Bundaberg
Queensland
Bundaberg and the Burnett river
Bundaberg post office and war memorial
Hinkler House in the Bundaberg Botanic Gardens
Bundaberg Art Gallery
Historic architecture along Bourbong street
Bundaberg Rum Distillery
South Sea Islander Wall
(From left to right)
Aerial view of Bundaberg and the Burnett River,
Bundaberg Post Office and Bundaberg War Memorial,
Hinkler House in the Bundaberg Botanic Gardens,
Bundaberg Regional Art Gallery,
Historic architecture along Bourbong street,
Bundaberg Rum Distillery,
South Sea Islander wall
Bundaberg is located in Queensland
Bundaberg
Bundaberg
Coordinates24°51′58″S 152°20′58″E / 24.8661°S 152.3494°E / -24.8661; 152.3494 (Bundaberg (town centre))
Population
Established1870
Postcode(s)4670
Elevation15 m (49 ft)
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)
Location
LGA(s)Bundaberg Region
CountyCook
State electorate(s)Bundaberg
Federal division(s)Hinkler
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
26.5 °C
80 °F		 16.3 °C
61 °F		 1,142.6 mm
45 in

Bundaberg is a city in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia, and is the tenth largest city in the state.[3] Bundaberg's regional area has a population of 70,921,[2][4] and is a major centre of the Wide Bay–Burnett geographical region. The Bundaberg central business district is situated along the southern bank of the Burnett River, about 20 km (12 mi) from its mouth at Burnett Heads, and flows into the Coral Sea.[5] The city is sited on a rich coastal plain, supporting one of the nation's most productive agricultural regions. The area of Bundaberg is the home of the Taribelang-Bunda peoples. Popular nicknames for Bundaberg include "Bundy" and "Rum city". The demonym of Bundaberg is Bundabergian.

The district surveyor, John Thompson Charlton designed the city layout in 1868, which planned for uniform square blocks with wide main streets, and named it ‘Bundaberg’. [6] An early influence on the development of Bundaberg came with the 1868 Land Act, which was a famous Queensland via media, that aimed to create a class of Australian yeoman.[7]

Large sugarcane plantations were established throughout the 1880s, with industries of sugar mills, refineries, and rum distilleries that delivered prosperity to Bundaberg.[8] These plantations used South Sea Islanders as indentured labourers, many of whom were blackbirded, a practice considered of form of slavery.[9][10] The trade was outlawed in 1904, with most South Sea Islanders deported by 1906.[11]

Major floods in 1942 and 1954 damaged the river, ending Bundaberg's role as a river port and led to a new port at the mouth of the Burnett river.[12] In the post-war era, Bundaberg continued to grow with its wealth tied to its sugar industry.[13] In 2013, Bundaberg experienced record flooding from Cyclone Oswald, which was the worst disaster in the city's history.[14]

The economy of Bundaberg is based primarily on agriculture, forestry, fishing and tourism, with a gross regional product at about $5.07 billion.[15] Bundaberg also has a major distillery and brewery industry that exports to international markets.[16] The city is served by the Port of Bundaberg and the Bundaberg Airport.

Bundaberg has a rich history and culture, along with its humid subtropical climate it is known for its weeping fig trees, dry stone walls, and historic plantations, including the Fairymead Plantation and the Sunnyside Sugar Plantation, the latter of which is the site of a mass grave.[17] Other sites of South Sea Islander cultural significance include Sir Anthony's Rest atop the Bundaberg Hummock and the South Sea Islander Church. Bundaberg is also considered a paranormal hotspot, and is known for its ghost tours.[18][19] Major cultural institutions include the Hinkler Hall of Aviation and the Bundaberg Regional Art Gallery. The city's culinary culture is highlighted by its annual 'Banquet on the Bridge',[20] and an iconic rum and gin culture with Bundaberg Rum originating in the city.

Bundaberg is a popular tourism destination, the city's hinterland includes the historic towns of Childers and Gin Gin, Lake Monduran, Cania Gorge National Park and the Promisedland mountain bike trails. Bundaberg's coastal areas include Bargara and Mon Repos, Deepwater National Park, and the southernmost reaches of the Great Barrier Reef alongside the islands of Lady Musgrave and Lady Elliot.

Geography

The city is about 385 kilometres (239 mi) north of the state capital, Brisbane. It is 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) inland from the Coral Sea coast and situated on the Burnett River.

Etymology

City name

The name was coined by surveyor John Charlton Thompson and his assistant Alfred Dale Edwards. Bunda was derived from the name of one of the kinship groups of the local Taribelang people, and appended with the suffix "berg". Two sources of the suffix have been proposed. It is a Saxon suffix which means "hill".[21] It is also a German word which translates as "mountain", and refers to the Sloping Hummoch, the singular hill rising above the relatively flat region surrounding the Burnett River on which the city is situated.

Colloquially the city is known as "Bundy". Residents are referred to by the demonym Bundaberger, and the corresponding adjective is Bundabergian.

