Pandays had received TT$250,000 on 30 December 1998, from John and Galbaransingh in exchange for giving Northern Construction a construction contract for the Piarco Airport Development Project (PADP).[49] Panday, Oma Panday and John were placed on TT$750,000 bail, while Galbaransingh's bail was placed at TT$1,000,000. Panday refused bail and chose to remain in prison.[49] This was called a punitive bail both by supporters of the UNC and by former Attorney General Ramesh Maharaj, a sometimes political opponent of Panday. On 7 June 2005, bail was reduced to TT$650,000. A day later, Panday accepted bail after being jailed for over a week. Charges were later dropped in 2012.[50]

In September 2005, during the UNC internal elections, Panday nominated Winston Dookeran as his successor as party leader. He himself retained the position of chairman.[51] The following month, Jack Warner called for Panday to hand over the position of Leader of the Opposition to Dookeran as well.[52][53] Panday failed to do so, and with the Opposition MPs split 8–8 on the issue, Panday remained as the leader of the Opposition.

In October, Panday also invited Ramesh Maharaj back into the UNC.[52] In February 2006, Panday fired senator Robin Montano, who opposed Maharaj's return to the party.[54] Three days later senator Roy Augustus resigned.[52] He replaced Montano with Tim Gopeesingh, and Augustus with former Olympic athlete Ato Boldon.[55][56]

On 24 April 2006, Panday was found guilty on all three counts he was charged with back in 2002, and sentenced to two years with hard labour and a TT$20,000 fine. He was also denied bail, and ordered to pay the sum in the account "for each year he was charged for not making the declaration".[57] He appealed the decision. Following his 2006 conviction, Panday's position as Leader of the Opposition was revoked. He was replaced by Kamla Persad-Bissessar.[52]

On 3 January 2007, Panday was reinstated as leader of the UNC.[58] On 20 March 2007, the Court of Appeal overturned the conviction against Panday, based on the possibility that he may not have received a fair trial.[59] A new trial under a different magistrate was ordered.[60] The three Court of Appeal judges agreed that there was, in fact, a real possibility of bias by the Chief Magistrate in his ruling.[61] Information that surfaced later on, linked Chief Magistrate McNicolls to a multimillion-dollar land deal and a company associated with one of the main witnesses in the Basdeo Panday trial.[62] This information, along with the fact that Chief Magistrate McNicolls refused to give evidence for the criminal prosecution of the Chief Justice Satnarine Sharma, who he claimed tried to influence him to rule in Panday's favor, which caused that prosecution to fail, were the main arguments used by Panday's lawyers in his Appeal Court hearing.

From early 2009 Basdeo Panday was challenged for the leadership of the party by a small coalition of Opposition MPs led by the party's deputy political leader, Warner and Maharaj.[63]

Political hiatus and acquittal

On 24 January 2010, Panday lost his bid to be elected Political Leader of the UNC once again. He suffered a defeat at the hands of new Political Leader Kamla Persad-Bissessar.[64] He did not contest the post of chairman hence he no longer sits on the executive of the United National Congress.[65] On 25 February 2010 President George Maxwell Richards revoked the appointment of Panday as Leader of the Opposition and replaced him with Persad-Bissessar after the majority of Opposition MPs indicated their support for her. Panday did not participate in the general elections held on 24 May 2010 and hence his term as a Member of Parliament ended.

On 26 June 2012, Panday was finally acquitted of all charges. The magistrate stated that he had not been given due process.[66] However, in September 2012, the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) was given leave to challenge the decision.[67] On 7 October 2014, the DPP withdrew the application to review the decision. The presiding Justice stated that Panday would've "face hardships and prejudice" if prosecution continued, which it did not.[68] Also in 2012, charges for the Piarco Airport scandal were dropped.[50]

