China–Peru relations
Map indicating locations of China and Peru

China
Peru
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of China, LimaEmbassy of Peru, Beijing

China–Peru relations (Chinese: 中秘关系; pinyin: Zhōng mì guānxì; Spanish: Relaciones China-Perú) are foreign relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Peru. Peru is the first Latin American country that China established formal ties with, which was done by the Qing dynasty in August 1875.[1] Both nations are members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the United Nations.

Relations between both nations went through three stages: Chinese coolieism as an institutionalization of human capital export to Latin America during the nineteenth century; the Maoist ideology transfer in the 1970s and 1980s; and, from the 1990s onwards, through international trade and cultural and Mandarin language centers—the Confucius Institute.[2]

History

Relations were established more than 160 years ago, intertwined with local social imageries, power structure, and narratives. Peru established relations with the Qing dynasty with the signing of a treaty in Tianjin on June 26, 1874.[3][4] Peru's first Resident Ambassador was named the next year, assuming his duties on May 20, 1878, while the Chinese ambassador would only reach Peru in 1883, after the War of the Pacific.[3][5][6] Relations between both states started with the Coolie Trade and matured during the ‘Hundred Years weakness and poverty’ (Wang, 1993) from the 1840s to 1949 of the impoverished Qing China, followed by a republic divided by civil wars and invaded by Japan.[2]

After the establishment of the Republic of China, Peru maintained its relations with the new Kuomintang government. In 1944, the diplomatic status of the two countries was raised to embassy level, and high-level officials of the two countries exchanged frequent visits in the 1950s and 1960s.[7] As a result of the Chinese Civil War, Peru closed its embassy in Beijing in 1946.[8]

Relations since 1971

After the establishment of Juan Velasco Alvarado's Revolutionary Government, Peru established relations with the People's Republic of China on November 2, 1971,[9] with the Republic of China severing its relations and closing its embassy in Lima as a result,[7][10] and the PRC opening its embassy the following year. As such, Peru became the third Latin American country to recognize the Beijing-based government.[11] Since the establishment of relations between Peru and the PRC, the South American country has adhered to the One China policy.[9]

In May 1978, the ROC established the "Far East Trade Center" in Lima to promote bilateral trade. On November 5, 1990, President Alberto Fujimori approved Supreme Executive Order No. RE014, agreeing to change the name of "Far East Trade Center" to "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Peru". On March 3, 1994, Peru established a "Taipei Trade Office" in Taiwan.[7]

Peru and the PRC signed a free trade agreement in April 2009. The agreement was officially ratified by both countries governments on December 6, 2009, and came into effect on March 1, 2010.[12][13][14]

Subnational relations

Peru is represented to the Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China at a local level by the Consulate-General of Peru in Hong Kong, which is also accredited to Macau.[15][16] Macau is nevertheless also represented by an honorary consulate.[17] Relations with the regions are carried out within the framework of relations with the People's Republic of China.

Hong Kong

Hong Kong–Peru relations
Map indicating locations of Hong Kong and Peru

Hong Kong
Peru
Diplomatic mission
None
(Represented by China)		Consulate-General of Peru, Hong Kong

Hong Kong–Peru relations (Chinese: 香港与秘鲁关系; pinyin: Xiānggǎng yǔ bìlǔ guānxì; Spanish: Relaciones Hong Kong-Perú) are carried out under the larger context of relations with China and date back to the British era of the region.

Many Chinese Peruvians are descendants of coolies that came from East Asia, including then British Hong Kong. Recorded voyages of coolie ships to Peru include the Lady Montagne (February 17, 1850; left with 450 coolies on board), the Albert (September 7, 1850; 156 coolies), the Victory (December 6, 1851; 335 coolies) the Beatrice (January 20, 1852; 300 coolies), the Frederich (January 19, 1869; 379 coolies), etc. In 1870, the Governor of Hong Kong, Richard Graves MacDonnell, accused the Peruvian consul in China, César A. del Río, of being involved in this trade after it was outlawed.[18][19]

In the 1960s, Peru established honorary consulates in British Hong Kong. A Peruvian delegation of the Public Fishmeal and Fish Oil Marketing Company (Spanish: Empresa Pública de Comercialización Harina y Aceite de pescado) visited Hong Kong in 1970 with the objective of studying the mainland Chinese market up close. This resulted on the opening of a Commercial Office in Beijing on September of the following year as a prelude of the formalisation of relations in November.[20]

In 1991, Hong Kong was visited by Minister of Economy and Finance Carlos Boloña and President Alberto Fujimori.[21] In 1997, Prime Minister Alberto Pandolfi represented Peru at the Hong Kong handover ceremony.[22]

In 2008, an agreement was signed aiming at the negotiation of a free trade agreement between both regions.[23] Said negotiations started in 2023. In 2022, Peruvian exports were valued at US$ 262 million, while Hongkonger exports were valued at US$25 million.[24]

Macau

Macau–Peru relations
Map indicating locations of Macau and Peru

Macau
Peru

Macau–Peru relations (Chinese: 澳门与秘鲁关系; pinyin: Àomén yǔ bìlǔ guānxì; Spanish: Relaciones Macao-Perú; Portuguese: Relações Macau-Peru) are also carried out under the larger context of relations with China and date back to the Portuguese era of the region.

