Head coach Rod Broadway (right) at the 2015 Celebration Bowl

The black college football national championship is a national championship honor that, since 1920, has been regularly bestowed upon the best football teams among historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) within the United States.

History

Report of a college football victory by Howard appearing in The Washington Herald in November 1920

Background

In college football's early years, HBCUs generally lacked the opportunity to compete against predominantly white schools due to segregation, which was practiced in much of the U.S. at the time—leaving HBCUs with few scheduling options other than to play games among themselves only and sponsor their own championships.

The first football game between HBCU schools was played on December 27, 1892. On that day Johnson C. Smith defeated Livingstone College. As it was the only game played by HBCU schools that year, Johnson C. Smith's team could no doubt claim to be that season's HBCU national champions by default. However, the earliest documented claim to such a title was Livingstone's 1906 team, led by captain Benjamin Butler "Ben" Church.[1] It is not immediately clear who exactly determined that Livingstone was the best team—or if they simply declared themselves champions.

Initially, starting in 1920, HBCU national champions were designated by the Pittsburgh Courier at the end of the season. The champions were credited to compilations generated by Courier managing editor William Goldwyn "Bill" Nunn, Jr., Courier sports writer Eric "Ric" Roberts, and Grambling State sports information director Collie "Nick" Nicholson[2] (the Courier was also known to tabulate weekly HBCU rankings in later decades—first by borrowing the Dickinson System, from 1941 to 1950, before abandoning it due to controversy and replacing it with the newspaper's own "Courier Double-rating System" from 1951 onward, into the 1970s).[3]

In 1921, others more directly associated with the schools themselves made their own attempts to crown a champion, coordinating their efforts under the auspices of the Champion Aggregation of All Conferences (CAAC). The CAAC's initiative was fostered by Paul Jones, who reported the champion annually in his column in Spalding's Intercollegiate Football Guide.[4]

The first prominent game between an HBCU and predominantly white institution occurred in the 1948 Fruit Bowl when Southern defeated San Francisco State, 30–0.[5] Five years later, HBCUs began to gravitate over to the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) because it offered numerous athletic competition options, was oriented primarily toward smaller institutions, and had also begun openly welcoming schools of varying demographic backgrounds as members.[6]

At present, most HBCUs are now members of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). However, designating an annual black national champion has remained a popular tradition, even as HBCUs have successfully challenged majority white schools for football championships for decades now, within the framework of both NCAA and NAIA competition; this includes Associated Press, United Press International, NCAA, and NAIA-sponsored titles for the 1962, 1973, 1978, 1990, 1992, and 1995 seasons, as well as runner-up finishes in 1963, 1983, 1991, 1994, and 2012.

Noteworthy team accomplishments include the 16 HBCU championships won all-time by Florida A&M (under five different coaches) and Tennessee State (also under five different coaches) and the five won consecutively by Central State from 1986 to 1990 (all five under coach Billy Joe). Florida A&M has also won titles in nine different decades. Southern (1948), Prairie View A&M (1953), Tuskegee (2000 and 2007), and North Carolina A&T (2017) have each achieved the best single-season won–loss record of 12–0. Winston–Salem State (2012) has achieved the best single-season win total of 14 (with their only loss being in the NCAA Division II national championship game).

Noteworthy coaching accomplishments include the nine HBCU championships won by Billy Joe (seven at Central State and two at Florida A&M), John Merritt (one at Jackson State and eight at Tennessee State), and Eddie Robinson (all nine at Grambling State). Rod Broadway is the only coach to have won titles at three different schools (two at North Carolina Central, one at Grambling, and two at North Carolina A&T). Jay Hopson is the only white coach to have won a title (in 2014, at Alcorn State).

Championship bowl games

Attempts have been made over the years to determine a non-mythical national champion with an actual football game contested by leading teams among HBCUs throughout the United States. The Orange Blossom Classic was often billed as such a game, but Florida A&M, as its annual host, was guaranteed a spot in this game and was not necessarily national championship-caliber each and every year that it was played (indeed, the Rattlers were even accused of taking advantage of a system where most selectors—at the time—named their national champions before postseason bowl games; if the Rattlers were not named champs by any selector after the regular season, then they still got a second chance at the claim by winning the Orange Blossom Classic).[7]

Contests including the Colored Championship games of 1920 and 1923 (which happened to feature members of the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association, although the games were not played for the conference title), the Chocolate Bowl (1935), the Steel and Vulcan bowls (1940s), the National Bowl (1947), and the National Football Classic (1954) were attempted periodically but without any sustained success.

