Bunting
Cirl bunting (Emberiza cirlus)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Emberizoidea
Family: Emberizidae
Vigors, 1831
Genus: Emberiza
Linnaeus, 1758
Type species
Emberiza citrinella
Species

44, see text

Synonyms
  • Onychospina Bonaparte, 1853
  • Onychospiza Rey, 1872 (incorrect subsequent spelling)

The buntings are a group of Old World passerine birds forming the genus Emberiza, the only genus in the family Emberizidae. The family contains 45 species. They are seed-eating birds with stubby, conical bills.

Taxonomy

The family Emberizidae was formerly much larger and included the species now placed in the Passerellidae (New World sparrows) and Calcariidae (longspurs and snow buntings). Molecular phylogenetic studies found that the large family consisted of distinct clades that were better treated as separate families.[1][2]

The genus Emberiza is now the only genus placed in the family Emberizidae.[3] The genus was introduced by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.[4] The type species was subsequently designated as the yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella).[5] The genus name Emberiza is from Old German Embritz, a bunting.[6] The origin of the English "bunting" is unknown.[7]

A 2008 genetic study found that three emberizid species that were placed in their own monotypic genera clustered within the Emberiza. These were the crested bunting (Melophus lathami), the slaty bunting (Latouchiornis siemsseni), and the corn bunting (Miliaria calandra).[8] All three species are now included in the genus Emberiza.[3]

A large DNA-based study of the passerines published in 2019 found that the buntings are most closely related to the longspurs and snow buntings in the family Calcariidae.[9]

Ornithologists Edward Dickinson and Leslie Christidis in the fourth edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World chose to split up Emberiza and recognise the genera Fringillaria, Melophus, Granativora, Emberiza, and Schoeniclus.[10] Their example has not been followed by the online version of the Handbook of the Birds of the World[11] nor by Frank Gill and David Donsker in the list of world birds that they maintain on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.[3] The British Ornithologists' Union has argued that splitting the genus provides little benefit and destabilizes the nomenclature.[12]

Species in the New World genus Passerina include the word "bunting" in their common names, but are now classed in the family Cardinalidae.[13]

The family is divided into four major clades. The species in Clade I are mainly African while those in Clades II to IV are Palearctic:[14]

Emberizidae
Clade I

Cabanis's bunting – Emberiza cabanisi

Golden-breasted bunting – Emberiza flaviventris

Somali bunting – Emberiza poliopleura

Cape bunting – Emberiza capensis

Lark-like bunting – Emberiza impetuani

Socotra bunting – Emberiza socotrana

Gosling's bunting – Emberiza goslingi

Cinnamon-breasted bunting – Emberiza tahapisi

Striolated bunting – Emberiza striolata

House bunting – Emberiza sahari

Clade II

Yellow-throated bunting – Emberiza elegans

Slaty bunting – Emberiza siemsseni

Ochre-rumped bunting – Emberiza yessoensis

Common reed bunting – Emberiza schoeniclus

Pallas's bunting – Emberiza pallasi

Yellow-browed bunting – Emberiza chrysophrys

Grey bunting – Emberiza variabilis

Tristram's bunting – Emberiza tristrami

Chestnut bunting – Emberiza rutila

Yellow-breasted bunting – Emberiza aureola

Little bunting – Emberiza pusilla

Rustic bunting – Emberiza rustica

Yellow bunting – Emberiza sulphurata

Black-faced bunting – Emberiza spodocephala

Clade III

Crested bunting – Emberiza lathami

Black-headed bunting – Emberiza melanocephala

Red-headed bunting – Emberiza bruniceps

Clade IV

Corn bunting – Emberiza calandra

Chestnut-eared bunting – Emberiza fucata

Tibetan bunting – Emberiza koslowi

Jankowski's bunting – Emberiza jankowskii

Meadow bunting – Emberiza cioides

Rock bunting – Emberiza cia

Godlewski's bunting – Emberiza godlewskii

Cirl bunting – Emberiza cirlus

White-capped bunting – Emberiza stewarti

Pine bunting – Emberiza leucocephalos

Yellowhammer – Emberiza citrinella

Grey-necked bunting – Emberiza buchanani

Cinereous bunting – Emberiza cineracea

Cretzschmar's bunting – Emberiza caesia

Ortolan bunting – Emberiza hortulana

The above cladogram is based on a study published in 2021. The phylogenetic relationships of two African species, the brown-rumped bunting (Emberiza affinis) and Vincent's bunting (Emberiza vincenti), were not determined.[14]