Bourbong street

Bourbong Street is the main street of the city and there is some controversy in regards to its spelling and meaning; Bourbong was alternatively spelled Bourbon or Boorbong, which was a local Aboriginal title given to a large waterhole in the area.[22] The main street was historically also gazetted in the Bundaberg Mail as "Bourbon" street, but by 1941 there is no reference to "Bourbon" street. Robert Strathdee's farming selection in the vicinity of the watering holes was recorded on early survey maps as 'Boorbung'.[23]

A pioneer pastoralist of the region, Nicholas Tooth, wrote that "Bourbong" was derived from the local Aboriginal phrase "bier rabong", meaning "plenty dead". Tooth, who took up land in the area in the early 1860s, found that Aboriginal people resolutely avoided the "bier rabong" vicinity. He later found the skeletal remains there of around twenty Aboriginal people who were apparently massacred in a raid by the Native Police.[24]

History

Burnett River

Early history

The Traditional owner Aboriginal group are the Taribelang people. They are the original inhabitants of the region.[25]

Initial British colonisation

The first non-indigenous man to visit the area was James Davis in the 1830s. He was an escaped convict from the Moreton Bay Penal settlement who lived with the Kabi people to the south of the region. He resided mostly around the Mary River and was referred to as Durrumboi.[26] The Burnett River was surveyed by John Charles Burnett, after whom it was named during his exploration mission of the Wide Bay and Burnett regions in 1847.[27][28]

British occupation of the land in the region began in 1848 when pastoral squatters Gregory Blaxland Jnr and William Forster established a sheep station. Blaxland was a son of the Blue Mountains explorer, Gregory Blaxland, and Forster was later to become a Premier of New South Wales. They selected a very large area of land which encompassed most of the western part of the modern day Bundaberg Region along the Burnett River. They named this pastoral lease Tirroan.

Blaxland and Forster had previously set up sheep stations near the Clarence River and had a notable history of conflict with Aboriginal people.[29] Sheep stations imposed on native bushland disrupt native food production, typically resulting in widespread hunger and illness amongst native peoples. Conflict continued at Tirroan when two of their shepherds were killed by Aboriginal people in 1849. Forster and Blaxland led a punitive expedition causing multiple Aboriginal deaths. Further conflict occurred the following year when Blaxland was clubbed to death. Forster and a number of other squatters conducted another reprisal, resulting in a large massacre of Aboriginal people in scrubland toward the coastal part of Tirroan.

In the early 1850s, Forster sold the property to Alfred Henry Brown who changed the name of the pastoral lease to Gin Gin. At the same time, Native Police officer, Richard Purvis Marshall, took up the Bingera leasehold in the rainforest scrubland downstream from Tirroan. Three towns in the Bundaberg region, Tirroan, South Bingera and Gin Gin, commemorate these massive initial leaseholds.[30][31]

Sketch of Bundaberg, North Queensland, 1877 (State Library of Queensland)

Cattle and logging

Timber workers
South Sea Islanders on the deck of a ship arriving in Bundaberg, 1895
South Sea Islander woman planting sugar cane in a field, c.1897
Promotional float for Paramount Theatre for White Zombie with actors in blackface, Bundaberg ca. 1930s.

Before colonisation, much of the land around the lower reaches of the Burnett River consisted of either the Woongarra Scrub, a subtropical rainforest that stood where most of the Bundaberg canefields now grow, or the Barolin Plains, a lightly timbered grassland that stretched along the coastal fringe. Neither of these areas were suitable for sheep farming but the British soon found that raising cattle was possible. In the early 1860s the first cattle stations in the area were established; Branyan on the south side of the Burnett River and Tantitha on the north side.[31][32]

Timber companies, such as that owned by William Pettigrew, started the logging of the Woongarra Scrub in 1867.[31] In 1868, Samuel Johnston erected a sawmill in Waterview, on the north bank of the Burnett River.[33][34] The Waterview sawmill became a prominent supplier of timber until its closure in 1903 after being damaged by flood.[35]

Town of Bundaberg

In 1867, timber-getters and farmers, John and Gavin Steuart, established the Woondooma property which consisted of a few houses and a wharf on the northern banks of the Burnett River where Bundaberg North now stands.[36][33] An official survey of the area was undertaken in 1869 by John Charlton Thompson,[33] assisted by James Ellwood and Alfred Dale Edwards,[37] and the town of Bundaberg was gazetted across the river on the higher, southern banks. The first Bundaberg land sale was held in Maryborough on 11 May 1870 where hotelier John Foley bought the original lots.[31][38]

Sugar

Most of the early settlers exploited the timber and grew maize on their selections but as a result of the incentives of the Sugar and Coffee Regulations of 1864, sugar became a major component in Bundaberg's development from the 1870s. Experimental sugar cane cultivation in the district was first grown at John Charlton Thompson's Rubyanna property in 1870 and the first sugar mill was built by Richard Elliot Palmer at his Millbank plantation in 1872.[39][40] Bundaberg rapidly became an important sugar production region after the construction of the Millaquin Sugar Refinery at East Bundaberg by Robert Cran and his sons in 1882.[41] The Fairymead sugar processing plant owned by the Young Brothers (Arthur, Horace and Ernest Young) opened in 1884 which further augmented Bundaberg's sugar producing capacity.

