The Canadian Indian residential school system were a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. Directed and funded by the Department of Indian Affairs, and administered mainly by Christian churches, the residential school system removed and isolated Indigenous children from the influence of their own native culture and religion in order to forcefully assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture. Given that most of them were established by Christian missionaries with the express purpose of converting Indigenous children to Christianity, schools often had nearby mission churches with community cemeteries. Students were often buried in these cemeteries rather than being sent back to their home communities, since the school was expected by the Department of Indian Affairs to keep costs as low as possible. Additionally, occasional outbreaks of disease led to the creation of mass graves when the school had insufficient staff to bury students individually.[1]

An unknown number of students died while attending the Canadian Indian residential school system. Comparatively few cemeteries associated with residential schools are explicitly referenced in surviving documents; however, the age and duration of the schools suggests that most had a cemetery associated with them.[1] Most cemeteries were unregistered, and as such the locations of many burial sites of residential school children have been lost. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada has called for "the ongoing identification, documentation, maintenance, commemoration, and protection of residential school cemeteries or other sites at which residential school children were buried."[2]

Bodies, unmarked graves, and potential burial sites have been identified near residential school sites across Canada since the 1970s, mainly using ground-penetrating radar. To date, the sites of unmarked graves are estimated to hold the remains of more than 1,900 previously unaccounted individuals, mostly children. However, across the entire residential school system, the number of identifiable children who are documented as having died while in their custody is over 4,100 individuals; the fourth volume of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada "identified 3,200 deaths on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's Register of Confirmed Deaths of Named Residential School Students and the Register of Confirmed Deaths of Unnamed Residential School Students".[2] The issue of unmarked graves gained renewed attention after an anthropologist detected ground disturbances on radar at Kamloops Indian Residential School in May 2021, and concluded that these were 215 "probable burials" (this number was later revised to 200).[3][4] Several similar announcements followed over the ensuing months, leading to commemorations and protests, followed by a series of arsons against Christian buildings and the 2022 "penitential" visit to Canada by Pope Francis.

Background

The Canadian Indian residential school system was a network of boarding schools for Indigenous peoples. They were funded by the Department of Indian Affairs branch of the Canadian government, and administered by Christian churches across the country. The school system was created to remove and isolate Indigenous children from the influence of their own native culture and religion in order to forcefully assimilate them into the dominant Canadian culture.[5][6][7][8] The residential school system ran for over 120 years, with the last school closing in 1997. A significant number of Indigenous children died while attending residential schools, mostly from disease or fire, with some schools experiencing rates as high as 1 death per 20 students during the deadliest years. Most of the recorded student deaths at residential schools took place before the 1950s. Anti-tuberculosis antibiotics became widely used in the 1950s, which led to a decline in the incidence of the disease.[9][10] An exact number of school-related deaths remains unknown due to poor record-keeping.[11] Few school cemeteries are explicitly documented, however given the age of the institutions and the duration of time over which they operated, it is likely that most had a cemetery associated with them.[1] Some were officially associated with schools historically but were overgrown and abandoned after the school closed, while others may have been unmarked burial sites even while the school was in operation. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Report estimates the number of unmarked graves to be 3,200. However, other sources state this is a conservative estimate, and the actual number could be much higher.[12][13]

The fourth volume of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's (TRC) final report, dedicated to missing children and unmarked burials, was developed after the original TRC members realized, in 2007, that the issue required its own working group. In 2009, the TRC requested $1.5 million in extra funding from the federal government to complete this work, but was denied.[11] The researchers concluded, after searching through available records, analyzing satellite imagery and maps of school sites, and visiting a representative sample of sites across the country, that, "for the most part, the cemeteries that the Commission documented are abandoned, disused, and vulnerable to accidental disturbance".[2]: 1 This research done by the Commission resulted in the creation of a centralized database of information about where children who died at residential school are buried. Of the 139 recognized residential schools, 59 cemeteries were identified by the commission, and 55 individual reports detailing information about the history of each cemetery were created.[14]

The effort to fully document the children that never returned home from the schools remains ongoing. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission identified 1,953 children, 477 where additional investigation is required and an additional 1,242 students who have known to have died but their names are not yet known. The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR) has conducted further review of the records and has added an additional 471 students to the memorial. This number is expected to climb as additional work is conducted. In total there are presently 4,126 children within the national student memorial register.[15] Research efforts by the NCTR are ongoing, and this number will increase over time. At present, the memorial only contains the names of students who attended schools covered by the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement (IRSSA) and does not include students who died while attending day schools or other non-IRSSA schools.[16]

Investigation of unmarked gravesites

Since the 1970s, investigations into unmarked gravesites around residential schools have taken place using a variety of methods, including non-invasive archaeological tools such as ground-penetrating radar. The announcement of preliminary results from one such investigation at the former site of Kamloops Indian Residential School in May 2021 made international news and led to wider and renewed calls to investigate other former school sites for unmarked graves.