The Pelican Bowl, a bowl game that tried to match up the conference champions from the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference (MEAC) and the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC), was another such example—and actually did manage to last several seasons—but even this venture failed to draw enough attendance and lasted only a few years in the 1970s. Similarly, the Heritage Bowl was played in the 1990s featuring teams from the MEAC and SWAC, but this bowl game has not been held since 1999 and was often snubbed by the conference champions in lieu of the NCAA's Division I-AA playoffs; indeed, five teams of the Heritage Bowl era were still able to claim black national titles from various selectors after declining their bids to the bowl game.

Celebration Bowl

Head coach Sam Washington (left) receiving the 2018 Celebration Bowl trophy from Richard W. Scobee

The MEAC and SWAC began negotiations in 2010 to create a successor called the "Legacy Bowl"—not to be confused with a like-named 2015 exhibition game—to begin during the 2011 postseason, but it was voted down by MEAC officials.[8] Several seasons later, in 2015, the first Celebration Bowl was played, pitting the champions of the two conferences. While the Celebration Bowl's trophy itself only includes the inscription "Celebration Bowl Champions,"[9] the bowl's creator (ESPN),[10][11] a former title sponsor (Air Force Reserve),[12][13] and other prominent sponsors,[14][15][16] have indicated that it is for the HBCU national title—as have coaches of participating teams,[17][18] the two competing conferences,[19][20] and even the NCAA's website.[21]

However, with Tennessee State being a member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC), the Celebration Bowl could not fully represent all HBCUs within the NCAA's Football Championship Subdivision. Further, Hampton and North Carolina A&T later withdrew from the MEAC (after the 2017 and 2019 seasons, respectively) to join the Big South Conference (both programs later joined CAA Football).[22] Despite watching Tennessee State struggle to a losing record in games played since joining the OVC in 1988, these teams exited the MEAC primarily because of revenue sharing and the opportunity to play in the NCAA Division I championship tournament. This is not the first time that some individual schools have been isolated from the HBCU championship process; in 1960, the Associated Negro Press stated: "A total of 76 Negro colleges played football during the past season. Cheyney State and Langston were not considered in (our) rating because most of their games were against non-Negro colleges."[23]

In other sports

Black national champions have been crowned regularly in football for more than a century, and the concept has also caught on with other sports, including HBCU baseball and HBCU men and women's basketball teams. There are also HBCU tournaments for golf[24] and tennis.[25]

Selectors

Not all black national championships are determined the same way. Early poll rankings were for the best overall HBCU, while bowl games often matched champions of only two specific HBCU conferences. However, the NCAA and NAIA later split into divisions, and newer selectors have tended to rank HBCU members by division only (e.g., the FCS level of NCAA Division I, NCAA Division II).[26] The variations between how champions have been selected over the years has not been completely without controversy—partly because of the issue of NCAA Division II and NAIA schools being ranked higher than FCS schools[27] and partly because of the concern that the voters in the polls may not necessarily be well-informed about so many different schools.[28] However, the issue may have been somewhat ameliorated when American Sports Wire began limiting HBCU champions to FCS-level schools only[29] in an era when an NAIA school (Central State) held a stranglehold over the overall HBCU championship—possibly in part because NAIA schools were not effected by the NCAA's Proposition 48, a then-new rule that had concerned some educators about its impact on black student-athletes.[30]

The impact of the Pelican, Heritage, and Celebration bowls cannot be overstated, however. In the 16 seasons (through 2018) that those bowl games were held, MEAC or SWAC schools were named overall HBCU champions almost exclusively; only in 1992 did a school with no ties to the MEAC or SWAC even earn a share of the overall HBCU championship—two selectors still chose a SWAC school as the overall champion but one selector did choose Central State (which had won the NAIA Division I national championship). Also, in 1994 soon-to-be MEAC member Hampton was named HBCU overall champ by a single selector while five other selectors gave the title to full MEAC member South Carolina State.