The initial 35 years of the sugar industry in Bundaberg was reliant on South Sea Islander workers, who were often blackbirded and kept in a status close to slavery. The first significant shipload of Kanaka labour, as it was called, to arrive on the Burnett River came in January 1872 aboard the Petrel.[42] Allegations of kidnapping and wounding immediately arose concerning the recruitment of the Islanders on this vessel.[43] Influential Bundaberg plantation owners were able to purchase recruiting ships in order to obtain labour directly from areas such as the Solomon Islands and the New Hebrides. The Young Brothers owned the Lochiel and the May vessels,[44][45] the Cran family and Frederic Buss were the major investors in the Helena while the Ariel was co-owned by a number of local planters.[46] While some of the recruitment was voluntary, violence and deception toward Islanders often took place. For example, the crew of the Helena fought a battle with the locals of Ambrym while taking Islanders from there.[47]

These labourers had to work for three years and were only paid at the end of this time period. Instead of cash, they usually received substandard goods and trinkets of minimal value as payment.[48] Excessive mortality of the Islanders while serving their term of labour in the Bundaberg region was frequent. Overwork, poor housing, inadequate food, contaminated water supplies and a lack of medical care all contributed to the high death rate. Penalties for the plantation owners whose neglect resulted in these fatalities were rare and did not exceed a £10 fine.[49][50] Importing South Sea Islander labour was made illegal in 1904 and enforced repatriation of these workers out of Bundaberg and other locations in Queensland occurred from 1906 to 1908.[51]

Holy Rosary Catholic Church, Bundaberg, 1939

The 1911 Queensland sugar strike occurred after the phasing out of South Sea Islander labour, with workers claiming that many plantation owners had substituted black indentured labourers (sometimes referred to as slaves) with white ones. Workers sought better accommodation, wages and conditions, including an eight-hour day and a minimum weekly wage of 30 shillings, including food. The mobilisation of unionists from Bundaberg to Mossman was a major achievement, with the 1911 strike lasting over seven weeks in Bundaberg where the town's economy was largely based on the sugar industry.[52] The end result of the strike was a Commonwealth Royal Commission into the sugar industry in 1911–12, which had been initially requested by Harry Hall, a Bundaberg AWA organiser in 1908 with a petition signed by 1500 Bundaberg sugar workers.[53] The Royal Commission, with ALF Secretary Albert Hinchcliffe as secretary, concluded the AWA demands had been justified. The union victory was a watershed in organised labour in Queensland and Australia.[54][55]

Vaudeville marquees on Quay Street on the banks of the Burnett River, 1935

Further progress

Buss Park vista, the Church of England to the left, and the Presbyterian Church and the Ambulance Building in the background, 1946
Bundaberg War Memorial in front of the Bundaberg Post Office, 1948

St Joseph's School opened on June 1876.[56]

With the passage of the Local Authorities Act 1902, Barolin Division became the Shire of Barolin and the Borough of Bundaberg became the Town of Bundaberg on 31 March 1903. On 22 November 1913, Bundaberg was proclaimed a City.[57]

In 1912 Bundaberg pioneering aviator Bert Hinkler built and successfully flew his own glider on Mon Repos beach. He also completed a noteworthy non-stop flight from London to Turin in 1920. The following year in 1921 Hinkler flew from Sydney to Bundaberg, non-stop, in a record breaking flight of 8 and a half hours, in the process beating a telegram he had sent to his mother, to warn her of his arrival.[58]

The Bundaberg War Memorial commemorating those who died in the Anglo-Boer War and World War I was unveiled by Major-General Charles Brand on 30 July 1921.[59][60] The Bundaberg digger was imported from Italy and is constructed of Italian marble. The completed memorial, at a cost of £1,650, was the third most costly to be erected in Queensland. It is a major regional memorial and one of the two most intact digger memorials that remain in their original settings of intersections.

The Bundaberg tragedy of 1928 resulted in the deaths of 12 children in a 24-hour period after they were administered a contaminated diphtheria vaccine.[61]

In 1941 the Sisters of Mercy purchased the house Brabourne (originally owned by prominent citizen Frederick Buss) and established St Mary's Hostel, for women and girls working in or visiting Bundaberg. After World War II, doctors were calling for modern hospital facilities in Bundaberg, so the Sisters converted the hostel into the Mater Private Hospital, a 24-bed hospital with an operating theatre, chapel, and accommodation for the nurses and maids, officially opening on 28 July 1946. The nurses were initially all nuns, but they established a training school for other women to become nurses. The hospital expanded over the years with additional beds, operating theatres, X-ray, pathology and a dedicated children's ward. It was the first hospital in Queensland to use the Zeiss ophthalmic microscope, the first regional hospital in Queensland to have a lymphoedema clinic, and to use facial recognition technology for endoscopic sinus surgery.[62]

In the 1960s the township was completely flooded by the Burnett river. In 1967 Bundaberg celebrated its centenerary by producing a coin and opening The Bundaberg and District Historical Museum in the Bundaberg Botanical Gardens in Bundaberg North.

Bundaberg in the 21st century

In December 2010, Bundaberg suffered its worst floods in 60 years, when floodwaters from the Burnett River inundated hundreds of homes.[63]

Two years later, in January 2013, Bundaberg experienced its worst flooding in recorded history as a result of Cyclone Oswald. Floodwaters from the Burnett River peaked at 9.53 metres. Over 4,000 properties and 600 businesses had been affected by floodwaters, which moved in excess of 70 km/h.[64] Two defence force Blackhawk helicopters were brought in from Townsville as part of the evacuation operation, which ultimately used an additional 14 aircraft.