List of species

The genus contains 44 species.[3]

ImageCommon NameScientific nameDistribution
Crested buntingEmberiza lathamiSoutheast Asia.
Slaty buntingEmberiza siemsseniChina.
Corn buntingEmberiza calandraWestern Europe and North Africa across to northwestern China.
YellowhammerEmberiza citrinellasoutheast England and most of Europe east to the northwestern corner of Russia and western Ukraine.
Pine buntingEmberiza leucocephalosAsia
Rock buntingEmberiza cianorthwest Africa, southern Europe east to central Asia, and the Himalayas
Godlewski's buntingEmberiza godlewskiiChina, Pakistan, India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Myanmar, and Russia.
Meadow buntingEmberiza cioidessouthern Siberia, northern and eastern China, eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Korea and Japan.
White-capped buntingEmberiza stewartiAfghanistan, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Jankowski's buntingEmberiza jankowskiiRussian Far East, Manchuria and far northeastern Korea
Grey-necked buntingEmberiza buchananiCaspian Sea to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia
Cinereous buntingEmberiza cineraceasouthern Turkey and southern Iran
Ortolan buntingEmberiza hortulanaEuropean countries and western Asia
Cretzschmar's buntingEmberiza caesiaGreece, Turkey, Cyprus and the Levant.
Cirl buntingEmberiza cirlussouthern Europe, on the Mediterranean islands and in north Africa
Striolated buntingEmberiza striolataChad, east through south-west Asia to north-western India, Africa
House buntingEmberiza saharinorthwestern Africa from Morocco south to Mali and east to Chad.
Lark-like buntingEmberiza impetuaniAngola, Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
Cinnamon-breasted buntingEmberiza tahapisimainland sub-Saharan Africa
Gosling's buntingEmberiza goslingiMauritania and Senegal to south-western Sudan and north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo.
Socotra buntingEmberiza socotranaYemen
Cape buntingEmberiza capensissouthern Africa from south-western Angola, eastern Zambia, Zimbabwe and southern Tanzania to the Cape.
Tristram's buntingEmberiza tristramieastern Manchuria and the Russian Far East and winters in central and southern China.
Chestnut-eared buntingEmberiza fucatathe Himalayas locally across China to south-eastern Siberia, Korea and northern Japan
Little buntingEmberiza pusillanorth-east of Europe and northern Eurosiberia to the Russian Far East and northern India, southern China and the northern parts of south-east Asia.
Yellow-browed buntingEmberiza chrysophryseastern Siberia, China
Rustic buntingEmberiza rusticasouth-east Asia, Japan, Korea, and eastern China.
Yellow-throated buntingEmberiza elegansChina, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Russia, and Taiwan.
Yellow-breasted buntingEmberiza aureolaFinland to Bering Sea migrating to Indochina
Somali buntingEmberiza poliopleuraEthiopia, Kenya, Somalia, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda
Golden-breasted buntingEmberiza flaviventrisAfrica south of the Sahara
Brown-rumped buntingEmberiza affinisSenegal to Sudan and Uganda
Cabanis's buntingEmberiza cabanisisub-Saharan Africa
Chestnut buntingEmberiza rutilaSiberia, northern Mongolia and north-eastern China.
Tibetan buntingEmberiza koslowiTibet
Black-headed buntingEmberiza melanocephalaJapan, China, Hong Kong, Thailand, Laos, South Korea and Malaysia
Red-headed buntingEmberiza brunicepsAsia-Afghanistan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia; Russian Federation (European Russia, Central Asian Russia), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
Yellow buntingEmberiza sulphurataJapan
Black-faced buntingEmberiza spodocephalasouthern Siberia across to northern China.
Masked buntingEmberiza personataSakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and Japan.
Grey buntingEmberiza variabilisKamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and northern Japan
Pallas's reed buntingEmberiza pallasinortheast European Russia, north Kamchatka
Ochre-rumped buntingEmberiza yessoensiseastern Mongolia, northeast China and Ussuriland
Common reed buntingEmberiza schoeniclusEurope