Summary of suspected and confirmed gravesites

Summary of suspected unmarked graves at residential schools
Location Institution Suspected graves Confirmed graves Date Manner of identification Ref.
Battleford, SK Battleford Industrial School — 74 1974 74 unmarked graves were identified and excavated in 1974, through archival research, surface examination, and excavation. [17]
Fort Providence, NWT Sacred Heart Mission School 298 — 1992–1994 Community historical research and ground-penetrating radar [18]
High River, AB Dunbow Industrial School — 34 1996 34 individuals' remains in caskets were exposed when the banks of the Highwood River eroded in a flood. [19]
Saddle Lake Cree Nation, AB Blue Quills Indian Residential School 19 "numerous" 2004; April 19, 2023 Accidental discovery of child-sized skeletons wrapped in white cloth, suspected to be a mass burial of typhoid victims since 2004; ground-penetrating radar [20]
Regina, SK Regina Indian Industrial School — 35–40 2012 Historical records and archaeological investigation [21]
Lestock/Muskowekwan First Nation, SK Muscowequan Indian Residential School 10–15 19 1992, 2018–2019 19 graves uncovered during water line construction (1992); 10–15 potential graves identified by ground-penetrating radar (2018–2019) [22][23]
Kamloops, BC Kamloops Indian Residential School 200 — May 28, 2021 Ground-penetrating radar [4]
Brandon, MB Brandon Indian Residential School 104 — June 4, 2021 Archival research, interviews, ground-penetrating radar, and electromagnetic ground conductivity [24]
Marieval, SK Catholic church cemetery near Marieval Indian Residential School 751 — June 24, 2021 Archival research, interviews, ground-penetrating radar [25]
Cranbrook/Ktunaxa First Nation, BC St. Eugene Hospital near Kootenay Island Residential School 182 — June 30, 2021 Ground-penetrating radar and work associated with earlier remedial work around adjacent community cemetery [26]
Kuper Island/Penelakut Island, BC Kuper Island Indian Industrial School 160 — July 8, 2021 Ground-penetrating radar and interviews [27]
Delmas, SK Thunderchild Residential School 44 1 Late 2021 The gravestone of 14-year old Henry Atcheynum was found by a farmer a kilometre from the site of a ground-penetrating radar search around the former school grounds [28]
Williams Lake, BC St. Joseph's Mission Residential School 159 — January 25, 2022 Ground-penetrating radar, LiDAR; Phase 1 findings identified 93 potential graves, Phase 2 findings identified 66 more [29][30]
Kamsack, SK St. Philip's Indian Residential School 12 — February 15, 2022 Oral history and ground-penetrating radar [31]
Fort Pelly, SK Fort Pelly residential school 42 — February 15, 2022 Oral history and ground-penetrating radar [31]
Grouard, AB Grouard (St. Bernard's) Residential School 54 — March 1, 2022 Ground-penetrating radar [32]
Grouard, AB community cemetery near Grouard (St. Bernard's) Residential School 115 — March 1, 2022 Ground-penetrating radar [32]
Punnichy, SK George Gordon Indian Residential School 14 — April 20, 2022 Ground-penetrating radar [33]
Sandy Bay, MB Sandy Bay Indian Residential School 13 — May 2022 Ground-penetrating radar [34]
Sagkeeng First Nation, MB community surrounding Fort Alexander (Pine Falls) Indian Residential School — — June 6, 2022 Ground-penetrating radar located 190 soil disturbances which were not asserted to be graves. None were on the grounds of the school. [35]
Star Blanket Cree Nation, SK Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School — 1 January 12, 2023 The search discovered a fragment of a child's jawbone.

Ground-penetrating radar yielded over 2000 "hits", not all of which are suspected to be graves as of January 2023.

 [36]
Wauzhushk Onigum Nation, ON St. Mary's Indian Residential School 171 — January 16, 2023 Ground-penetrating radar [37][38]
Tseshaht First Nation Alberni Indian Residential School 17 — February 21, 2023 Ground-penetrating radar found 17 suspected graves, and historical research involving interviews with survivors identified the total number of students to have died at AIRS as 67. [39][40]
shíshálh Nation St. Augustine's Indian Residential School 40 — April 20, 2023 Ground-penetrating radar [41][42]
Joussard, AB St. Bruno's Indian Residential School 88 — June 26, 2023 Ground-penetrating radar
English River First Nation Beauval Indian Residential School 93 — August 29, 2023 "a combination of GPR technology, geoscience and archaeological expertise" [43]
Carcross, Yukon Chooutla Indian Residential School 12 — September 26, 2023 "ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and a magnetometer" [44]

Battleford

Battleford Industrial School's final principal expressed concern over future generations forgetting the cemetery containing the bodies of former students at the school site:

When the Battleford school closed in 1914, Principal E. Matheson reminded Indian Affairs that there was a school cemetery that contained the bodies of seventy to eighty individuals, most of whom were former students. He worried that unless the government took steps to care for the cemetery, it would be overrun by stray cattle. Matheson had good reason for wishing to see the cemetery maintained: several of his family members were buried there. These concerns proved prophetic, since the location of this cemetery is not recorded in the available historical documentation, and neither does it appear in an internet search of Battleford cemeteries.[45]

The land was never officially registered as a cemetery, and became dilapidated and vandalised. In 1974, five students from the Department of Anthropology and Archaeology at the University of Saskatchewan excavated 72 graves at the Battleford school cemetery, constituting nearly all of the 74 people buried in the cemetery.[17][46] Most of the people buried there are former students of the Industrial School. During the excavation, the contents of each unmarked grave were uncovered, identified, and recorded, then re-covered and marked with a marble marker, before a chain-link fence was erected around the outside of the site. On August 31, 1975, the burial ground was reconsecrated by the students in a ceremony, during which a cairn was erected with the names of fifty students known to be buried there.[17]