In the 2016 census the city of Bundaberg had a population of 50,148 people.[1]

On 6 April 2018, Prince Charles visited Bundaberg Rum Distillery[65] He stated, “I'm thrilled that this Distillery's proving to be the one that produces some of the most famous and special of all rums around the world."[65]

In 2018, the Australian Bureau of Statistics estimated the population of Bundaberg's significant urban area was 70,921 people.[2]

Heritage listings

Aerial view from the west

Bundaberg has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Demographics

In the 2016 Census, there were 69,069 people in Bundaberg (Significant Urban Area).

  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 4.3% of the population.
  • 81.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 3.2%, New Zealand 1.8%, Philippines 0.7%, South Africa 0.5% and Scotland 0.4%.
  • 88.9% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 0.5%, Italian 0.4%, German 0.3%, Afrikaans 0.2% and Tagalog 0.2%.
  • The most common responses for religion were No Religion 26.3%, Catholic 18.7% and Anglican 18.6%.[87]

Climate

Bundaberg has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) with hot, wet summers and mild, dry winters. The mean daily maximum temperature is highest in January at 30.7 °C (87.3 °F), and the mean daily minimum is lowest in July at 10.7 °C (51.3 °F).[88] The coldest temperature recorded in Bundaberg is −0.7 °C (30.7 °F),[89] and some inland areas of Bundaberg sometimes experience frosts. The mean annual rainfall is 935.9 mm (36.85 in).

Climate data for Bundaberg Aero, Queensland, Australia (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1942−present); 31 m AMSL
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 37.1
(98.8)		 38.6
(101.5)		 38.5
(101.3)		 33.0
(91.4)		 31.2
(88.2)		 28.8
(83.8)		 29.0
(84.2)		 31.1
(88.0)		 34.2
(93.6)		 35.8
(96.4)		 37.1
(98.8)		 37.6
(99.7)		 38.6
(101.5)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 32.6
(90.7)		 32.5
(90.5)		 31.6
(88.9)		 29.6
(85.3)		 27.1
(80.8)		 25.1
(77.2)		 24.6
(76.3)		 26.0
(78.8)		 28.2
(82.8)		 29.6
(85.3)		 30.8
(87.4)		 32.1
(89.8)		 32.6
(90.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 30.7
(87.3)		 30.5
(86.9)		 29.6
(85.3)		 27.8
(82.0)		 25.1
(77.2)		 23.0
(73.4)		 22.7
(72.9)		 23.9
(75.0)		 26.1
(79.0)		 27.4
(81.3)		 28.9
(84.0)		 30.1
(86.2)		 27.2
(80.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.2
(79.2)		 26.1
(79.0)		 25.0
(77.0)		 22.8
(73.0)		 19.8
(67.6)		 17.5
(63.5)		 16.7
(62.1)		 17.6
(63.7)		 20.1
(68.2)		 22.1
(71.8)		 23.9
(75.0)		 25.4
(77.7)		 21.9
(71.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.7
(71.1)		 21.7
(71.1)		 20.3
(68.5)		 17.7
(63.9)		 14.5
(58.1)		 12.0
(53.6)		 10.7
(51.3)		 11.2
(52.2)		 14.1
(57.4)		 16.8
(62.2)		 18.9
(66.0)		 20.7
(69.3)		 16.7
(62.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F) 18.9
(66.0)		 19.2
(66.6)		 17.9
(64.2)		 15.3
(59.5)		 9.5
(49.1)		 6.9
(44.4)		 5.3
(41.5)		 6.2
(43.2)		 9.9
(49.8)		 13.4
(56.1)		 15.8
(60.4)		 17.6
(63.7)		 5.3
(41.5)
Record low °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2)		 15.7
(60.3)		 13.5
(56.3)		 8.3
(46.9)		 3.3
(37.9)		 1.3
(34.3)		 0.8
(33.4)		 1.7
(35.1)		 5.1
(41.2)		 7.5
(45.5)		 10.6
(51.1)		 11.0
(51.8)		 0.8
(33.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 142.3
(5.60)		 161.9
(6.37)		 102.4
(4.03)		 45.0
(1.77)		 63.0
(2.48)		 52.0
(2.05)		 25.3
(1.00)		 33.3
(1.31)		 36.9
(1.45)		 84.1
(3.31)		 70.1
(2.76)		 118.1
(4.65)		 934.4
(36.78)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 9.4 10.0 8.6 5.8 5.4 4.5 3.0 3.4 3.5 5.5 6.0 7.7 72.8
Average relative humidity (%) 64.5 67.5 65.0 63.5 63.5 62.5 59.5 56.0 56.5 58.5 60.0 61.5 61.5
Average dew point °C (°F) 20.3
(68.5)		 20.6
(69.1)		 19.1
(66.4)		 16.7
(62.1)		 13.8
(56.8)		 11.3
(52.3)		 9.7
(49.5)		 10.1
(50.2)		 12.7
(54.9)		 15.1
(59.2)		 17.1
(62.8)		 18.8
(65.8)		 15.4
(59.8)
Source 1: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1991-2020 normals)[90]
Source 2: Australian Bureau of Meteorology (1942-present extremes)[91]

Suburbs of Bundaberg

Aerial view to the north

Increasing population in Bundaberg is extending residential development into rural localities, such as Ashfield.[92]

Economy

Looking down Bourbong Street, Bundaberg town centre.
Bundaberg town centre with Bundaberg General Post Office to the right.
Young woman riding on the back of a turtle at Mon Repos Beach, near Bundaberg, ca. 1930.

