China-Egyptian relations
Map indicating locations of Egypt and China

Egypt
China

People's Republic of China – Egypt relations were established on May 30, 1956.[1]: 345 

History

Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sent a delegation to Song dynasty China led by Domiyat.

The Mamluk Sultan of Egypt ordered Jidda to treat Chinese traders honorably upon their arrival in the early 15th century.[2]

Yusuf Ma Dexin visited Egypt in the 1840s.

The Republic of China (1912–49) sent Hui Muslims like Muhammad Ma Jian and other Hui Muslim students to study at Al-Azhar in Egypt.[3] The Fuad Muslim Library in China was named after Fuad I of Egypt by the Chinese Muslim Ma Songting.[4]

Imam Wang Jingzhai studied at Al-Azhar University in Egypt along with several other Chinese Muslim students, the first Chinese students in modern times to study in the Middle East.[5] Wang recalled his experience teaching at madrassas in the provinces of Henan (Yu), Hebei (Ji), and Shandong (Lu) which were outside of the traditional stronghold of Muslim education in northwest China, and where the living conditions were poorer and the students had a much tougher time than the northwestern students.[6] In 1931 China sent five students to study at Al-Azhar in Egypt, among them was Muhammad Ma Jian and they were the first Chinese to study at Al-Azhar.[7][8][9][10] Na Zhong, a descendant of Nasr al-Din (Yunnan) was another one of the students sent to Al-Azhar in 1931, along with Zhang Ziren, Ma Jian, and Lin Zhongming.[11]

A False Hadith(圣训), a saying of the prophet Muhammad, spread to China, which says "Loving your country is part of loving the Faith" (traditional Chinese: 愛護祖國是屬於信仰的一部份; simplified Chinese: 爱护祖国是属于信仰的一部份; pinyin: àihù zǔguó shì shǔyú xìnyǎng de yī bùfèn) (Arabic: حب الوطن من الایمان ḥubb al-waṭan min al-imān). It is not a real Hadith but was a popular slogan among Arabic speakers in Middle East in the 19th-20th centuries. It spread to China via Hui Muslim students like Muhammad Ma Jian who studied at Al-Azhar in Egypt.[12]

Hui Muslim General Ma Bufang and his retinue including Ma Chengxiang moved to Egypt before being appointed as ambassador to Saudi Arabia.

Nasser and Zhou, 1964

Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai first met Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser at the Asian-African Conference in Bandung. In May 1956, Nasser defied U.S. pressure and displeasure by recognizing People's Republic of China. Zhou visited Egypt three times during his tenure.[13] During the Suez War, on 3 November 1956, China supported Egypt's bid to take back control of the Suez Canal, 250,000 Chinese reportedly registered to serve as "volunteers" in Egypt.[14]

In the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War, China provided Egypt with economic aid and food aid (100.000 tons of cereals) and military equipment.[15] Egyptian government maintained cordial relations with the China even after Nasser's successor, Anwar Sadat, broke with the USSR in favor of a partnership with the U.S., Hosni Mubarak first visited China in 1976 as vice president, during which he was received by Mao Zedong and provision of spare parts for Egypt's Soviet‐supplied Tupolev bombers and MIG fighters.[16][17][18]

Egyptian Vice President Hosni Mubarak and Chinese Leader Mao Zedong, 1976

In 1971 Egypt supported China's bid for a permanent seat in the United Nations and it voted in favour to admit Beijing and replace Taipei.

In 2012, Egyptian president Mohamed Morsi chose China for his first official visit outside the Middle East.[19]

Military

1970–80s, China delivered B-6 bomber and F-6 fighter to Cairo and received several MiG-23 from Egypt.[18][20][21] Egyptian navy received ships in the 1980s from China including submarines and frigates.[22] China has also helped Egypt develop its own missile systems.[23][24][25]

The K-8E is an Egyptian variant of the Chinese Hongdu JL-8, exported as the Karakorum-8 (or K-8) to (among others) Pakistan, Zambia and Myanmar. The K-8E's manufacture at the Arab Organization for Industrialization (AOI) Aircraft Factory began in 2000, under an agreement between the AOI and CATIC, the Chinese state-owned aerospace manufacturer, to produce a total of 60 K-8s over five years. The contract, valued at US$347.4 million, was signed in 1999 in connection with the state visit by Chinese president Jiang Zemin that year.[26] Initially, most of the parts were manufactured in China and the aircraft were assembled in Egypt, but by the end of the programme the manufacture was to be carried out entirely at the AOI Aircraft Factory.[27] It is located in Helwan.[28] In May 2012 six Egyptian drones of ASN-209 was built in collaboration with a Chinese defence manufacturer during the first phase and are fully operational under the Egyptian armed forces according to Hamdy Weheba,[29][30]