SelectorNameSeasonsEligible teams
ADWAtlanta Daily World & 100% Wrong Club–W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy (1953–1992,[31] 2010[32]); Coca-Cola National Historical Black College Football Championship Award (1993–2009)[31]1953[33]–2010[32]
(2010 champion is not available)		all HBCU teams
AHSR-IAdd's HBCU Sports Report (Add Seymour, Jr.)
for NCAA Division I FCS teams[34]		2013[35]–2016[34]NCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only
AHSR-IIAdd's HBCU Sports Report (Add Seymour, Jr.)
for NCAA Division II teams[36]		2013[35]–2016[36]NCAA Division II HBCU teams only
ANPAssociated Negro Press (Luix Virgil Overbea[37])1948–1960
(1957 champion is not available)		HBCU teams that played a majority of their games against other HBCU teams only[23]
ASWAmerican Sports Wire (Dick Simpson[38])1990–2013[39]NCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only[29]
B-CPBOXTOROW (& formerly Black Athlete Sports Network[40])–Coaches Poll2009–present[41]NCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only[42]
B-MPBOXTOROW (& formerly Black Athlete Sports Network[40])–Media Poll2007–present[41]all HBCU teams[42]
BAABaltimore Afro-American1947[43]–1948,[44] 1953[7]all HBCU teams
BCASBBlack College All Star Bowl—Eddie Hurt National Championship Trophy[45][46]1978[45]–1979[46]all HBCU teams
BCNC-IBlack College National Championship
for NCAA Division I FCS teams[47]		2016–present[47]NCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only
BCNC-II&NBlack College National Championship
for NCAA Division II and NAIA teams[48]		2016–present[47]NCAA Division II and NAIA HBCU teams only
BCSN-IBlack College Sports Network
for NCAA Division I FCS teams[49]		2019[49]NCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only
BCSN-II&NBlack College Sports Network
for NCAA Division II and NAIA teams[50]		2019[50]NCAA Division II and NAIA HBCU teams only
BCSPBlack College Sports Page (Carl "Lut" Williams & formerly Major Broadcasting Cable)1994[51]–2020
(1995–1999 champions are not available)		all HBCU teams
BCSP-IBlack College Sports Page (Carl "Lut" Williams)
for NCAA Division I FCS teams		2021–presentNCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only[52]
BCSP-IIBlack College Sports Page (Carl "Lut" Williams)
for NCAA Division II teams		2021–presentNCAA Division II HBCU teams only[52]
BCSRBlack College Sports Report (Edd Hayes[53])1993[54]all HBCU teams[53]
CAACChampion Aggregation of All Conferences (William Lawrence "Paul" Jones)[4]1921–1949[51]
(1927–1928, 1930–1932, and 1936–1949 champions are not available)		all HBCU teams
CCColored Championship1920,[55] 1923[56]all HBCU teams
"Celebration Bowl"
  AFRCB
  CeB
  CCB

  Air Force Reserve Celebration Bowl
  Celebration Bowl
  Cricket Celebration Bowl
2015–2019, 2021–present
  2015–2016,[57] 2018[58]
  2017,[57][59] 2019[60]
  2021–present
MEAC and SWAC champions only
ChBChocolate Bowl1935[61]all HBCU teams
DCCC-MDr. Cavil's Classic Cuts (Jafus Kenyatta Cavil & formerly SWAC Page Network[62])–Major Division Poll2002–present[63]NCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only
DCCC-MMDr. Cavil's Classic Cuts (Jafus Kenyatta Cavil & formerly SWAC Page Network[64])–Mid-Major Division Poll2002–2019, 2021–present[63]NCAA Division II and NAIA HBCU teams only
"Heritage Bowl"
  AHB
  HB

  Alamo Heritage Bowl I
  Heritage Bowl IV
1991, 1994*
  1991
  1994
MEAC and SWAC champions only
HBCUS-PFPHBCU Sports–Playoff Fan Poll2014[65]all HBCU teams
HBCUS-UPHBCU Sports–Ultimate Poll2015,[66] 2019,[67] 2021–presentall HBCU teams
HSRN-IHeritage Sports Radio Network–HSRN Conaway Cup
for NCAA Division I FCS teams[68]		2011[68]–2016[69]NCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only
HSRN-II&NHeritage Sports Radio Network–HSRN Conaway Cup
for NCAA Division II[68] and NAIA[70] teams		2011[68]–2016[69]NCAA Division II and NAIA HBCU teams only
JJet (Frank T. Bannister, Jr.[71][72])—Paul Robeson Perpetual Trophy[73][46]1973–1987, 1990–1992all HBCU teams
JBMJohn B. "Johnny" McLendon, Jr.
based on the Dickinson System[74]		1953[74]all HBCU teams
LAFCFLos Angeles Football Classic Foundation (Fred H. Cooper)–Eddie G. Robinson Trophy[75]1988[75]all HBCU teams
MBNMutual Black Network1972–1978all HBCU teams[76]
NBNational Bowl1947[77]all HBCU teams[78]
NBNNational Black Network (Frank T. Bannister, Jr.[79])1975[80]–1978[81]
(1976 champion is not available)		all HBCU teams[82]
NBTNational Black Television2011[83]all HBCU teams
NCAACncaa.com—HBCU Football Power Rankings (Stan Becton)2021[84]–presentNCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only
NFCNational Football Classic1954[85]CIAA and Midwestern Conference champions only[86]
PBPelican Bowl1972, 1974–1975*MEAC and SWAC champions only
PCWDCPigskin Club of Washington, DC—William G. "Billy" Coward Award[87]2006–2013[87]all HBCU teams
"Sheridan Poll"[88]
  PC
  NPC
  SBN
  AURN
  PNRN
Jake Gaither National Championship Trophy[89]
  Pittsburgh Courier
  New Pittsburgh Courier
  Sheridan Broadcasting Network
  American Urban Radio Networks
  Power News Radio Network
1920–present[2]
  1920–1965
  1966–1978
  1979[90]–1990
  1991–2016
  2017[91]–present		all HBCU teams
SICsi.com—HBCU Legends Top 5 Power Rankings2021[92]–presentNCAA Division I FCS HBCU teams only[93]
TAJTTT. A. Jones' Talented 10th (Trevin A. "T. A." Jones)[94]2014[94]all HBCU teams
UMTCUrbanMediaToday.com (Trevin A. "T. A." Jones)[95]2017–present[95]all HBCU teams
"Vulcan Bowl"
  SB
  VB