In 2019, the cemetery was designated Provincial Heritage Property by the Government of Saskatchewan.[47][48]

Sacred Heart (Fort Providence)

From 1992 to 1994, Albert Lafferty, a Métis resident of Fort Providence, Northwest Territories, led research into the old community cemetery, located near the site of the former Sacred Heart Mission School (operated by the Catholic Church from 1867 to 1960) and the mission's associated hospital. Lafferty was prompted by a desire to follow up on stories he had heard in the community about unmarked graves. He found that the missionaries established the first on that site cemetery in 1868, but relocated the remains of eight missionaries that had been buried there to the present location of the Catholic cemetery in 1929. In relocating, they had left behind the remains of hundreds of Indigenous people buried there, and the cemetery was ploughed over in 1948, after which it became a potato field. Over the course of his research, which was facilitated by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mackenzie–Fort Smith in Yellowknife and involved the use of ground-penetrating radar, Lafferty identified 298 people likely buried at the site in unmarked graves. This number includes adults, as well as 161 children from across the Dehcho who attended the Sacred Heart Mission School.[18] Some members of the community believe the actual number of interred students is much higher,[49] while a separate study estimates the site holds a total of 150 children and adults.[50] In 2013,[50] a memorial was erected on the site, which lists the names or identities (in the case of individuals whose names are unknown) of the people buried at the site. Since around 2009, former NWT premier Stephen Kakfwi made annual pilgrimages to the site to honour the dead in ceremony, and has encouraged community members, as well as representatives of religious institutions and governments to do the same.[51][52] In July 2021, Deh Gáh Got’ı̨ę First Nation confirmed that they would try to complete a further search of the former school grounds before the first snowfall, though community healing and acquiring funding were priorities.[18][53]

St. Joseph's (Dunbow)

In 1996, a flood eroded the banks of the Highwood River, exposing the caskets and remains of some of the 73 children known to have died while attending Dunbow Industrial School, also referred to as St. Joseph's. In May 2001, the remains of 34 children were identified and re-interred at a site further from the river, following First Nations, Métis, and Christian traditions. Since then, local resident Laurie Sommerville has worked on identifying the names of some of the deceased children, and had identified 27 as of May 2013.[54][19]

Regina

In 2010 and 2012, an archaeological survey utilizing ground-penetrating radar was conducted over the south part of the privately owned plot of land that held the cemetery associated with the Regina Indian Industrial School (RIIS). The survey found likely evidence of 38 graves, including 6 outside of the fenced boundary of the cemetery.[55] Documents from 1921 indicated that a prairie fire likely destroyed the wooden crosses marking thirty to forty gravesites. The cemetery is located at the western edge of the former property at 701 Pinkie Road. In 2014, an unpublished report by the Regina Planning Department indicated that the site contained the remains of about 35 First Nations and Métis children, as well as the bodies of two children of the school's first principal. The principal himself and his wife are also known to be buried there, attested by a "small and barely visible gravestone" and "the only surviving marker in the cemetery" as of 2012.[55] In September 2016, the cemetery received municipal heritage status, and in July 2017 it received provincial heritage status. It had been privately owned farmland since the 1980s.[21] According to the CBC, the land was "recovered" in 2011. An arrangement was reached between the private owners of the property the cemetery was on, the RCMP, and the RIIS Commemorative Association, and in 2019, a land transfer ceremony was held to give the land to the Commemorative Association.[56] In the weeks before Canada's first National Day for Truth And Reconciliation on September 30, 2021, 38 orange metal feathers were placed in the ground on the site, to mark the 38 gravesites believed to be located there. The metal markers were donated by Pasqua First Nation and Pro Metal Industries.[57] The site is encircled by a white picket fence.[58]

Brandon

Brandon Residential School in 1920

Beginning in 2012, a team from the Sioux Valley Dakota Nation and Simon Fraser University investigated two cemetery sites at Brandon Indian Residential School in Brandon. The project, which received funding to continue its work in April 2019, was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[24][59] In addition to two previously known cemeteries, the project found a possible third burial site.[60] On June 4, 2021, it was announced that 104 potential graves had been located, of which 78 are accountable through historical records.[24][61] Excavations of the anomalies have found no human remains.[62][63]

Marieval

Marieval Residential School in 1923

A community graveyard next to Marieval Indian Residential School in Marieval on the lands of Cowessess First Nation was first used in 1885 prior to the establishment of the school, and as such included not only the graves of children but also adult Catholic parishioners.[64][65] However, by 2021, only an estimated third of the graves remained marked.[64]

The archbishop of Regina Don Bolen said that the loss of headstones occurred at least partly in the 1960s when an Oblate priest and a local First Nations chief "entered into a conflict" and the priest then used a bulldozer to knock over "huge numbers of tombstones."[66] One person claiming relatives in the cemetery said he knew the workers who picked up the headstones.[67] In 2019, the Archdiocese of Regina provided the Cowessess First Nation $70,000 to identify the unmarked graves and restore the cemetery.[66][67]

A subsequent search for unmarked gravesites was delayed two years due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[68] In May 2021, the Cowessess First Nation announced it would search the site using ground-penetrating radar in collaboration with a group from Saskatchewan Polytechnic.[64] It started on June 1 and was expanded four times after anecdotes from elders that bodies had been buried past the school grounds.[68]