Patriotic Front and return to politics

On 25 May 2019 (Panday's birthday), his daughter Mickela, after leaving the UNC, formed a new political party called the Patriotic Front. Panday, being estranged from the UNC, became associated with the Patriotic Front and in 2020, a year after, on his birthday and first anniversary of the party, he said he would support his daughter's party in the 2020 Trinidad and Tobago general election and he even expressed interest in returning to politics given the situation of the country and said that he could no not sit by idly and watch the country continue on its current path.[69] In June 2020 Mickela Panday announced that her father was the campaign manager of the Patriotic Front.[70][71] The party however pulled out of the 2020 general elections, saying that they had no time to mobilize themselves.[72]

Impact on Trinidadian and Tobagonian culture and media

Impact of election

The election of the first Indo-Trinidadian prime minister was seen as the moment in which Indians "arrived" in Trinidad.[73][74] Panday took the opportunity to correct perceived wrongs against the Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian community.[74][75]

Religion and holidays

Shortly after beginning his first term as prime minister, Panday granted the Shouter Baptists a national holiday.[76] His political sponsorship contributed to the legitimization of the religion in the public's eye.[77] He also decreed that Indian Arrival Day would forever be named as such, rather than simply "Arrival Day" after 1996.[78] He was well known for his religious pluralism and often quoted from the scriptures of the different religions in Trinidad and Tobago.[79]

Music

Panday was the subject of several critical and racist calypsos during his first year office, such as Cro Cro's Allyuh Look for Dat and Watchman's Mr. Panday Needs His Glasses.[80][81] Panday struck back in 1997 by warning of guidelines for state-sponsored competitions to prevent "taxpayers money [being] used to divide the society, whether it be on racial or any other grounds".[82]

Language

In addition to speaking English, Panday studied Hindi and he gave speeches at the Hindi FoundationTT on the importance of the language in Trinidad and Tobago.[83] Panday was widely associated with the Trinidadian Hindustani word neemakharam (ingrate),[84][85] and popularized the term outside of the Indo-Trinidadian community.[86] He used the word to describe his political opponents, including Winston Dookeran, Trevor Sudama, Kamla Persad-Bissessar, Ramesh Maharaj, and other rival UNC members.[87][88]

Relationship with the press

Basdeo Panday being interviews by members of the press

Panday feuded with the media several times during his political career. In 1996 the Trinidad Guardian ran a front page featuring a photo of him with a drink and the headline "Chutney Rising".[89] An incensed Panday ordered a boycott of the paper, refusing to allow their reporters access to government information. He accused editor-in-chief Jones P. Madiera of being a racist and called on his resignation. Ultimately, managing editor Alwin Chow, Madiera, and several other staff members left the Guardian and went on to form a new newspaper, The Independent.[90][91]

Panday reiterated his dissatisfaction with the press with his refusal to sign the Declaration of Chapultepec, a 1994 document affirming freedom of the press. In 1998 he stated he would not endorse the declaration "until it repudiated the “untrammelled right of the press to publish anything it wants”".[92]

Personal life

Basdeo Panday was married to Oma Panday (née Ramkissoon). He had four daughters: Niala, Mickela, Nicola, and Vastala. Niala was born to his first wife Norma Panday (née Mohammed), who died in 1981.[93] His brother was fellow attorney and politician Subhas Panday. Panday served as the Chief Administrator of the Basdeo Panday Foundation, a charitable organization. In November 2019, Panday was bestowed an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Trinidad and Tobago.[94] His religion was Hinduism.[4][75] His brother-in-law was the late Indian classical- and chutney-singer Sam Boodram who was married to Panday's sister Cynthia Panday.[95] The Indian classical singer Dev Bansraj Ramkissoon was also his brother-in-law and the singer and musician Sonny Ramkissoon was his father-in-law (his wife's brother and father, respectively).[96] Panday had a dog named Norman who was a stray that he took in.[97] During the COVID-19 pandemic videos that Panday's daughter, Mickela, posted of him gardening and playing with his dog Norman went viral on social media and he was lauded by the news as setting an example by following the mandate to stay home to help combat the spread of the virus.[97][98][99]