Extinct species have been described:[15]

  • † Long-legged bunting (Emberiza alcoveri) (Late Quaternary)
  • † Emberiza shaamarica (Late Pliocene of Central Asia)[16]
  • † Emberiza polgardiensis (Upper Miocene of Hungary)
  • † Emberiza media (Pliocene of Hungary)
  • † Emberiza parva (Pliocene of Hungary)
  • †Emberiza gaspariskii (Pliocene of Hungary)
  • †Emberiza bartoki (Middle Miocene of Hungary) (Nomen dubium) [16]

Emberiza pannonica from the upper Miocene of Hungary is also referred to this genus, but was later found to be a member of Muscicapidae.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2013). "Going to extremes: contrasting rates of diversification in a recent radiation of New World passerine birds". Systematic Biology. 62 (2): 298–320. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys094. PMID 23229025.
  2. ↑ Barker, F.K.; Burns, K.J.; Klicka, J.; Lanyon, S.M.; Lovette, I.J. (2015). "New insights into New World biogeography: An integrated view from the phylogeny of blackbirds, cardinals, sparrows, tanagers, warblers, and allies". Auk. 132 (2): 333–346. doi:10.1642/AUK-14-110.1.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2021). "Sylviid babblers, parrotbills, white-eyes". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 22 May 2022.
  4. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. p. 176.
  5. ↑ Paynter, Raymond A. Jr, ed. (1970). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 13. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 5.
  6. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ↑ "Bunting". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  8. ↑ Alström, P.; Olsson, U.; Lei, F.; Wang, H.; Gao, W.; Sundberg, P. (2008). "Phylogeny and classification of the Old World Emberizini (Aves, Passeriformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 47 (3): 960–973. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.12.007. PMID 18411062.
  9. ↑ Oliveros, C.H.; et al. (2019). "Earth history and the passerine superradiation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 116 (16): 7916–7925. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.7916O. doi:10.1073/pnas.1813206116. PMC 6475423. PMID 30936315.
  10. ↑ Dickinson, E.C.; Christidis, L., eds. (2014). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 2: Passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. pp. 353–357. ISBN 978-0-9568611-2-2.
  11. ↑ del Hoyo, Joseph (ed.). "Taxonomic structure and notes: Emberizidae". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
  12. ↑ Sangster, G.; et al. (2016). "Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: 11th report". Ibis. 158 (1): 206–212. doi:10.1111/ibi.12322.
  13. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Cardinals, grosbeaks and (tanager) allies". World Bird List Version 9.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 24 June 2019.
  14. 1 2 Cai, T.; Wu, G.; Sun, L.; Zhang, Y.; Peng, Z.; Guo, Y.; Liu, X.; Pan, T.; Chang, J.; Sun, Z.; Zhang, B. (2021). "Biogeography and diversification of Old World buntings (Aves: Emberizidae): radiation in open habitats". Journal of Avian Biology. 52 (6). doi:10.1111/jav.02672. S2CID 236608560.
  15. ↑ Rando, J. C.; Lopez, M.; Segui, B. (1999). "A new species of extinct flightless passerine" (PDF). The Condor. 101 (1): 1–13. doi:10.2307/1370440. JSTOR 1370440.
  16. 1 2 3 Palastrova, E.S; Zelenkov, N. (2020). "A Fossil Bunting Emberiza shaamarica (Aves, Emberizidae) from the Upper Pliocene of Central Asia". Paleontological Journal. 54 (6): 96–104. Bibcode:2020PalJ...54..652P. doi:10.1134/S0031030120060076. S2CID 227133794.

Further reading

Buntings and Sparrows - A Guide to the Buntings and North American Sparrows by Urban Olsson and Jon Curson, illustrated by Clive Byers (1995) ISBN 1-873403-19-4

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