On June 24, 2021, Cowessess First Nation Chief Cadmus Delorme announced that findings from the preliminary survey indicated the presence of up to 751 unmarked graves near the former site of the school.[25][64][69][66] The preliminary figure was the largest number of potential or confirmed unmarked graves associated with a given residential school according to the Federation of Sovereign Indigenous Nations (FSIN), which represents Saskatchewan's First Nations.[70] Delorme underlined, "This is not a mass grave site. These are unmarked graves."[69] In noting that the radar technology used had an error rate of 10–15%, he concluded that as a result of the loss of the headstones, "today, we have over 600 unmarked graves."[66][71]

On October 8, 2021, it was announced that names had been put to 300 of the gravesites. The identification was made possible through the records of the RCMP, the Catholic Church, and Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, as well as band members' oral stories.[65]

A press release published January 20, 2022 announced the identification of the 751 unmarked graves as belonging to "both former children who attended the Residential School and locals, both First Nation and non-First Nations," and stating that more research had to be done to be able to "share the true story by identifying which children did not make it home."[72]

Kamloops

Kamloops Residential School in 1920

In 2021, Sarah Beaulieu, an anthropologist experienced at searching for historical gravesites,[4] surveyed the site of the Kamloops Indian Residential School on the lands of the Tk’emlúps te Secwépemc First Nation with ground-penetrating radar and observed "disruptions in the ground" which she concluded could be 200 unmarked graves, based on "their placement, size, depth, and other features"[73][4] though "only forensic investigation with excavation" would confirm if these were actually human remains.[74] As of May 2022, the nation had assembled a team of technical archaeologists and professors as they continue their investigation of the site, which Chief Rosanne Casimir described as an ongoing process from "exhumation to memorialization."[75]

Kootenay

On June 30, 2021, the leadership of ʔaq̓am (a member of the Ktunaxa Nation) announced that 182 unmarked grave sites had been identified in a cemetery in their community adjacent to the site of the former St. Eugene's Mission Residential School.[26] During remedial work around the cemetery in 2020, they came upon an "unknown and unmarked grave", and set about to use ground-penetrating radar to identify additional unmarked graves. The graves were marked with wooden crosses which eventually burned or rotted away, resulting in them being unmarked.[76]

The graveyard dates to 1865, before the construction of the school, and has been continuously used for burials by the local settler and indigenous community, including for the St. Eugene Hospital, which operated from 1874 to 1899. The residential school was in operation from 1912 to 1970, and a press release from the First Nation stated that, due to the site's history, it is "extremely difficult to establish whether or not these unmarked graves contain the remains of children who attended the St. Eugene Residential School".[77][76]

Kuper Island

In 2018, Penelakut Chief and Council and Elders' Committee met with researchers from the University of British Columbia to discuss a possible survey of the grounds of the former Kuper Island Indian Residential school for unmarked graves using GPR. This work would build on previous GPR surveys conducted in known cemeteries in the community in 2014 and 2016.[78] In a memo sent to band members on July 8, 2021,[79] Chief Joan Brown of the Penelakut First Nation made reference to the discovery of at least 160 "undocumented and unmarked" graves located on the grounds of the former school, off Vancouver Island.[27] The memo was circulated in national media coverage on July 12.[79] It is unclear whether the number referred to new findings.[79] The school, referred to as "Canada's Alcatraz", was operated on the remote Penelakut Island (formerly Kuper Island) from 1889 to 1969 by the Catholic Church, and from 1969 to 1975 by the federal government.[80]

Williams Lake

In June 2021, a search was announced of the site of St. Joseph's Mission Residential School near Williams Lake, led by Williams Lake First Nation, using ground-penetrating radar, and focusing on 0.15 square kilometres of the 4.5 square kilometre site. Work began in late August 2021.[81][82][83] On January 25, 2022, the chief of Williams Lake First Nations announced that 93 potential burial sites were discovered.[29]

The investigation continued, and on January 24, 2023, the Nation announced that it had come to the conclusion that at least 28 children had died while students of the school, as opposed to the 16 reported by the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. The announcement also identified 66 more potential burial sites, for a total of 159, identified using GPR and aerial and terrestrial LiDAR. The Nation also announced that it was working with the B.C. Coroner's Service and attorney general to create a memorandum of understanding that would allow them to proceed with further work to confirm the potential gravesites, using small probes and DNA testing.[30]

Kamsack and Fort Pelly

A search using ground-penetrating radar was conducted by Keeseekoose First Nation on the former grounds of St. Philip's Indian Residential School in Kamsack, Saskatchewan, and the former site of another school near Fort Pelly, which had been erected at the expense of the Oblate Fathers from 1905 to 1913. The search by ground-penetrating radar revealed 42 potential unmarked graves at the Fort Pelly site, and 12 at St. Philip's.[31]

Grouard

On March 1, 2022, the Kapawe'no First Nation announced the results of a search of 3696.5m2 at the site of St. Bernard's Residential School conducted in October 2021 by the Institute Prairie and Indigenous Archeology from the University of Alberta. The search was led by Dr. Kish Supernant and used ground-penetrating radar and multi-spectral imagery captured by drone. It found 169[84][32] potential gravesites that researchers subdivided into three categories, based on confidence intervals. From lowest to highest confidence, the categories they used for the GPR reflections identified in the search are as follows:

  • "Possible Grave - Possible, but uncertain. More analysis with an additional non-invasive technique is needed
  • "Probable Grave - More likely, but confirmation with an additional technique would improve confidence
  • "Likely Grave - Fairly certain of interpretation given that two techniques identified this as a grave. Only next step to "confirm" would be to exhume"[85]

32 possible graves, 129 probable graves, and 8 likely graves were identified in the final summary of the search.[85]

The nation also announced plans to conduct further searches based on the testimony of residential school students. The nation is planning searches of a nearby Anglican church and a site where Indian agents and the North-West Mounted Police had structures.[32]

Lestock

A cemetery established at the Muscowequan Indian Residential School was rediscovered in 1992 amidst planning for and initial work on a new water line from documentary evidence and inadvertent exhumations during the aborted dig.[86] Nineteen bodies were found with indications of further graves nearby.[22][87] In 2018, a team led by a University of Alberta researcher identified a further ten to fifteen potential gravesites by GPR.[23] The graves are estimated to contain people of Saulteaux, Cree, Métis as well as European origin, many of whom had fallen ill from an influenza epidemic in the early 1900s.[86] Further searches are planned.[88][89]

La Ronge

A cemetery dating back to at least the early 1900s was situated by the Lac La Ronge Indian Residential School near La Ronge on or adjacent to land that is now the Lac La Ronge Indian Band's urban reserve.[90][91] The graveyard served as the last resting place for community members, school staff and possibly students who died at the school.[91][92] While the cemetery retains some headstones, rocks and other grave markings, SNC Lavalin was hired to search for potential unmarked graves using GPR within as well as outside the boundaries where some fear the unbaptized or those who committed suicide were buried.[93][91][92]

As of December 23, 2021, the search was about 97 percent complete.[92][90] Crosses were put up to mark possible gravesites identified by GPR.[90]

George Gordon

On April 20, 2022, George Gordon First Nation Chief Byron Bitternose announced that 14 possible grave sites were identified using ground-penetrating radar at the former George Gordon Indian Residential School site. Records from the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation showed that 49 students died during the school's operation from 1888 to 1996.[33]

Sandy Bay

Following the announcement from Kamloops in 2021, consultation and a search began at the site of the former Sandy Bay Residential School on Sandy Bay First Nation. The search used ground-penetrating radar and drone imagery. Results of the search were presented to the community in May 2022, having identified 13 potential unmarked grave sites. Four of these sites were determined to have a "moderate probability" of being an unmarked grave and nine sites were assessed as possessing a "low probability" of being graves. Further steps had not been decided by the community as of May 29, 2022.[34]

Saddle Lake

Since 2004, partial remains have been repeatedly discovered while digging new graves in the Saddle Lake Cree Nation community cemetery, located near the site where the Blue Quills Indian Residential School once stood. At the time, the remains were re-interred upon discovery, but investigators undertaking the nation's efforts to discover unmarked graves on their territory announced on May 17, 2022, that they believed those accidentally excavated remains were the remains of children who died at residential school. The investigators believe that the discoveries include a mass grave, where they found "numerous children-sized skeletons wrapped in white cloth," theorizing that the potential mass grave could have been from a typhoid outbreak at the school. In an effort to prevent further accidental excavations, the nation has requested funding to acquire ground-penetrating radar equipment and carry out a non-invasive survey.[20]

A report released in January 2023 included information that the presumed mass grave had been confirmed by ground-penetrating radar.[94]

A further report released in April 2023 announced the results of an investigation of the site using ground-penetrating radar and drone imagery, which found 19 anomalies under the ground which might be gravesites. The Nation intends to use these findings as a starting point for further investigation.[95]

Fort Alexander

As of late July 2021, the Sagkeeng First Nation had begun a search of the former site of Fort Alexander Indian Residential School, near Powerview-Pine Falls in Manitoba. The search made use of drone surveying and ground-penetrating radar.[96] On June 6, 2022, the Nation announced they had identified 190 "anomalies" in the ground during the search: 137 in one area and 53 in another. The anomalies were not found at the site of the residential school. Having ruled out pipelines, sewer lines, and waterlines, work continued following the announcement to determine whether the anomalies were gravesites.[35]

Qu'Appelle

As part of a project begun in November 2021,[97] Star Blanket Cree Nation carried out a search of the former grounds of Qu'Appelle Indian Residential School in fall and winter 2022 using ground-penetrating radar. On January 12, 2023, preliminary findings were announced, which included over 2000 "hits" on ground-penetrating radar and the discovery of a fragment of the jawbone of a child between the ages of 4 and 6, which was estimated by the Saskatchewan Coroners Service to be approximately 125 years old. The "hits" registered on the ground-penetrating radar are not all suspected to be graves, and the ground search leader said they could be "anomalies" like tree roots or rocks. Further work is set to continue as of January 2023.[36]

St. Mary's (Ontario)

On January 17, 2023, a statement released by Wauzhushk Onigum Nation announced the discovery of 171 "anomalies", which the statement also called "plausible burials",[38] located by ground-penetrating radar around the site of the former St. Mary's Indian Residential School. According to the statement, "The Nation’s next steps are to gain greater certainty on the number of plausible graves in the cemetery grounds using additional technologies and to conduct additional investigations at several additional sites not covered during the initial investigations that are in the vicinity of the school."[37]