Death and funeral

Basdeo Panday died on 1 January 2024 in Jacksonville, Florida at the age of 90 surrounded by his family after being hospitalized for a few weeks.[100] His death was announced on social media by his daughter Mickela Panday.[101] According to his brother, Subhas Panday, his cause of death was pneumonia.[102] His last wish was for a piece of land that he inherited from his grandmother in his hometown of St. Julien to be developed into a home for battered women and orphans.[103] His body was flown back to Trinidad and Tobago for a state funeral. His body lied in state at the rotunda of the Red House from 5 January with a condolence book for guest to sign. Several government official and dignitaries paid their tribute.[104] His final rites were done per Hindu customs and was the first Hindu state funeral in Trinidad and Tobago. On 9 January, his funeral procession began at his residence in Bryan's Gate, Phillipine where the religious aspect of the funeral was conducted, then it proceeded to the Southern Academy for the Performing Arts (SAPA) in San Fernando where speeches and eulogies were read from the President of Trinidad and Tobago, leaders of various faiths, and members of his family and friends, and arti and garlanding was done. Attendees included the President of Trinidad and Tobago Christine Kangaloo, the Prime Minister Keith Rowley, Chief Justice Ivor Archie, and Leader of the Opposition Kamla Persad-Bissessar.[105] His brother-in-law and Indian classical singer Dev Bansraj Ramkissoon, Rana Mohip, and soca artiste Kees Dieffenthaller sang at his funeral. Finally the procession proceeded to the Shore of Peace Cremation Site at Mosquito Creek, South Oropouche where the cremation and gun salute took place. Hundreds of mourners lined the road to the cremation site.[106]

Numerous memorial services were held for him across the country by various institutions and people such as his alma mater Presentation College, San Fernando, the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha, and Roodal Moonilal who, due to Panday's love for Indian classical music, held an Indian classical singing concert in Debe in honor of Panday with tributes from numerous artistes such as Rakesh Yankaran, Dubraj Persad, and Rooplal Girdharie.[107][108][109] In light of his death, the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha renamed the Shiva Boys' SDMS Hindu College as the Shri Basdeo Panday Shiva Boys' SDMS Hindu College, to honor the nation's first Hindu prime minister.[110] Former member of Parliament and governement minister Vasant Bharath started a petition calling on the government to rename the Piarco International Airport after Panday, in light of all he did towards its development.[111]

Filmography and stage credits

Film

Source(s):[18]

Year Title Role Notes
1963 Nine Hours to Rama Laudryman Cameo
1964 The Winston Affair Indian Correspondent Cameo
1965 The Brigand of Kandahar Cameo

Television

Source(s):[112]

Year Title Role Notes
1959 The Moonstone 2nd Brahmin Priest 1 Episode
1962 Saki Abrim 1 Episode
1963 ITV Playhouse Indian Guest 1 Episode

Theatre

Source(s):[113]