Similar to neighbouring Hong Kong, the early history of relations took place in the context of the coolie trade and within Peru's relations with Portugal. From 1849 to 1857, a large amount of ships left for Callao, until the trade was suspended by the British and Chinese authorities. This meant that from 1860 onwards, a second wave of Chinese immigration to Peru took place with Macau serving as its exclusive starting point.[19] The last ship to leave to Peru was the Peruvian Lola, who left in July 1874 and reached Peru with 6 coolies dying in the journey.[25] A year before, the Overseas Ministry had prohibited the trade of coolies to Peru and Cuba due to the conditions they were subject to upon arrival.[26]

Peru is a recurring participant in the annual Macao International Trade and Investment Fair, where trade between both regions is promoted.[27][28]

Taiwan

Due to its official relations with mainland China, Peru de jure recognises Taiwan as part of China. However, since 1978, relations between Peru and the ROC are unofficially maintained through representative offices in Taipei and Lima.

High-level visits

High-level visits from China to Peru

High-level visits from Peru to China

Resident diplomatic missions

Embassy of China in Lima

See also

References

  1. ↑ Creutzfeldt, Benjamin (27 February 2019). Overcoming the Greatest Distance: China in Latin America.
  2. 1 2 Park, Jae (2013). "Cultural artefact, ideology export or soft power? Confucius Institute in Peru". International Studies in Sociology of Education. 23: 1–16. doi:10.1080/09620214.2013.770205. S2CID 143873899.
  3. 1 2 Chong Geng, Andrés Humberto (April 2003). "Breve historia de las relaciones sino-peruanas". China Today.
  4. ↑ "La inmigración china en el Perú (1850-1890)". Boletín de la Sociedad Peruana de Medicina Interna. 5 (3). 1992.
  5. ↑ Basadre 2014, p. 357.
  6. ↑ García Corrochano 2019, p. 61.
  7. 1 2 3 "駐處與駐地關係" [Residency and Resident Relations [between the Republic of China and Peru]]. Portal of Republic of China (Taiwan) Diplomatic Missions.
  8. ↑ García Corrochano 2019, p. 64.
  9. 1 2 Wolfgang Bartke (1981). "The diplomatic service of the People's Republic of China as of June 1981". news.xinhuanet.com. Instituts für Asienkunde. p. 110. Archived from the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
  10. ↑ Zhang 2022, p. 4.
  11. ↑ Aquino, Carlos (2021-03-13). "Perú y China: Dos pueblos, un destino común". El Peruano.
  12. ↑ China-Peru free trade pact takes effect
  13. ↑ "Peru ratifies free trade deal with China". AFP. 2009-12-06. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
  14. ↑ "China-Peru FTA to take effect in mid-January". Xinhua. 2010-01-05. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
  15. ↑ Consul de Perú en Hong Kong Archived November 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  16. ↑ "Consulado General del Perú en Hong Kong". Consulado General del Perú en Hong Kong. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores.
  17. ↑ "Consulados Peruanos a cargo de Cónsules Honorarios". Consulado General del Perú en Hong Kong. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores.
  18. ↑ Rodríguez, Humberto (1984). "Los inmigrantes chinos en el Perú". Apuntes. Revista de Ciencias Sociales. (14): 137–164. doi:10.21678/apuntes.14.197.
  19. 1 2 Rodriguez 2017, p. 36.
  20. ↑ García Corrochano 2019, p. 96.
  21. 1 2 3 Chuquihuara, Luis (1994). Perú en la aldea global (in Spanish). FOPRI.
  22. 1 2 3 Memoria anual: Mensage al Congreso (in Spanish). Presidencia de la República. 1997. p. 588. Por la parte peruana visitaron China el presidente del Congreso de la República, ingeniero Víctor Joy Way, en abril del presente año, y el presidente del Consejo de Ministros, ingeniero Alberto Pandolfi, para asistir en representación del Perú a las ceremonias de transferencia de Hong Kong a la soberanía de China.
  23. ↑ Collantes, Denisse (2008-05-30). "Perú y Hong Kong firman declaración para fortalecer relaciones económicas con miras a un TLC". Andina.
  24. ↑ "Perú y Hong Kong inician primera ronda de negociaciones comerciales para firma de un Tratado de Libre Comercio". Gob.pe. 2023-02-03.
  25. ↑ Rodriguez 2017, p. 39.
  26. ↑ Rodriguez 2017, p. 43–44.
  27. ↑ "Perú participa en la Feria Internacional de Comercio e Inversiones de Macao". Gob.pe. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2018-10-22.
  28. ↑ "Perú presente en la Feria Internacional de Comercio e Inversiones de Macao". Gob.pe. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2019-10-21.
  29. ↑ "Xi Jinping to Pay State Visits to Ecuador, Peru and Chile and Attend the 24th APEC Economic Leaders' Summit in Lima". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 9 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  30. ↑ Cañas, Gabriela (1995-09-12). "Fujimori, único presidente entre mujeres". El País.
  31. ↑ "Presidente Toledo llegó a China para iniciar visita oficial". 2005-06-01.
  32. ↑ "Vicepresidente chino se reúne con presidente peruano". Embajada de la República Popular China en la República del Perú. 2013-04-08.
  33. ↑ "Kuczynski refuerza los lazos comerciales de Perú con China". El País. 2016-09-16.
  34. ↑ Embassy of China in Lima
  35. ↑ Embassy of Peru in Beijing

Bibliography

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