Alberni

In August 2021, Tseshaht First Nation announced its intention to conduct a search for graves around the site of the former Alberni Indian Residential School (AIRS) building.[82][98] As of December 2021, the Nation had secured over $1 million to undertake research and scanning of the site and developed a research framework, with a goal to do an initial GPR scan in the spring of 2022.[99] The search began in earnest in July 2022.[100] The Nation released "phase one" of their findings at an event on February 21, 2023. These findings were the result of research involving a ground-penetrating radar survey of just over 10% of the area around former school site that was identified for investigation,[40] as well as historical research which included interviewing survivors. The findings showed 17 suspected[40] gravesites on the property, and indicated that a total of 67 students had died during their time at AIRS, over twice the number reported by the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. The Nation called on the federal government to provide funding to complete the search, and plans to contact family members of those dead students that can be identified, as well as eventually holding a ceremony to tear the old school building down.[39][40]

St. Augustine's

On April 20, 2023, the shíshálh Nation announced the results of their investigation of the site of the former St. Augustine's Indian Residential School in Sechelt, BC. They announced the discovery of 40 unmarked children's graves, which, according to the Nation, were "shallow graves, only large enough for the young bodies to lay in the fetal position." The investigation made use of ground-penetrating radar and historical research, including interviews with survivors.[41][42]

St. Bruno's

In June 2022, the Institute for Prairie Indigenous Archaeology (PIA) led a preliminary ground-penetrating radar search of the former site of St. Bruno's Indian Residential School, which covered the cemetery, root cellars, and some areas of the school yard, 1.8 acres in total. Based on that search, a report released by a group of Treaty 8 chiefs and the University of Alberta in June 2023 announced the identification of 88 "potential unmarked graves", with 14 of those listed as "likely", meaning that the sites have multiple indicators that point to them being graves.[101]

To be determined

A number of First Nations have announced searches for unmarked graves at various former residential school sites. Some of these searches were already underway prior to the Kamloops confirmation. Below are a list of school sites announced thus far:

  • Ahousaht Indian Residential School, in Ahousat – search led by Ahousaht First Nation.[102][82]
  • Chooutla Indian Residential School, in Carcross – search led by Chooutla Working Group, scheduled to begin in summer 2023, with plans to expand search to other communities in future years.[103][104]
  • Old Sun (Blackfoot) Indian Residential School and Crowfoot Indian Residential School near Gleichen – search led by Siksika Nation using GPR in collaboration with the Institute for Prairie and Indigenous Archaeology at the University of Alberta.[105][106] Site clean-up began in early August 2021, and a community info session was held in September 2021.[107][108]
  • In 2022, the Dene Nation proposed a $500,000 plan to the government to investigate 15 residential school locations for unmarked burial sites identified by the Truth and Reconciliation Committee.[109] The schools are Immaculate Conception (Roman Catholic) and All Saints (Anglican) in Aklavik, Fleming Hall in Fort McPherson, Sacred Heart in Fort Providence, St. Joseph's in Fort Resolution, Bompas Hall (Anglican) in Fort Simpson and Deh Cho Lapointe Hall, St. Peter's in Hay River, Grollier Hall (Roman Catholic) and Stringer Hall (Anglican) in Inuvik, Akaitcho Hall in Yellowknife, Federal Hostel in Délı̨nę, and All Saints in Shingle Point, Yukon.[109]
  • Ermineskin Indian Residential School – search announced August 2021, overseen by a group of elders from Ermineskin Cree Nation, carried out by engineers from SNC-Lavalin using GPR.[110]
  • Guy Hill Indian Residential School near The Pas – search led by Opaskwayak Cree Nation using GPR; Nation was preparing for the search as of late July 2021.[111]
  • McKay Indian Residential School near Dauphin – search led by Opaskwayak Cree Nation using GPR, conducted by SNC-Lavalin; Nation began the search in Fall 2021, paused for the winter, and is set to resume in June 2022. As of May 29, 2022, no unmarked graves have been identified, though only a fraction of the search area has been covered.[34]
  • Mohawk Institute in Six Nations – investigation to be carried out by Six Nations Police, along with Brantford Police and OPP, overseen by a "Survivor's Secretariat" headed by Kimberly Murray, former executive director of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.[112][113] An unmarked burial site believed to contain the remains of an adolescent was found near the site in August 2020, and as of October 2021, investigations were underway to identify more of the identity of this child, how they came to be buried there, as well as whether their death can be linked to the residential school.[114] A search of the former school grounds began in November 2021.[115]
  • Mount Elgin Indian Residential School in Chippewas of the Thames First Nation – on the first National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, September 30, 2020, Chippewas of the Thames announced that a probe into the site was in its early stages.[116]
  • The site of Sacred Heart Mission School in Fort Providence, NWT – led by Deh Gáh Got’ı̨ę First Nation following the earlier identification of an unmarked cemetery in the early 1990s.[18]
  • The site of Sept-Îles Residential School (Notre-Dame de Sept-Îles) in Sept-Îles, Quebec – a group of Innu chiefs announced in June 2021 that they would put together a team to begin the process of conducting searches of the site for unmarked graves.[117]
  • Spanish Indian Residential Schools in Spanish, Ontario – members of the Sagamok Anishnawbek, Mississauga and Serpent River First Nations, which came together as the Nisoonag (Three Canoes) Partnership, held a ceremony on Saturday, September 18, 2021, to ask for the permission of the souls of the children possibly buried at the site of the schools.[118] Other gatherings were held in June and October 2021, to reflect and prepare to apply for government funding to help with a search, and in February 2022 was announced that such a search would be taking place over the following 2–3 years.[119]
  • St. Anne's Indian Residential School in Fort Albany, Ontario – led by Fort Albany First Nation in collaboration with nearby communities, began in 2020 and ongoing as of April 2022.[120]
  • St. Michael's Indian Residential School, in Alert Bay – led by 'Namgis First Nation; the search was in "early stages" as of July 2021, and a press release in February 2022 officially announced the start of the inquiry, detailing plans for community engagement, contracting a project manager, and erecting a monument following the investigation.[82][121]
  • St. Paul's Indian Residential School (Squamish), in North Vancouver – Joint investigation to uncover documents associated with the former residential school, as well as identify the burial sites of children that died while attending the school led by Squamish Nation, Musqueam Nation and Tsleil-Waututh Nation, in collaboration with the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vancouver, announced August 10, 2021.[122][82][83]
  • Thunderchild Indian Residential School in Delmas – search led by Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs, in association with SNC-Lavalin.[123][124] An initial ground-penetrating radar search in July 2021 of the immediate area around the school site found no graves, but elder testimony and records indicate that 44 children died at the school and there are graves to be found; the gravestone of 14-year old Henry Atcheynum was found by a farmer about a kilometre from the search area. This, and student's testimony that graves were moved as much as twice has led to BATC expanding the search area to the Saskatchewan River. The BATC also plans to search the Battleford Industrial Residential School once the Delmas search is complete.[28]
  • The Tla-o-qui-aht First Nations were also engaged in an investigation as of August 17, 2021.[82]