Subtropical Bundaberg is dependent to a large extent on the local sugar industry. Extensive sugar cane fields have been developed throughout the district. Value-adding operations, such as the milling and refinement of sugar, and its packaging and distribution, are located around the city. A local factory that manufactured sugar-cane harvesters was closed down after it was taken over by the US multinational corporation Case New Holland. Most of the raw sugar is exported.[40] A bulk terminal for the export of sugar is located on the Burnett River east of Bundaberg.

Another of the city's exports is Bundaberg Rum, made from the sugar cane by-product molasses. Bundaberg is also home to beverage producer Bundaberg Brewed Drinks Vintage Soda, Craft Brewery Ballistic Brewing Company and Craft Distillery's Waterview Distillery and Kalki Moon.

Commercial fruit and vegetable production is also significant: avocado, banana, bean, button squash, capsicum, chilli, citrus, cucumber, custard apple, egg fruit, honeydew melon, lychee, mango, passionfruit, potato, pumpkin, rockmelon, snow peas, stone fruit, sweet corn, sweet potato, tomato, watermelon, zucchini.[93] Macadamia nuts are also grown.[94] Due to the year-round farm work available in Bundaberg, the city has a high number of working hostels for backpackers looking to extend their working holiday visa in Australia. The hostels provide backpackers with work on farms across the Bundaberg area. However, the hostels and farms have received huge criticism in the press and on social media due to the treatment some backpackers have faced.[95][96] The Courier-Mail have reported claims of poor living conditions, underpayment and allegations of sexual abuse which they say has led to backpackers warning others about working hostels in Bundaberg.[97]

Because of its high rate of unemployment, Bundaberg has been referred to as the "dole capital of Australia".[98]

Tourism

Tourism is an important industry in Queensland, and Bundaberg is known as the 'Southern Gateway to the Great Barrier Reef'.[33] The city lies near the southern end of the reef in proximity to Lady Elliot and Lady Musgrave Islands. The nearby town of Bargara is an increasingly popular holiday and retirement destination.

bundy rum office
Bundaberg Rum Tours

Nearby beaches are popular with both locals and tourists.[99] Moore Park Beach, to the city's north, has 20 kilometres (12 mi) of golden sandy beach. Beaches on the southern side of the Burnett River are (from north to south) the Oaks Beach, Mon Repos, Nielson Park,[100] Bargara Beach, Kellys Beach, Innes Park and Elliott Heads.

Cania Gorge National Park, Deepwater National Park, Eurimbula National Park and Kinkuna National Park, located in the Bundaberg region are popular with campers and bush-lovers.[99]

Tours of the Bundaberg Rum distillery and attractions at Bundaberg Botanic Gardens, such as the 2 ft narrow gauge[101] Australian Sugar Cane Railway, are also popular with tourists.[99] The Mystery Craters, 35 unexplained water-filled holes in the ground, discovered in 1971 at South Kolan, are also a tourist attraction.[102]

Opened in 2002 by the former member for Hinkler Paul Neville, the Tom Quinn Community Centre gardens (a multiple "Bundy in Bloom" winner) is a site to be seen with local flora and fauna, its own cafe, marketplace, chapel, green house, training facilities, woodwork and indigenous nature section.[103]

Opened in December 2008, the Hinkler Hall of Aviation is an historical aviation tourist attraction that celebrates pioneer solo aviator Bert Hinkler. In 1928, Hinkler was the first person to fly solo from England to Australia.[104] The museum includes an exhibition hall, featuring multi-media exhibits, a flight simulator, a theatre, five aircraft and the historic Hinkler House.

Other local attractions and events include the Whaling Wall, East Bundaberg Water Tower, Baldwin Swamp Environmental Park, Alexandra Park Zoo, Buss Park, Barrell House, Bundy in Bloom, Whale watching, reef tours of Lady Musgrave & Lady Elliiot islands, the Bundaberg Show, Bundaberg & Childers Regional Art Galleries, the Bundaberg Gliding school, Fishing Charters, the Bundaberg International Air Show, and the Woongarra Marine Park.

Museums and galleries

The Bundaberg region contains a variety of museums and art galleries that showcase the region's history and culture.[105]

South Kolan Mystery Craters
Bundaberg Rum Factory, Bundaberg

Memorials

Culture

Arts and entertainment

Bundaberg has two cinemas. The Reading Cinemas, on Johanna Boulevarde, west Bundaberg, and the Moncrieff Entertainment Centre (formerly known as the Moncrieff Theatre), located on Bourbong Street, central Bundaberg. The Moncrieff Entertainment Centre also holds live musical and theatrical performances year round.[107]

The Bundaberg Regional Art Gallery (BRAG) is a large multi-purpose visual arts facility located in central Bundaberg.[108] The Bundaberg Regional Council operates a public library at 49 Woondooma Street.[109]

Media

The NewsMail newspaper is published in Bundaberg from Monday to Saturday. It is available in print and online.[110] Several community newspapers are also available including the Guardian,[111] The Bugle[112] & the Bundaberg Coastline[113]

Bundaberg is served by three commercial television stations (Seven Queensland, WIN Television and 10) and publicly owned services (ABC TV) and (SBS).

Local news coverage of Bundaberg and the Wide Bay is provided on all three commercial networks with both Seven News and WIN Queensland's WIN News half-hour bulletins airing at 5:30 each weeknight. Southern Cross Austereo also airs brief local news & weather updates at various intervals throughout the day on Channel 10.