Year Title
1961 The Bird of Time

See also

References

  1. ↑ "State funeral for former PM Basdeo Panday - CNC3". 2 January 2024. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  2. ↑ "Pandays absent in Oropouche West". Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  3. ↑ "12 East Indian Trinbagonians who helped transform Trinidad and Tobago | Loop Trinidad & Tobago". Archived from the original on 22 November 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  4. 1 2 "Trinidad's Hindu Prime Minister Out". Hindu Press International. 26 December 2001. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  5. ↑ "Facebook". facebook.com. Retrieved 4 January 2022.[self-published]
  6. 1 2 3 "Basdeo Panday". Members of Past Parliaments. Parliament of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  7. ↑ "I am no Indian PM". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 3 September 2017. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 "The Basdeo Panday Foundation: Who is Basdeo Panday ?". Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  9. ↑ https://trinidadexpress.com/news/local/basdeo-panday-in-his-own-words/article_f6df0668-ad09-11ee-a376-3337ad00bce9.html
  10. ↑ https://archives.newsday.co.tt/2010/02/28/pandays-last-dance/
  11. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=A-ASYIjzdEkC&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=basdeo+panday+azamgarh&source=bl&ots=gvUGEh3oR6&sig=ACfU3U2uS6mSuZWUbnxCbjk5w-8lAQFfuQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjq9p3ktd-DAxU1s4QIHeg-BZo4ChDoAXoECAIQAw#v=onepage&q=basdeo%20panday%20azamgarh&f=false
  12. ↑ "Hinduism Today Magazine". Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  13. ↑ "Tracing roots to India". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. 27 May 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2017.
  14. ↑ Ali, Shereen (15 September 2016). "Race our biggest issue". The Trinidad Guardian Newspaper. Archived from the original on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  15. ↑ "St Julien Presbyterian Past pupils give back | the Trinidad Guardian Newspaper". Archived from the original on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  16. ↑ "Presentation and SAGHS top the list". 9 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 May 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.
  17. ↑ https://tt.loopnews.com/content/basdeo-panday-actor-689148
  18. 1 2 Persad, Seeta (8 June 2006). "Panday among Indian actors on big screen". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 Gunson, Phil; Chamberlain, Greg; Thompson, Andrew (2015). The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of Central America and the Caribbean. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317270539. OCLC 935252831.
  20. ↑ "Trinidad and Tobago Parliament". ttparliament.org. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  21. 1 2 3 Kiely, Ray (1996). The politics of labour and development in Trinidad. Barbados: The University of the West Indies Press. pp. 135, 149. ISBN 978-9766400170. OCLC 34898626.
  22. 1 2 3 MacDonald, Scott B. (1986). Trinidad and Tobago : democracy and development in the Caribbean. New York: Praeger. ISBN 9780275920043. OCLC 13270347.
  23. ↑ Shields, Tanya L. (2 June 2015). The legacy of Eric Williams : into the postcolonial moment. Shields, Tanya L., 1970-. Jackson. ISBN 978-1626746947. OCLC 899267544.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ↑ "Past Ministers: Basdeo Panday". Ministry of National Security. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  25. 1 2 Sheppard, Suzanne (17 April 2005). "Panday's many political fallouts". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. Archived from the original on 4 September 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
  26. ↑ "TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Date of Elections: 9 November 1981" (PDF). PARLINE database on national parliaments. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  27. ↑ "AROUND THE WORLD; Trinidad's Ruling Party Gains in Election". The New York Times. 10 November 1981. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  28. 1 2 Lansford, Tom (2015). Political handbook of the world 2015. Los Angeles, California: CQ Press. ISBN 978-1483371559. OCLC 912321323.
  29. ↑ Ameringer, Charles D (1992). Political parties of the Americas, 1980s to 1990s : Canada, Latin America, and the West Indies. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 578. ISBN 978-0313274183. OCLC 25202496.
  30. ↑ "TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Date of Elections: 15 December 1986" (PDF). PARLINE database on national parliaments. Inter-Parliamentary Union. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  31. 1 2 Payne, Anthony; Sutton, Paul K. (1993). Modern Caribbean politics. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 108–112. ISBN 978-0801844355. OCLC 25711755.
  32. 1 2 Viranjini, Munasinghe (2001). Callaloo or tossed salad? : East Indians and the cultural politics of identity in Trinidad. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 244. ISBN 978-0801486197. OCLC 46836925.
  33. ↑ "UNC Founder". United National Congress. 26 February 2013. Archived from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2017.
  34. ↑ Premdas, Ralph R. (April 1996). "Ethnicity and Elections in the Caribbean: A Radical Realignment of Power in Trinidad and the Threat of Communal Strife (Working Paper #224)" (PDF). Kellogg Institute Working Papers: 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2014. Retrieved 23 August 2017 – via Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies.
  35. 1 2 Premdas, Ralph R. (14 January 2004). Justin Daniel. "Elections, Identity and Ethnic Conflict in the Caribbean". Pouvoirs dans la Caraïbe. Revue du CRPLC (14): 17–61. doi:10.4000/plc.246. ISSN 1279-8657. Archived from the original on 25 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
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