In 2021, the Stó:lō Nation announced a three-year investigation for the presence of unmarked graves at Fraser Valley residential schools, including around the historic mission and school cemetery at the former site of St. Mary's Indian Residential School in Mission, the Methodist-run Coqualeetza Residential School grounds in Chilliwack, and the All Hallows Residential School in Yale.[125] A historic 1958 funeral photo shows at least twelve graves outside the current St. Mary's cemetery fence line, an area now covered by blackberry bushes with the iron cross grave markers lying along the cemetery perimeter.[125] The Coqualeetza grounds had a cemetery, but the remains were dug up and moved to three or four First Nations cemeteries in Chilliwack when the school closed in 1940[126] for conversion to a children's hospital in 1941.[127][125] In addition to searches of known graveyards, they plan to search for any unrecorded graves as informal burials is not uncommon among Stó:lō communities.[125] The search will entail archival research and GPR, with confirmation of any findings by exhumation prior to a commemoration to be decided later.[125] Although no progress had been made in the estimated $3 million plan proposed to the government,[125] memorial house post carvings were erected at the sites of the government-run St. Mary's second location (now, Pekw'Xe:yles Indian Reserve) and Coqualeetza later that year to honor victims of abuse such as at the former institution and those who died.[128] In September 2023, Stó:lō Nation announced that at least 158 children died at three residential schools and hospital.[129]

Reactions

215 pairs of children's shoes laid out in rows at the Vancouver Art Gallery on June 6, 2021

Community memorials were set up at the Vancouver Art Gallery, the Ontario Legislative Building, as well as various government buildings and church buildings that had been in charge of running the residential school system.[130][131]

Walking With Our Sisters, a commemorative art installation of moccasin vamps that was created in 2013 to remember and honor missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls was expanded in 2014 to include children who died while in the custody of Canada’s residential schools.[132]

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau asked that flags on all federal buildings be flown at half-mast.[133] On June 2, 2021, the federal government pledged C$27 million in immediate funding to the National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation to identify the unmarked graves.[134] The provincial governments of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario also pledged C$12 million, C$8 million, C$2 million, C$2.5 million and C$10 million, respectively, to fund searches.[135][136][137][138][139] MPs Mumilaaq Qaqqaq and Charlie Angus have called on Justice Minister David Lametti to launch an independent investigation on crimes against humanity in Canada.[140] Canada Day festivities were cancelled in some communities in British Columbia, Alberta, Northern Saskatchewan and New Brunswick.[141][142][143]

The Canadian School Boards Association has asked for the development of a Canada-wide curriculum on Indigenous history, to be taught from kindergarten to Grade 12.[144] In New Brunswick, Education Minister Dominic Cardy said the education curriculum would be amended to teach about the province's Indigenous day schools.[145]

The United Nations Human Rights Office and independent UN human rights experts have called on Canada and the Holy See to investigate the uncoveries.[146][147] Similar sentiments were echoed by the governments of China, Russia, Belarus, Iran, North Korea, Syria and Venezuela.[148]

statue
Statue of Egerton Ryerson, toppled on June 6, 2021 (2005 photo)

The identification of possible gravesites at Kamloops has been followed by calls for name changes and removals of monuments commemorating figures controversial for their colonial views or policies towards Indigenous peoples.[149][150] These include monuments to Egerton Ryerson,[151][152][153][154] John A. Macdonald,[155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162] Hector-Louis Langevin,[163] Oscar Blackburn,[164] Vital-Justin Grandin,[165][166] and James Cook.[167] The doors of St. Paul's Cathedral in Saskatoon were covered in paint on June 24.[168]

