During the winter months, average temperatures in Saskatoon can be as cold as −20.7°C.
A photo of a riverbank near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, taken during winter. During the winter months, average temperatures in Saskatoon can be as cold as −20.7 °C (−5.3 °F).[1]

The Saskatoon freezing deaths involved Indigenous Canadians in and immediately outside Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in the 1990s and early 2000s, and are suspected of being linked to actions by the members of the Saskatoon Police Service. The police officers would arrest Indigenous people, who were usually male, for alleged drunkenness and/or disorderly behaviour, sometimes without cause.[2] The officers would then drive them to the outskirts of the city at night in the winter, and abandon them, leaving them stranded in sub-zero temperatures.[3]

The practice is known as taking Indigenous people for "starlight tours"[4] and dates back to at least 1976.[5] As of 2021, despite convictions for related offences, no police officer has been convicted specifically for having caused freezing deaths.

Incidents

Victims who died from hypothermia include Rodney Naistus, Lawrence Wegner, and Neil Stonechild. Naistus and Wegner died in 2000, and their bodies were discovered on the outskirts of Saskatoon. Inquests in 2001 and 2002 into their deaths determined they were due to hypothermia. The inquest jury's recommendations all related to police policies and indigenous-police relations.[6] Neil Stonechild's body was found on November 29, 1990, in a field outside Saskatoon, which had led to an Inquiry Into Matters Relating to the Death of Neil Stonechild.[7][8] On the night of Stonechild's disappearance, five days prior on November 24, 1990, the temperature reached −28.1 °C (−18.6 °F)[9] The 2003 inquest could not determine the circumstances that led to his death.[10][11]

In January 2000, Darrell Night was dropped off on the outskirts of Saskatoon but was able to call a taxi from the nearby Queen Elizabeth Power Station. The two officers involved, constables Dan Hatchen and Ken Munson of the Saskatoon Police Service, claimed they had simply given Night a ride home and dropped him off at his own request, but were convicted of unlawful confinement in September 2001 and sentenced to eight months in prison.[12][13][14] Yet investigations into the deaths of Wegner and Naistus were deemed "inconclusive."[15]

The Saskatoon police initially insisted these were isolated incidents. But in 2003, police chief Russell Sabo admitted that there was a possibility that the force had been dumping First Nations people outside the city for years, after revealing that in 1976 an officer was disciplined for taking an indigenous woman to the outskirts of the city and abandoning her there.[5]

On April 21, 2018, Ken Thomas alleged that he was picked up by two Saskatoon Police officers and dropped off outside city limits at night in the cold. This accusation was investigated by the Public Complaints Commission, which stated that it was unfounded. In a news release, Saskatoon Police chief Troy Cooper said it was unlikely that there was contact on the night of April 21, 2018, between the police and Mr. Thomas, based on video and audio recordings taken from police cars.[16][17][18]

Censorship attempts

Between 2012 and 2016, the "Starlight tours" section of the Saskatoon Police Service's English Wikipedia article was deleted several times. An internal investigation revealed that two of the edits originated from a computer within the police service. Alyson Edwards, a spokesperson for the force denied that the removal of content was officially approved by the force.[19] On March 31, 2016, the Saskatoon StarPhoenix reported that "Saskatoon police have confirmed that someone from inside the police department deleted references to 'Starlight tours' from the Wikipedia web page about the police force."[20] According to the report, a "police spokeswoman acknowledged that the section on starlight tours had been deleted using a computer within the department, but said investigators were unable to pinpoint who did it."[20] The police spokeswoman stated that the force is working to "move forward with all of the positive work that has been done, and continues to be done that came out of the Stonechild inquiry".[20]

In media

Film

These incidents have been addressed in two films. Darrell Night's experiences were documented in Tasha Hubbard's 2004 National Film Board of Canada documentary Two Worlds Colliding, winner of the Canada Award.[11][21] A fictional incident was also portrayed in the half-hour drama Out in the Cold, directed by Colleen Murphy and starring Gordon Tootoosis,[4] Matthew Strongeagle, and Erroll Kinistino.

Music

In 2005, the Canadian punk rock band Propagandhi released the album Potemkin City Limits, including the song "The Bringer of Greater Things", which was "dedicated to Rodney Naistus, Neil Stonechild and Lawrence Wegner, murdered by members of the Saskatoon Police Department" (album liner notes).