  Steel Bowl
  Vulcan Bowl
1940–1941**
  1940[96]
  1941[97]		all HBCU teams (but with the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference champion holding an automatic bid)[97]

Notes: *—the Pelican Bowl (played 1972 and 1974–75) and Heritage Bowl (played 1991–99) were intended as black national championship games matching the outright champions or top-seeded co-champions of the MEAC and SWAC conferences, but in practice the top seeds often declined their automatic bids to participate in the NCAA playoffs instead—only the 1972, 1975, and 1994 games matched the top seeds of both conferences as originally intended, although the Pelican Bowl is known to have been promoted as a black national championship game all three seasons[98][99][100][101][102][103] (in 1991, however, the Heritage Bowl's committee intentionally issued the MEAC's bid to its second-seeded co-champion,[104] because one of the top-seeded co-champion's conference wins had been determined by a forfeit, instead of on the field);[105] **—the Steel Bowl/Vulcan Bowl (played after the 1940–48 and 1951 seasons) is known to have been promoted as a black national championship game after the 1940 and 1941 seasons

Yearly national championship selections

SeasonChampion(s)Record(s)Coach(es)Selector(s)Note(s)
1920Howard7–0Edward MorrisonCC, PC
Talladega5–0–1Jubie BraggPC
1921Lincoln (PA)8–1John A. ShelburneCAAC[106]record includes forfeited game (was 8–0)[107]
Talladega6–0–1Jubie BraggPC
Wiley7–0–1Jason GrantPC
1922Hampton6–1Gideon SmithPCrecord includes forfeited game (was 5–1)[108]
West Virginia Collegiate3–0–1Adolph HamblinCAAC[109]
1923Howard7–0–1Louis L. WatsonCAAC,[110] CCtied Lincoln (PA) in the Colored Championship game, 6–6[111]
Lincoln (PA)5–1–2Ulysses S. YoungCCtied Howard in the Colored Championship game, 6–6[111]
Virginia Union6–0–1Harold D. MartinPC
1924Lincoln (PA)7–1–1Ulysses S. YoungCAAC[112][113]record includes forfeited game (was 8–0–1)[114]
Wiley8–0–1Jason GrantPC
Tuskegee9–0–1Cleveland AbbottPC
1925Howard6–0–2Louis L. WatsonPC
Tuskegee8–0–1Cleveland AbbottCAAC,[115] PC
1926Howard7–0Louis L. WatsonCAAC,[112] PC
Tuskegee10–0Cleveland AbbottPC
1927Bluefield8–0–1Harry R. JeffersonPC
Tuskegee10–0–1Cleveland AbbottPC
1928Bluefield8–0–1Harry R. JeffersonPC
Wiley10–0–1Fred T. LongPC
1929Tuskegee9–0Cleveland AbbottCAAC,[116] PC
1930Tuskegee11–0–1Cleveland AbbottPCSouthern (5–1–1) was also named HBCU champions by an unspecified source with an unknown degree of credibility[117]
1931Wilberforce9–0Harry C. GravesPC
1932Wiley9–0Fred T. LongPC
1933Kentucky State4–3Henry KeanCAAC[118]
Morgan9–0Edward P. HurtPC
1934Kentucky State9–0Henry KeanCAAC,[118] PC
1935Kentucky State9–1Henry KeanCAAC[118]
Texas College9–0–2Ace MumfordChB, PC
1936Virginia State9–0–2Harry R. JeffersonPC
West Virginia State8–0Adolph HamblinPC
1937Morgan7–0Edward P. HurtPC
1938Florida A&M8–0William M. BellPC
1939Langston9–0Caesar Felton GaylesPC
1940Morris Brown10–1Artis P. GravesPC, SB
1941Langston10–1Caesar Felton GaylesVBrecord includes forfeited game (was 9–1–1)[119] Beat Morris Brown 13-0 in Vulcan Bowl
Morris Brown8–1Billy NicksPC
1942Florida A&M9–0William M. BellPC
1943Morgan State5–0Edward P. HurtPC
1944Morgan State6–1Edward P. HurtPC
1945Wiley10–0Fred T. LongPC
1946Morgan State8–0Edward P. HurtPC
Tennessee A&I10–1Henry KeanPC
1947Shaw10–0Howard K. WilsonNB, PC
Tennessee A&I10–0Henry KeanBAA, PC
1948Southern12–0Ace MumfordANP,[120] BAA, PC
Wilberforce State9–1–1Gaston F. LewisBAA
1949Morgan State8–0Edward P. HurtPC
Southern10–0–1Ace MumfordANP,[121] PC
1950Florida A&M8–1–1Jake GaitherPC