The city has been the location for three film sets:

Sport

Mitchell Langerak, former Bundaberg footballer, who is now playing for Nagoya Grampus in the J1 League

Most major Australian sporting codes are played in Bundaberg.

Australian rules

Bundaberg has two current clubs playing in the AFL Wide Bay competition.

  • Across The Waves Bundaberg Eagles (merger of North Bundaberg and Souths/ATW Magpies)
  • Brothers Bulldogs (formerly West Bundaberg)

Basketball

Bundaberg has two professional teams competing in the ConocoPhillips Central Queensland Cup. They are the Bundaberg Autobarn Bulls (men) and Bundaberg Bears (women) and both feature local players.

Rowing

Bucca Weir, west of Bundaberg, is an eight lane rowing course home to Bundaberg Rowing Club. It hosts the Queensland School's Championship Regatta each year in September, as well as numerous local regattas. [117]

Rugby league

The Bundaberg Rugby Football League is a nine-club competition run under the Queensland Rugby League's Central Division. Bundaberg competes in the Central Division's 47th Battalion Shield and the Bundaberg Grizzlies formerly competed in the Queensland Cup statewide competition.

Soccer

The Bundaberg Soccer Football Association was formed at the Grand Hotel on 1 May, 1923.[118] In 2023 Bundaberg Football will celebrate the centenary of formation of the Association, however there's evidence that soccer football has been played in Bundaberg and surrounding districts since at least the 1890's.[119][120]

Bundaberg was home to the Bundaberg Spirit soccer club. They participated in the Queensland State League against other teams across Queensland.

Tennis

The Bundaberg & District Tennis Senior Association operates eleven floodlit clay courts in Drinan Park, Bundaberg West at the corner of George & Powers Streets.[121] Competition tennis is played all year round. The Bundaberg & District Junior Tennis Association operates five artificial grass courts, and two granite courts.

Croquet

Bundaberg Croquet Club is the oldest Croquet club in Australia.[122]

Community groups

The Bundaberg branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the QCWA Hall at 15 Quay Street, Bundaberg Central.[123] The Hinkler branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association meets at the McDonalds Central Bundaberg on the corner of Woongarra & Targo Street, Bundaberg Central.[123]

Education

There are many public and private primary schools in Bundaberg. Bundaberg South State School opened on 11 May 1891, with an enrollment of 167 students and under the direction of William Benbow.[124][125] The school celebrated its 125-year anniversary in 2016.[125]

Bundaberg has three public high schools, Bundaberg North State High School which opened on 29 January 1974,[126][124] Bundaberg State High School which opened on 30 January 1912 [127][124] (the second-oldest high school in Queensland that is still open)[124] and Kepnock State High School which opened on 28 January 1964.[124][128] There are also three main private secondary schools: Shalom Catholic College, St Luke's Anglican School, and Bundaberg Christian College.

There is a campus of the Wide Bay Institute of Technical and further education on Walker St and a campus of the Central Queensland University, located adjacent to the airport. There is a campus of the Booth College at the Salvation Army's Tom Quinn Community Centre.[129]

Transport

View of Bundaberg town centre from the Burnett River bridge.

Bundaberg Airport has flights to Brisbane and Lady Elliot Island. The city is home to the Jabiru Aircraft Company, which designs and manufactures a range of small civil utility aircraft.

Bundaberg's bus operator is Duffy's City Buses. As of 2013, they transport over 1000 passengers in town services, and over 2000 passengers in school services every day.[130] Routes extend to the beach suburbs of Burnett Heads, Bargara, and Innes Park. Stewart & Sons also operates bus services in the area.[131]

Bundaberg is serviced by several Queensland Rail passenger trains, including the Tilt Train and is approximately four and a half hours north of Brisbane by rail. The closed North Bundaberg station formerly served the Mount Perry railway line and is now a museum.

South of Bundaberg at 24°56'43"S 152°22'5"E, there is one of the weirdest crossings of two railway lines, as there criosses a narrow gauge railway line of a sugar plantage a normal gauge railway on a drawbridge .

Bundaberg is situated at the end of the Isis Highway (State Route 3), approximately 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of its junction with the Bruce Highway. Many long-distance bus services also pass through the city.

Bundaberg Port is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) northeast of the city, at the mouth of the Burnett River. The port is a destination for ships from Australia and overseas. It is predominantly used for shipping raw sugar and other goods related to that industry such as Bundaberg Rum.

Health

Bundaberg is served by three hospitals. One public hospital, Bundaberg Base Hospital on Bourbong St, and two private hospitals, Friendly Society Private Hospital & Mater Hospital.

The Friendly Society Hospital has undergone a redevelopment and forms part of the GP Super Clinic Program.[132]

Bundaberg is also home to the Royal Flying Doctor Service, who regularly transport patients to Bundaberg from more rural and remote areas, as well as transferring critically ill patients to Brisbane for specialist care.

Military

Bundaberg houses two military bases. Bundaberg Army Barracks and Training Ship (TS) Bundaberg. Bundaberg barracks contains mostly infantrymen and army cadets. TS Bundaberg houses mostly Cadet staff and Navy Cadets.