China and Egypt held first joint naval drills in June 2015.[22][31]

In 2018, the Egyptian air force revealed they were operating Chinese-made CAIG Wing Loong drones.[32]

Economic relations

Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative

Bilateral trade reached about $4 billion U.S. dollars in 2007, up from $3.19b in 2006.[33] In 2010, it was worth US$7.0 billion.[34] In 2011 Egypt was the 5th largest trading partner of China in Africa and in the first 8 months of 2012 it was the 4th.[35]

From 2000 to 2012, there are approximately 39 Chinese official development finance projects identified in Egypt through various media reports.[36] These projects range from jointly constructing an industrial park in the Northwest Suez Economic Zone beginning June 1, 2000,[37] to the construction of a Chinese language school in Cairo in 2002 through a US$4 million grant from the Chinese government.[38] In 2016, Egyptian president Elsisi made a visit to China and signed a number of deals there including New Administrative Capital of Egypt.[39]

In November 2020, Egypt and China signed a protocol of cooperation to utilise and market a land plot owned by the Suez Canal Authority in Ain Sokhna.[40]

Space cooperation

China provided Egypt's space program with grants in 2016 ($23 million), 2018 ($45 million), and 2019 ($72 million).[1]: 302  China also cooperates with the Egyptian Space Agency in developing the Assembly and Integration Centre in Egypt's Space City.[1]: 303 

Human rights

In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Egypt, have signed a joint letter to the UNHRC defending China's treatment of Uyghurs and other Muslim minority groups in the Xinjiang region.[41] Western media outlets reported that Egypt had aided in deporting Uyghurs to China;[42] however, in July 2017, Al-Azhar, Egypt's leading Islamic institution, denied that any Uyghurs had been arrested from within its campus or other buildings belonging to the organization itself.[43]

In June 2020, Egypt was one of 53 countries that backed a statement supporting the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.[44]

Education

Peking University has a long history of friendly cooperation with Cairo University. As early as 1986, the two universities signed an inter-school exchange agreement, after which they have completed the renewal of the Inter-school cooperation Agreement in year 2000. On 29 December 2007, the two sides signed an implementary agreement of establishing Confucius Institute through cooperation, and held a grand opening ceremony for the new institute, which had the honor of the attendance of Mr. Wu Chunhua Chinese Ambassador in Egypt, Mr. Ali Abd el-Rahman Yousef President of Cairo University, Mr. Zhang Guoyou Vice President of Peking University and other leaders. On 18 March 2008, the Confucius Institute in Cairo University---the first Confucius Institute established both in Egypt and North Africa—started its recruitment and Chinese language courses.[45]