Southern10–0–1Ace MumfordANP,[121] PC
1951Morris Brown10–1Edward ClemonsPC
North Carolina A&T7–1–1William M. BellANP[122]
1952Florida A&M8–2Jake GaitherANP,[123] PC[124]
1953Florida A&M10–1Jake GaitherBAA
Prairie View A&M12–0Billy NicksADW,[125] ANP,[7] PC
Tennessee A&I8–0–1Henry KeanJBM
1954Florida A&M8–1Jake GaitherADW,[126] PC[127]
North Carolina College7–1–1Herman RiddickNFC, PC[127]
Prairie View A&M10–1Billy NicksADW,[126] PC[127]
Southern10–1Ace MumfordADW,[126] PC[127]
Tennessee A&I10–1Henry KeanADW,[126] ANP,[128] PC[127]
1955Grambling10–0Eddie RobinsonADW,[129] ANP,[130] PC
1956Tennessee A&I10–0Howard C. GentryADW,[131] ANP,[132] PC
1957Florida A&M9–0Jake GaitherADW,[133] PC
1958Prairie View A&M10–0–1Billy NicksADW,[126] ANP,[37] PCretired W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy as first three-time winner[126]
1959Florida A&M10–0Jake GaitherADW,[134] ANP,[135] PC
1960Southern9–1Ace MumfordADW,[136] ANP,[23] PCPrairie View A&M (10–1) was also named HBCU champions by an unspecified source with an unknown degree of credibility[137]
1961Florida A&M10–0Jake GaitherADW,[138] PC
1962Florida A&M9–1Jake GaitherADW[138]retired W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy as first three-time winner since the previous trophy had been retired;[139] won AP College Division Poll National Championship
Jackson State10–1John MerrittPC
1963Prairie View A&M10–1Billy NicksADW,[140] PC
1964Prairie View A&M9–0Billy NicksADW,[139] PC
1965Tennessee A&I9–0–1John MerrittADW,[141] PC
1966Tennessee A&I10–0John MerrittADW,[142] NPC
1967Grambling9–1Eddie RobinsonADW,[143] NPC
Morgan State8–0Earl BanksNPC
1968Alcorn A&M9–1Marino CasemADW,[144] NPC
North Carolina A&T8–1Hornsby HowellNPC
1969Alcorn A&M8–0–1Marino CasemADW,[145] NPC
1970Tennessee State11–0John MerrittADW,[146] NPC
1971Tennessee State9–1John MerrittADW,[147] NPC
1972Grambling11–2Eddie RobinsonADW,[148] MBN,[149] NPC, PBrecord includes forfeited game (was 10–2);[150] won Pelican Bowl
1973Tennessee State10–0John MerrittADW,[151] J,[152] MBN,[153] NPCretired W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy as first three-time winner (actually five-time winner by this point) since the previous trophy had been retired;[151] won AP and UPI College Division Poll National Championships; had players ruled ineligible for NCAA Division II Playoffs and declined bid[154]
1974Alcorn State9–2Marino CasemNPCdeclined automatic bid to Pelican Bowl to participate in NCAA Division II playoffs
Grambling State11–1Eddie RobinsonADW, J,[155] MBN,[156] NPC, PBwon Pelican Bowl
1975Grambling State10–2Eddie RobinsonADW, J,[157] MBN,[158] NBN,[80] NPCrecord includes forfeited game (was 10–1);[159] had SWAC championship ruled vacated and, by extension, not eligible for automatic bid to Pelican Bowl
Southern9–3Charles BatesPBwon Pelican Bowl
1976South Carolina State10–1Willie JeffriesADW, J,[160] MBN,[161] NPC
1977Florida A&M11–0Rudy HubbardADW, J,[162] MBN,[163] NBN,[79] NPCWinston–Salem State initially won the NBN championship, due to the reporting of an incorrect game result[164]
Grambling State10–1Eddie RobinsonNPC
South Carolina State9–1–1Willie JeffriesNPC
1978Florida A&M12–1Rudy HubbardADW, BCASB, J,[165] MBN,[81] NBN,[81] NPCwon NCAA Division I-AA Pioneer Bowl National Championship
1979Tennessee State8–3John MerrittADW, BCASB, J,[166] SBN
1980Grambling State10–2Eddie RobinsonADW, J,[167] SBNretired W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy as first three-time winner since the previous trophy had been retired[168]
1981South Carolina State10–3Bill DavisADW, SBN