Sister cities

The city council responsible for the Bundaberg Region maintains Sister City arrangements with two cities.[133]

City Since
China Nanning, China12 May 1998
Japan Settsu, Japan9 November 1998

People

Notable residents

Bert Hinkler is memorialised in many places throughout Bundaberg
Mal Meninga is an inductee of the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame

Representatives

Current

Former

Notes

  1. 1 2 Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Bundaberg (UCL)accessdate=20 October 2018". 2016 Census QuickStats.
  2. 1 2 3 "3218.0 – Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2017–18: Population Estimates by Significant Urban Area, 2008 to 2018". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 27 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2019. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.
  3. ↑ "Bundaberg – population centre in the Bundaberg Region (entry 5190)". Queensland Place Names. Queensland Government. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  4. ↑ "Main Features - Different Definitions of Urban". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 9 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
  5. ↑ "Map of Burnett River, QLD". Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia. Archived from the original on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
  6. ↑ Gay Nolan, Janette (February 1977). A History of Bundaberg, 1840-1920. UQ: University of Queensland. p. Chapter 5, Page 20.
  7. ↑ Gay Nolan, Janette (February 1977). A History of Bundaberg, 1840-1920. UQ: University of Queensland. p. Chapter 3, Page 69.
  8. ↑ Gay Nolan, Janette (February 1977). A History of Bundaberg, 1840-1920. UQ: University of Queensland. p. Chapter 6, Page 148.
  9. ↑ Gay Nolan, Janette (February 1977). A History of Bundaberg, 1840-1920. UQ: University of Queensland. p. Chapter 9, Page 1.
  10. ↑ Kroeger, Brooke (31 August 2012). Undercover Reporting: The Truth About Deception. Northwestern University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780810163515. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  11. ↑ Tracey Flanagan, Meredith Wilkie, and Susanna Iuliano. "Australian South Sea Islanders: A Century of Race Discrimination under Australian Law" Archived 14 March 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Australian Human Rights Commission.
  12. ↑ Gay Nolan, Janette (February 1977). A History of Bundaberg, 1840-1920. UQ: University of Queensland. p. Chapter 12, Page 292.
  13. ↑ Gay Nolan, Janette (February 1977). A History of Bundaberg, 1840-1920. UQ: University of Queensland. p. Chapter 12, Page 300.
  14. ↑ "Thousands isolated as flood threat continues". ABC News. 30 January 2013. Archived from the original on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  15. ↑ "Bundaberg Regional Council: Economic Profile". .id community. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
  16. ↑ "Bundaberg Rum Visitor Experience". ABC News. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  17. ↑ "Sugar, slaves and stone walls". ABC News. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  18. ↑ "Paranormal Bundy: The places where you're most likely to have a spooky encounter". Courier Mail. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  19. ↑ "Spine-tingling suspense in new Midnight Ghost Tour". Bundaberg Today. 30 May 2021. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  20. ↑ "Enjoy dinner and drinks on the Burnett Bridge". Bundaberg Today. 29 March 2021. Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  21. ↑ "EARLY BUNDABERG". Daily Mail. No. 6679. Queensland, Australia. 23 July 1923. p. 8. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  22. ↑ "Correspondence". Cairns Post. Vol. XXIV, no. 641. Queensland, Australia. 18 January 1910. p. 7. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  23. ↑ Rackemann (1992), Bundaberg, p. 48
  24. ↑ "MEETINGS". The Brisbane Courier. Vol. LI, no. 11, 556. Queensland, Australia. 28 January 1895. p. 3. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  25. ↑ Haydon, Cam. "Aboriginal heritage". Discover Bundaberg. Archived from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
  26. ↑ Petrie, C.C. "Tom Petrie's Reminiscences of Early Queensland". archive.org. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  27. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ↑ "Christ Church, Bundaberg" (PDF). Bundaberg Regional Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2015.
  29. ↑ "CLARENCE RIVER HISTORICAL SOCIETY". Daily Examiner. Vol. 28, no. 8999. New South Wales, Australia. 5 June 1937. p. 8. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2018 – via National Library of Australia.
  30. ↑ Laurie, Arthur (1 January 1952), Early Gin Gin and the Blaxland tragedy, Royal Historical Society of Queensland, archived from the original on 25 March 2021, retrieved 23 April 2020
  31. 1 2 3 4 Nolan, Janette Gay (1 January 1978), A history of Bundaberg, 1840-1920, The University of Queensland, School of History, Philosophy, Religion, and Classics, archived from the original on 25 March 2021, retrieved 23 April 2020
  32. ↑ "EARLY BUNDABERG". The Bundaberg Mail. Queensland, Australia. 4 April 1925. p. 8. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  33. 1 2 3 4 "History of Bundaberg". Bundaberg Regional Council. Archived from the original on 17 February 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  34. ↑ "History of Bundaberg". Bundaberg Regional Council. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  35. ↑ Kerr, John (1998). "Report on Site Visits" (PDF): 298. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2013. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  36. ↑ "Bundaberg". Archived from the original on 14 May 2016.
  37. ↑ Bundaberg – From Pioneers to Prosperity. (1992) Neville Rackemann. p46 ISBN 0-646-12555-9
  38. ↑ "GOVERNMENT LAND SALE". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 12 May 1870. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  39. ↑ "THE QUEENSLAND, STEAMER, AT BUNDABERG". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 12 March 1872. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  40. 1 2 Hall, James; Dening, Jill (1988). Beautiful Sugar Country. West End, Queensland: Child & Associates Publishing. p. 2. ISBN 0-949267-86-4.
  41. ↑ "MILLAQUIN REFINERY". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 20 October 1882. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  42. ↑ "SHIPPING INTELLIGENCE". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 16 January 1872. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2020 – via Trove.