Canadian musician Kris Demeanor's song "One Shoe" was written about the Saskatoon freezing deaths, particularly Stonechild's.[22] The Wailin' Jennys' song "Starlight" was also inspired by the freezing deaths.[23]

In 2017, Mi'kmaq artist Cathy Elliott completed a five-weeks workshop with students from Sheridan College for her musical Starlight Tour. This work was commissioned by the Grand Theatre in London, Ontario[24] in collaboration with Sheridan College's "Canadian Music Theatre Project".[25]

Podcasts

The freezing deaths are discussed in podcasts such as Criminal[26][27] and Commons.[28]

Television

The Da Vinci's Inquest episode "The Sparkle Tour" involved the death of a Native activist, allegedly as a result of the police arresting, assaulting, and dumping him in the outskirts in the middle of the night without his shoes; the incident sparks discussion between investigators about the Saskatoon freezing deaths, which are referred to as "sparkle tours."

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Saskatoon Diefenbaker INT'L A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. October 31, 2011. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  2. ↑ Campbell, Meagan. "New light on Saskatoon's 'starlight tours'". Macleans.ca. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
  3. ↑ Saskatchewan. Commission of Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Death of Neil Stonechild. (2009). Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Death of Neil Stonechild. Commission of Inquiry into Matters Relating to the Death of Neil Stonechild. OCLC 319678398. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  4. 1 2 "New film renews community discussion about Aboriginal freezing deaths in Saskatoon". Dispatch. University of Regina. Archived from the original on November 2, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  5. 1 2 "Saskatoon police chief admits starlight cruises are not new". Windspeaker. Aboriginal Multimedia Society of Alberta. July 1, 2003. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  6. ↑ "Excerpts from Third Report of Canada on the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment". Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved February 22, 2010.
  7. ↑ "Publications Saskatchewan". publications.saskatchewan.ca. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  8. ↑ Razack, Sherene (January 2014). ""It Happened More Than Once": Freezing Deaths in Saskatchewan". Canadian Journal of Women and the Law. 26 (1): 51–80. doi:10.3138/cjwl.26.1.51. ISSN 0832-8781. S2CID 144940408. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved September 26, 2020.
  9. ↑ "Report of the Commission of Inquiry Into Matters Relating to the Death of Neil Stonechild" (PDF). The Honourable Mr. Justice David H. Wright, Commissioner. October 2004.
  10. ↑ "Who was Neil Stonechild?". CBC News. CBC. November 3, 2005. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  11. 1 2 Thrall, Christopher (April 7, 2005). "Justice of the police". Vue Weekly. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  12. ↑ "New light on Saskatoon's 'starlight tours' - Macleans.ca". www.macleans.ca. Archived from the original on February 3, 2021. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
  13. ↑ Brown, DeNeen L. (November 22, 2003). "Left for dead in a Saskatchewan winter". MSN. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Archived from the original on September 15, 2005. Retrieved November 27, 2010.
  14. ↑ "Neil Stonechild: Timeline". CBC News. November 3, 2005. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  15. ↑ Warick, Jason (April 23, 2023). "Sask. man at centre of historic 'Starlight Tours' police misconduct case has died". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on May 23, 2023. Retrieved June 14, 2023.
  16. ↑ "Man files complaint against police, says officers left him outside Saskatoon". globalnews.ca. April 24, 2018. Archived from the original on August 11, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  17. ↑ "Man accusing Saskatoon police of conducting a 'starlight tour' hires lawyer experienced with the allegation". saskatoon.ctvnews.ca. May 4, 2018. Archived from the original on June 25, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  18. ↑ "'Starlight Tour' allegation unfounded, investigation finds". saskatoon.ctvnews.ca. December 18, 2018. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
  19. ↑ Zakraski, Dan (March 31, 2016). "Student claims Saskatoon police removed 'starlight tours' section from Wikipedia page". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
  20. 1 2 3 "Someone at city police headquarters deleted 'starlight tour' references on its Wikipedia page". Saskatoon StarPhoenix. March 31, 2016. Archived from the original on April 1, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Two Worlds Colliding". National Film Board of Canada. Archived from the original on October 8, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2012.
  22. ↑ "img.sauf.ca" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  23. ↑ "starlight tours winnipeg". melbourneclinicalmasseurs.com.au. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Canadian arts community mourns loss of Indigenous playwright". CBC News. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  25. ↑ "Nova Scotia Indigenous playwright, actor remembered as 'a bright light'". National Post. October 17, 2017. Archived from the original on May 27, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
  26. ↑ "This Week in True-Crime Podcasts: The Case of Woody Harrelson's Father". Vulture. May 8, 2020. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  27. ↑ "Starlight Tours". Criminal. April 17, 2020. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  28. ↑ "THE POLICE #4 - Starlight Tours". CANADALAND. Archived from the original on July 12, 2021. Retrieved July 12, 2021.

Further reading

  • King, Thomas (2017). The inconvenient indian. A curious account of native people in North America. The illustrated edition. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 978-0-3856-9016-4. pp. 200–201 (First ed. 2013, without illustr.)
  • Razack, Sherene (2015). Dying from Improvement: Inquests and Inquiries into Indigenous Deaths in Custody. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-1-4426-2891-5.
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