Virginia Union11–1Willard BaileyJ[169]NCAA Division II
1982South Carolina State9–3Bill DavisADW
Tennessee State9–0–1John MerrittJ,[170] SBNrecord does not include voided games (was 10–1–1)[171]
1983Central State12–1Billy JoeJ[172]NCAA Division II
Grambling State8–1–2Eddie RobinsonSBN
Tennessee State8–2–1John MerrittADW
1984Alcorn State9–1Marino CasemADW, SBN
Tennessee State11–0William A. ThomasJ[173]
1985Hampton10–2Fred FreemanJ[174]NCAA Division II
Jackson State8–3W. C. GordenADW, SBN
1986Central State10–1–1Billy JoeADW, J,[175] SBNNCAA Division II
1987Central State10–1–1Billy JoeJ,[176] SBNNAIA
Howard0–10Willie JeffriesADWrecord includes forfeited games (was 9–1)[177]
1988Central State11–2Billy JoeADW, LAFCF, SBNNAIA
1989Central State10–3Billy JoeADW, SBNNAIA
1990Central State11–1Billy JoeADW, J,[178] SBNwon NAIA Division I Champion Bowl National Championship
North Carolina A&T9–2Bill HayesASW
1991Alabama State11–0–1Houston MarkhamADW, AHB, ASW, AURN, J[179]won Alamo Heritage Bowl I
1992Central State12–1Billy JoeADWwon NAIA Division I Champion Bowl National Championship
Grambling State10–2Eddie RobinsonASW, AURN, J[180]won Heritage Bowl II
1993Howard11–1Steve WilsonADW, AURN[181]declined automatic bid to Heritage Bowl III to participate in NCAA Division I-AA playoffs
Southern11–1Pete RichardsonASW, BCSR[54]won Heritage Bowl III
1994Hampton10–1Joe TaylorAURN
South Carolina State10–2Willie JeffriesADW, ASW,[182] BCSP,[183] HBwon Heritage Bowl IV
1995Southern11–1Pete RichardsonADW, ASW, AURNwon Jim Walter Homes Heritage Bowl V
1996Howard10–2Steve WilsonADW, AURN[184]won McDonald's Heritage Bowl VI
Jackson State10–2James CarsonASWdeclined automatic bid to McDonald's Heritage Bowl VI to participate in NCAA Division I-AA playoffs
1997Hampton10–2Joe TaylorAURN[185][186]declined automatic bid to McDonald's Heritage Bowl VII to participate in NCAA Division I-AA playoffs
Southern11–1Pete RichardsonADW, ASWwon McDonald's Heritage Bowl VII
1998Florida A&M11–2Billy JoeASW, AURNdeclined bid to McDonald's Heritage Bowl VIII (after MEAC's top seed also declined it) to participate in NCAA Division I-AA playoffs
Southern9–3Pete RichardsonADWwon McDonald's Heritage Bowl VIII; may have retired Coca-Cola National Historical Black College Football Championship Award as first three-time winner since the previous trophy had been retired (it is not immediately clear if this was done, however)
1999North Carolina A&T11–2Bill HayesADW, ASW, AURNdeclined automatic bid to McDonald's Heritage Bowl IX to participate in NCAA Division I-AA playoffs
2000Grambling State10–2Doug WilliamsASW
Tuskegee12–0Rick ComegyADW, AURN, BCSP[187]NCAA Division II
2001Florida A&M7–4Billy JoeADW
Grambling State11–0Doug WilliamsASW, AURN, BCSP[188]record includes forfeited game (was 10–1)[189]
Tuskegee11–1Rick ComegyBCSP[188]NCAA Division II
2002Bethune–Cookman11–2Alvin WyattBCSP[190]
Fayetteville State10–2Kenny PhillipsDCCC-MM[191]NCAA Division II
Grambling State11–2Doug WilliamsADW, ASW, AURN, BCSP,[190] DCCC-M[192]
2003Albany State10–2Mike WhiteDCCC-MM[191]NCAA Division II
Southern12–1Pete RichardsonADW, ASW, AURN, BCSP,[193] DCCC-M[194]
2004Albany State11–1Mike WhiteADW, BCSP,[195] DCCC-MM[196]NCAA Division II
Hampton10–2Joe TaylorASW, AURN, DCCC-M[197]
2005Grambling State11–1Melvin SpearsAURN, BCSP,[198] DCCC-M[199]
Hampton11–1Joe TaylorADW, ASW
North Carolina Central10–2Rod BroadwayDCCC-MM[200]NCAA Division II
2006Hampton10–2Joe TaylorASW, BCSP,[201] DCCC-M[202]
North Carolina Central11–1Rod BroadwayADW, AURN, BCSP,[201] DCCC-MM,[202] PCWDCNCAA Division II
2007Delaware State10–2Al LavanASW, DCCC-M[203]