Additionally, although Canada has, since before Confederation, been a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign does not make policy and must follow the directions given by ministers and parliamentarians, a school named after Prince Charles was renamed,[169] and statues of Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth II were toppled by protesters.[167]

A nationwide survey of editors published by the Canadian Press voted the topic "Children who never returned from residential schools" as the Canadian Newsmakers of the Year in 2021.[170]

Church fires

By July 4, 2021 nearly two dozen churches, including eight on First Nations territories, had been burned. Indigenous leaders, the prime minister, and provincial officials have condemned the suspected arsons.[171]

Harsha Walia, the executive director of the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association, tweeted "burn it all down", and the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs expressed "strong solidarity with (Harsha Walia) in condemning the brutally gruesome genocide of residential ‘school’ system by Canada and Church while crown stole FN land". Walia later advised Canadian media outlets through legal representation that she does not support arson and was speaking figuratively.[172]

Call for investigation into Duplessis Orphans

Numerous Duplessis Orphans were committed, some wrongfully, by the provincial government of Quebec into psychiatric hospitals run by the Catholic Church in the 1940s and 1950s and possibly buried there. The publicity and government response concerning the situation at residential schools renewed calls for the Quebec government and the Catholic Church to excavate the sites of these hospitals, with a class action lawsuit launched in 2018 denouncing the lack of a "true apology" by the government and religious organizations.[173][174]

Investigations that found no gravesites

Pine Creek

On May 9, 2022, Minegoziibe Anishinabe (formerly known as Pine Creek First Nation) began a ground-penetrating radar scan of the former site of Pine Creek Indian Residential School, through a contract with AltoMaxx.[175] A preliminary report in June 2022 announced the discovery of 6 anomalies on the site.[176] In August, it was announced that 14 more had been found. By the time the RCMP had begun an investigation into criminal behaviour connected with the anomalies in October 2022, the total number had grown to 71 ground anomalies identified over 5 scans of a 100-acre area around the site of the residential school, as well as around and underneath a Catholic church.[177]

On July 24, 2023, the community held a day of ceremony to commemorate the beginning of an archaeological dig of the church basement, where 14 anomalies had been found. The RCMP's investigation found no evidence of criminal activity associated with the 14 anomalies.[178] The excavation found no evidence of human remains.[179]

Shubenacadie

From April 2020 to July 2021, an investigation of the site of the former Shubenacadie Indian Residential School in Shubenacadie was led by a member of the Sipekneꞌkatik First Nation who is a curator with the Nova Scotia Museum, along with an associate professor from Saint Mary's University. The residential school operated from 1929 to 1967, and the building burned to the ground in 1986. The land is now occupied by a plastics factory and used as farmland. The National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation lists 16 children who died while attending the school, and the community feared more had been buried at the site.[180] Evidence had been identified that indicated unmarked graves on the site, but they predated the school's founding by a century. The investigation made use of ground-penetrating radar and aerial laser scanning. On August 4, 2021, the Sipekneꞌkatik First Nation issued a press release stating the investigation had concluded, confirming that it was unable to find any unmarked graves of children who had died while at the school.[181] Having searched about 70% of the former school grounds, the First Nation received money from the federal government in April 2022 to go towards completing the fieldwork, along with knowledge gathering, and commemorating the school's legacy.[182]

Charles Camsell Hospital

Charles Camsell Hospital was the largest of Indian Hospitals built serving as a tuberculosis treatment centre for Indigenous children in the ‘40s and ‘50s. Patients were brought to the hospital from all across Alberta and northern Canada. [183] The site was closed and abandoned in 1996 and has been rezoned for the construction of new residential properties. [184] It was a believe among indigenous people human remains were buried at the site of the former hospital. While early development had been in progress, Michel First Nation partitioned calling for a halt to the construction on the site so that more searching could be conducted. Architect and owner of the site, Gene Dub, agreed and funded to do a ground-penetrating radar search and continuous with further digging on the grounds in the Summer 2021. [185] Initial reports of ground-penetrating radar pointed to some anomalies under the soil. [186]

On October 2021, crews completed 34 excavations on the former Charles Camsell Hospital grounds. No human remains had been found. No further searches of the site were planned. The site was set to continue with the development of residential condos. Gene Dub paid more than $200,000 for the search. [187] [188]

Media reporting in 2021

In July 2021, a New York Times article[3] "'Horrible History'" sparked interest in the matter. In May 2022, the National Post article "The year of the graves" said that despite the saturation of news coverage and their consequences, nothing new had been added to the public record that was not already known and that "it wasn't the Indigenous people directly involved who made the disturbing claims that ended up in the headlines".[79]

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 Canada's Residential Schools: Missing Children and Unmarked Burials – The Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (PDF). Vol. 4. Montreal: Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015. ISBN 978-0-7735-9825-6. Retrieved June 25, 2021 – via McGill-Queen's University Press.
  3. 1 2 Ian Austen (July 30, 2021). "'Horrible History': Mass Grave of Indigenous Children Reported in Canada: An Indigenous community says it has found evidence that 215 children were buried on the grounds of a British Columbia school, one of the many in Canada set up to forcibly assimilate them". The New York Times.
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