  43. ↑ "THE CHARGE OF KIDNAPPING ON BOARD THE PETREL". The Brisbane Courier. Queensland, Australia. 27 January 1872. p. 5. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2020 – via Trove.
  44. ↑ "Schooner Lochiel". The Telegraph. Queensland, Australia. 20 September 1900. p. 7. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  45. ↑ "A Successful Recruiting Trip". The Queenslander. Queensland, Australia. 2 February 1895. p. 197. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  46. ↑ "BUNDABERG". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 5 December 1884. p. 2. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  47. ↑ "TRIP OF THE "HELENA."". Morning Bulletin. Queensland, Australia. 12 November 1888. p. 5. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  48. ↑ Docker, Edward W. (1970). The Blackbirders. Angus and Robertson. ISBN 9780207120381.
  49. ↑ "Kanaka Mortality at Bundaberg". The Queenslander. Queensland, Australia. 1 December 1883. p. 893. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  50. ↑ "EXCESSIVE KANAKA MORTALITY". Toowoomba Chronicle and Darling Downs General Advertiser. Queensland, Australia. 29 July 1893. p. 3. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  51. ↑ "KANAKA DEPORTATION". The Queenslander. Queensland, Australia. 20 October 1906. p. 28. Archived from the original on 25 March 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2020 – via Trove.
  52. ↑ Janette Nolan, Bundaberg, history and people, St Lucia: University of Queensland press, 1978, p. 147.
  53. ↑ Brisbane Courier, 21 October 1908, p.5; Nolan, p. 146.
  54. ↑ "Fallon House (entry 602814)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  55. ↑ Dr K H Kennedy, "The Rise of the Amalgamated Workers Association" in Lectures on North Queensland History, James Cook University, Second Series 1975, pp. 198–199.
  56. ↑ Queensland Family History Society (2010), Queensland schools past and present (Version 1.01 ed.), Queensland Family History Society, ISBN 978-1-921171-26-0
  57. ↑ Queensland Government Gazette, Vol. CL, 22 November 1913, p.1422.
  58. ↑ O'Connor, T. (1996). A Pictorial History Of Queensland. Brisbane: Robert Brown & Associates (Qld) Pty Limited, pp.271–272.
  59. ↑ "Bundaberg Soldiers' Memorial". The Queensland Times (DAILY ed.). Ipswich, Qld. 1 August 1921. p. 6. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2014 – via National Library of Australia.
  60. ↑ "Bundaberg War Memorial". Monument Australia. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
  61. ↑ Akers, Harry; Porter, Suzette (2008). "Bundaberg's Gethsemane: the tragedy of the inoculated children" (PDF). Royal Historical Society of Queensland Journal. 20 (7): 261–278.
  62. ↑ Whittington, Dorothy. "18 July 2021". The Sunday Mail. p. 72.
  63. ↑ Calligeros, Marissa and Cameron Atfield (30 December 2010). "Second Queensland town evacuated due to floodwater". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 18 July 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
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  65. 1 2 "HRH Prince Charles visits the Bundaberg Rum distillery in Australia". Diageo. 6 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  66. ↑ "Kalkie State School (entry 600971)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  67. ↑ "Bourbong Street Weeping Figs (entry 602065)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  68. ↑ "Bundaberg War Memorial (entry 600364)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  69. ↑ "Bundaberg War Nurses Memorial and Park (entry 600365)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  70. ↑ "Kennedy Bridge (entry 600367)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  71. ↑ "Bundaberg Post Office (Place ID 106125)". Australian Heritage Database. Australian Government. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  72. ↑ "Bundaberg School of Arts (entry 600362)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  73. ↑ "Commercial Bank of Sydney (former) (entry 600363)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  74. ↑ "601533". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
  75. ↑ "St John's Lutheran Church, Bundaberg (entry 602815)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  76. ↑ "South Sea Islander Church and Hall (entry 602052)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
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  81. ↑ "Saltwater Creek Railway Bridge (entry 600370)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
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  114. ↑ imdb page for The Delinquents Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 9 March 2014
  115. ↑ imdb page for The Mango Tree Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 9 March 2014
  116. ↑ imdb page for Talking Back at Thunder Archived 20 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 20 February 2017
  117. ↑ "Events". Rowing Queensland. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  118. ↑ "Soccer Football". Bundaberg Mail. 3 May 1923. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  119. ↑ "Football". Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser. 20 July 1896. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
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  123. 1 2 "Branch Locations". Queensland Country Women's Association. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  124. 1 2 3 4 5 "Opening and closing dates of Queensland Schools". Queensland Government. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
  125. 1 2 "Bundaberg South State School 1891–2016" (PDF). imags. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
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  128. ↑ "Kepnock SHS". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  129. ↑ "Tom Quinn Community Centre, Bundaberg". Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  130. ↑ "Duffy's City Buses". Duffy's City Buses. Archived from the original on 27 March 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  131. ↑ "Stewart and Sons Coaches". stewarts-coaches.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014.
  132. ↑ "GP Super Clinics Programme". Archived from the original on 15 July 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  133. ↑ bundaberg.qld.gov.au/sistercity Archived 10 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Bundaberg Regional Council. Retrieved 4 September 2014.

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