Tuskegee12–0Willie J. SlaterADW, AURN, B-MP, BCSP,[204] DCCC-MM,[205] PCWDCNCAA Division II
2008Grambling State11–2Rod BroadwayADW, ASW, AURN, B-MP, BCSP,[206] DCCC-M,[207] PCWDC
South Carolina State10–3Oliver PoughBCSP[206]
Tuskegee10–1Willie J. SlaterDCCC-MM[208]NCAA Division II
2009Prairie View A&M9–1Henry Frazier IIIASW, BCSP,[209] DCCC-M[210]
South Carolina State10–2Oliver PoughADW,[211] AURN, B-CP, B-MP, BCSP,[209] PCWDC
Tuskegee10–2Willie J. SlaterDCCC-MM[212]NCAA Division II
2010Albany State11–1Mike WhiteAURN, BCSP,[213] DCCC-MM,[214] PCWDCNCAA Division II
Bethune–Cookman10–2Brian JenkinsASW, B-CP, B-MP
Texas Southern0–3Johnnie ColeDCCC-M[215]record does not include vacated games (was 9–3)[216]
2011Alabama State8–3Reggie BarlowDCCC-M[217]
Norfolk State0–3Pete AdrianASW, B-CP, HSRN-I[68]record does not include vacated games (was 9–3)[218]
Winston–Salem State13–1Connell MaynorAURN, B-MP, BCSP,[219] DCCC-MM,[217] HSRN-II&N,[68] NBT, PCWDCNCAA Division II
2012Arkansas–Pine Bluff10–2Monte ColemanASW, B-CP, HSRN-I[220]
Bethune–Cookman9–3Brian JenkinsAURN
Tennessee State8–3Rod ReedDCCC-M[221]
Winston–Salem State14–1Connell MaynorB-MP, BCSP,[222] DCCC-MM,[221] HSRN-II&N,[223] PCWDCNCAA Division II
2013Bethune–Cookman10–3Brian JenkinsAHSR-I,[35] B-CP, B-MP, DCCC-M,[224] PCWDC
Tennessee State10–4Rod ReedASW, AURN, BCSP,[225] HSRN-I[223]
Winston–Salem State10–2Connell MaynorAHSR-II,[35] DCCC-MM,[226] HSRN-II&N[223]NCAA Division II
2014Alcorn State10–3Jay HopsonAHSR-I,[227] AURN, B-CP, B-MP, BCSP,[228] DCCC-M,[226] HSRN-I,[226] TAJTT
Virginia State10–2Latrell ScottAHSR-II,[229] DCCC-MM,[226] HBCUS-PFP[65] HSRN-II&N[226]NCAA Division II
2015North Carolina A&T10–2Rod BroadwayAFRCB, AHSR-I,[230] AURN,[231] B-CP,[232] B-MP,[232] BCSP,[233] DCCC-M,[234] HBCUS-UP,[66] HSRN-I[70]
Tuskegee10–3Willie J. SlaterAHSR-II,[235] DCCC-MM,[234] HSRN-II&N[70]NCAA Division II
2016Grambling State12–1Broderick FobbsAFRCB,[236] AHSR-I,[34] AURN,[88] B-CP,[237] B-MP,[237] BCNC-I,[47] BCSP,[238] DCCC-M,[239] HSRN-I[69]
Tuskegee9–3Willie J. SlaterAHSR-II[36]NCAA Division II
Winston–Salem State9–3Kienus BoulwareBCNC-II&N,[47] DCCC-MM,[191] HSRN-II&N[69]NCAA Division II
2017North Carolina A&T12–0Rod BroadwayB-CP,[240] B-MP,[240] BCNC-I,[241] BCSP,[242] CeB, DCCC-M,[192] PNRN,[243] UMTC[95]
Langston10–1Quinton MorganDCCC-MM[192]NAIA
Virginia State10–1Reggie BarlowBCNC-II&N,[48] DCCC-MM[244]NCAA Division II
2018Bowie State9–3Damon WilsonBCNC-II&N,[245] DCCC-MM[192]NCAA Division II
North Carolina A&T10–2Sam WashingtonAFRCB, B-CP,[246] B-MP,[246] BCNC-I,[247] BCSP,[248] DCCC-M,[192] PNRN,[249] UMTC[95]
2019Bowie State11–1Damon WilsonBCNC-II&N,[250] BCSN-II&N,[50] DCCC-MM[251]NCAA Division II
Florida A&M9–2Willie SimmonsBCSN-I[49]ruled ineligible for MEAC championship and postseason play and, by extension, not eligible for automatic bid to Celebration Bowl[49]
North Carolina A&T9–3Sam WashingtonB-CP,[252] B-MP,[252] BCNC-I,[253] BCSP,[254] CeB, DCCC-M,[255] HBCUS-UP,[67] UMTC[95]
2020Alabama A&M5–0Connell MaynorPNRN,[256] B-CP,[42] B-MP,[42] BCSP,[257] DCCC-M[192]
2021Bowie State12–2Damon WilsonB-MP,[258] BCNC-II&N,[259] BCSN-II&N,[260] BCSP-II,[261] DCCC-MM,[192] UMTC[262]NCAA Division II
Jackson State11–2Deion SandersBCNC-I,[263] BCSN-I[264]
South Carolina State7–5Oliver PoughB-CP,[258] BCSP-I,[261] CCB, DCCC-M,[192] HBCUS-UP,[265] SIC[92]
2022Benedict11–1Chennis BerryB-CP,[266] BCNC-II&N,[267] BCSN-II&N,[268] DCCC-MM,[269] HBCUS-UP [270]NCAA Division II
North Carolina Central10–2Trei OliverB-CP, B-MP,[271] BCNC-I, BCSN-I, CCB, DCCC-M,[272] HBCUS-UP[273]