See also

Bibliography

  • Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). La silenciosa conquista china (in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 33–40. ISBN 978-84-9892-257-8.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Shinn, David H.; Eisenman, Joshua (2023). China's Relations with Africa: a New Era of Strategic Engagement. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21001-0.
  2. ↑ Levathes, Louise (1994). When China Ruled The Seas. Oxford University Press. p. 171.
  3. ↑ Kees Versteegh; Mushira Eid (2005). Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: A-Ed. Brill. pp. 382–. ISBN 978-90-04-14473-6.
  4. ↑ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (eds.). Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 28 June 2010.
  5. ↑ ed. Kurzman 2002, p. 368.
  6. ↑ ed. Kurzman 2002, p. 373.
  7. ↑ "China Magazine, Volumes 6-7" 1941, p. 21.
  8. ↑ "China at War, Volume 6" 1941, p. 21.
  9. ↑ "Asia and the Americas, Volume 42, Issues 1-6" 1942, p. 21.
  10. ↑ "Asia, Volume 42" 1942, p. 21.
  11. ↑ 编导：韩玲 (Director: Han Ling) 摄像：李斌 (Photography: Li Bin) (央视国际 (CCTV international)). 2005年02月24日 16:22.
  12. ↑ Stéphane A. Dudoignon; Hisao Komatsu; Yasushi Kosugi (2006). Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication. Taylor & Francis. p. 279. ISBN 978-0-415-36835-3. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  13. ↑ "China-Egypt Relations". Chinese Foreign Ministry. January 18, 2004. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
  14. ↑ The Middle East in China's Foreign Policy, 1949–1977 Yitzhak Shichor New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979, p.51
  15. ↑ "习近平访埃及为何提起毛泽东". Duowei News. 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  16. ↑ "EGYPT AND CHINA SIGN ARMS PACT, HAIL CLOSER TIES". The New York Times. 1976-04-22. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  17. ↑ "China Will Sell Arms to Egypt, Sadat Announces". The Washington Post. 1979-06-06. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  18. 1 2 "Reconnaissance & Special-Mission Tu-16s / Xian H-6". Air Vector. Archived from the original on 2017-04-22. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  19. ↑ "Egypt's Morsi Firms China Ties". WSJ. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  20. ↑ SIPRI Database
  21. ↑ "我国通过埃及获得的米格-23MS出口型战斗机". 空军世界. Archived from the original on 2018-08-07. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  22. 1 2 "Exclusive: China trying to undercut Germany on submarine offer to Egypt". Reuters. 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  23. ↑ Adel Darwish,"China to update Egypt's missiles," Independent, 14 June 90, p. 2.
  24. ↑ 2004 Report to Congress of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review p.146
  25. ↑ "Chinese missile technicians spotted in Egypt". Free Beacon. 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  26. ↑ Xinhua (2005-08-30). "China award Egypt aircraft production licence". China Daily. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  27. ↑ "About the factory". Arab Organization for Industrialization Aircraft Factory (in Arabic). Arab Organization for Industrialization.
  28. ↑ "Contact us". Arab Organization for Industrialization Aircraft Factory (in Arabic). Arab Organization for Industrialization.
  29. ↑ "Egypt starts the production of ASN-209 UAVs". Egypt Defence. Archived from the original on June 10, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2012.
  30. ↑ Mortimer, Gary (18 May 2012). "Egypt: Nation Produces UAV in Cooperation With China". sUAS News. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
  31. ↑ "Egypt Loves China's Deep Pockets". Foreign policy. 2018-08-28. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  32. ↑ Binnie, Jeremy (19 October 2018). "Egypt shows Wing Loong UAV". IHS Jane's 360. London. Archived from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  33. ↑ "Chinese ambassador highlights China-Egypt relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 2007-10-29. Archived from the original on 2011-02-04. Retrieved 2010-06-13.
  34. ↑ "China pledges $20bn in credit for Africa at summit". BBC News Online. BBC. 2012-07-19. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  35. ↑ "Mozambique-China Trade Continues to Grow". allafrica.com. 2012-12-09. Retrieved 2012-12-09.
  36. ↑ Austin Strange, Bradley C. Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, and Vijaya Ramachandran. 2013. China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection. CGD Working Paper 323. Washington DC: Center for Global Development.
  37. ↑ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/440
  38. ↑ Strange, Parks, Tierney, Fuchs, Dreher, and Ramachandran, China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection.http://aiddatachina.org/projects/468
  39. ↑ "Egypt is getting a new capital -- courtesy of China". CNN. 2016-10-10. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  40. ↑ "Egypt, China sign protocol to build industrial projects in Ain Sokhna". Amwal Al Ghad. 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  41. ↑ "Which Countries Are For or Against China's Xinjiang Policies?". The Diplomat. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  42. ↑ "Egypt aided Chinese officials to detain and 'interrogate' Uighur students". Middle East Eye. 2019-08-18. Retrieved 2020-01-09.
  43. ↑ "No Uyghur Muslim students arrested inside Al-Azhar campus or affiliated buildings: Egypt's Al-Azhar". Ahram Online. 8 July 2017. Retrieved 17 August 2020. No Uyghur Muslim students have been arrested inside Al-Azhar campus or from inside any buildings associated with Al-Azhar, the Muslim Sunni institution stated in a Friday statement.
  44. ↑ Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020). "The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong". Axios. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  45. ↑ Yellinek, Roie; Mann, Yossi; Lebel, Udi (2020-11-01). "Chinese Soft-Power in the Arab world – China's Confucius Institutes as a central tool of influence". Comparative Strategy. 39 (6): 517–534. doi:10.1080/01495933.2020.1826843. ISSN 0149-5933. S2CID 226263146.
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