Source:[274]

Note: Record and coaches per the College Football Data Warehouse, unless indicated otherwise.

National championships by school

SchoolNational
champion­ships		Season(s)
Florida A&M161938, 1942, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1977, 1978, 1998, 2001, 2019, 2023
Tennessee State161946, 1947, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 2012, 2013
Grambling State151955, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1992, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2016
Tuskegee131924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1930, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2015, 2016
Southern111948, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1960, 1975, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2003
Central State81948, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992
North Carolina A&T81951, 1968, 1990, 1999, 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019
South Carolina State81976, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1994, 2008, 2009, 2021
Hampton71922, 1985, 1994, 1997, 2004, 2005, 2006
Howard71920, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1987, 1993, 1996
Morgan State71933, 1937, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1949, 1967
Prairie View A&M61953, 1954, 1958, 1963, 1964, 2009
Alcorn State51968, 1969, 1974, 1984, 2014
Bethune–Cookman42002, 2010, 2012, 2013
Jackson State41962, 1985, 1996, 2021
North Carolina Central41954, 2005, 2006, 2022
Virginia State41936, 1952, 2014, 2017
Wiley41921, 1928, 1932, 1945
Winston-Salem State42011, 2012, 2013, 2016
Albany State32003, 2004, 2010
Bowie State32018, 2019, 2021
Kentucky State31933, 1934, 1935
Langston31939, 1941, 2017
Lincoln (PA)31921, 1923, 1924
Morris Brown31940, 1941, 1951
Alabama State21991, 2011
Bluefield State21927, 1928
Talladega21920, 1921
Texas Southern21952, 2010
Virginia Union21923, 1981
West Virginia State21922, 1936
Alabama A&M12020
Arkansas–Pine Bluff12012
Benedict12022
Delaware State12007
Fayetteville State12002
Lincoln (MO)11952
Norfolk State12011
Paul Quinn11924
Shaw11947
Texas College11935
Wilberforce11931

See also

References

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