Colonization of China

Colonization of China may refer to:

Chinese expansionism and Sinicization over the millennia by the dynasties of China, Republic of China, People's Republic of China, or Taiwan.
Conquest dynasties established by non-Han Chinese such as the Yuan or Qing (list below.)
Colonization by Western powers, Japan, and the Russian Empire/Soviet Union, especially foreign concessions in China by in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Three of these survived after the Chinese Civil War. A list is below.
- Portuguese Macau, 1557-1999.
- British Hong Kong 1841-1941, 1945-1997.
- Russian/Soviet Chinese Eastern Railway headquartered in Harbin, 1896-1952.
Japanese Empire in China from 1895-1945 from the First Sino-Japanese War to the Second Sino-Japanese War, most notably:
- Taiwan under Japanese rule, 1895-1945.
- Manchukuo — Manchu puppet state, 1931-1945.
- Mengjiang — Mongol puppet state, 1939-1945.
- Provisional Government of the Republic of China — Han Chinese puppet state, 1937-1940.
- Reformed Government of the Republic of China — Han Chinese puppet state, 1938-1940.
- Wang Jingwei regime — Han Chinese puppet state under the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 1940-1945.
- Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, 1941-1945.

List of non-Han Chinese dynasties

This list includes only the major dynasties of China ruled by non-Han ethnicities, there were many other such dynastic regimes that ruled an area historically or currently associated with "China" not shown in this list. Also, not all non-Han regimes are seen as conquest dynasties, and many of them are actually considered as "infiltration dynasties".

Ethnicity	Conquest dynasty	Period of rule	Territorial extent
Xianbei 鮮卑	Tuyuhun 吐谷渾	284–670 CE	Parts of China proper
	Former Yan 前燕	337–370 CE
	Later Yan 後燕	384–409 CE
	Western Qin 西秦	385–400 CE, 409–431 CE
	Southern Liang 南涼	397–414 CE
	Southern Yan 南燕	398–410 CE
	Dai 代	310–376 CE
	Duan Qi 段齊	350–356 CE
	Western Yan 西燕	384–394 CE
	Northern Wei 北魏	386–535 CE
	Eastern Wei 東魏	534–550 CE
	Western Wei 西魏	535–557 CE
	Northern Zhou 北周	557–581 CE
Di 氐	Chouchi 仇池	296–371 CE, 385–443 CE
	Cheng-Han 成漢	304–347 CE
	Former Qin 前秦	351–394 CE
	Later Liang 後涼	386–403 CE
Xiongnu 匈奴	Han-Zhao 漢趙	304–329 CE
	Northern Liang 北涼	397–439 CE
	Hu Xia 胡夏	407–431 CE
	Xu 許	618–619 CE
Jie 羯	Later Zhao 後趙	319–351 CE
Jie 羯	Hou Han 侯漢	551–552 CE
Qiang 羌	Later Qin 後秦	384–417 CE
Dingling 丁零	Zhai Wei 翟魏	388–392 CE
Sogdian 粟特^[1]	Former Yan 前燕	756–759 CE
Göktürk 突厥	Later Yan 後燕	759–763 CE
Shatuo 沙陀	Former Jin 前晉	907–923 CE
	Later Tang 後唐	923–937 CE
	Later Jin^[2] 後晉	936–947 CE
	Later Han^[3] 後漢	947–951 CE
	Northern Han 北漢	951–979 CE
Khitan 契丹	Liao dynasty 遼朝	916–1125 CE
	Dongdan 東丹	926–936 CE
	Northern Liao 北遼	1122–1123 CE
	Western Liao 西遼	1124–1218 CE
	Eastern Liao 東遼	1213–1269 CE
	Later Liao 後遼	1216–1219 CE
Baiman 白蠻	Dali 大理	937–1094 CE, 1096–1253 CE
Baiman 白蠻	Dazhong 大中	1094–1096 CE
Tangut 党項	Western Xia 西夏	1038–1227 CE
Tangut 党項	Shun dynasty 順朝	1644–1646 CE
Jurchen 女真	Jin dynasty 金朝	1115–1234 CE
	Eastern Xia 東夏	1215–1233 CE
	Later Jin 後金	1616–1636 CE
Mongol 蒙古	Yuan dynasty 元朝	1271–1368 CE	All of China proper
Mongol 蒙古	Northern Yuan 北元	1368–1635 CE	Parts of China proper
Manchu 滿洲	Qing dynasty 清朝	1636–1912 CE	All of China proper

List of Western, Russian/Soviet, and Japanese concessions

Country	Concession	Location (modern name)	Year established	Year dissolved	Note
International	Shanghai International Settlement	Shanghai	1863	1945	Formed from the British and American concessions. It was initially ruled by: Austria-Hungary, Denmark, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway-Sweden, Portugal, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
	Beijing Legation Quarter	Beijing	1861	1945	Covering some 3 acres and including 11 foreign embassies, the entire Legation Quarter was considered foreign sovereign ground and was off limits for Chinese citizens who were not allowed to take up residency within the legation grounds
	Kulangsu International Settlement	Xiamen	1903	1945	On January 10, 1902, the consuls of Great Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden-Norway, Japan and other eight countries signed the "Gulangyu delimitation charter" in the Kulangyu Japanese Consulate. Subsequently, in January 1903, the Kulangsu International Settlement Municipal Council was established
Austria-Hungary	Austro-Hungarian concession of Tianjin	Tianjin	1902	1917
Belgium	Belgian concession of Tianjin	Tianjin	1902	1931	^[4]
France	Kwang-Chou-Wan^[5]	Zhanjiang	1898	1946	^[5]
	French Concession of Shanghai	Shanghai	1849	1946
	French Concession of Shamian Island, Guangzhou	Guangzhou	1861	1946
	French concession of Hankou	Hankou	1896	1946
	French concession of Tianjin	Tianjin	1861	1946
	French Railway, Kunming	Kunming	1904	1940	After the French, WWII saw a significant influx of American troops.
Germany	Kiautschou Bay leased territory	Qingdao	1898	1914
	German concession of Hankou	Hankou	1895	1917
	German concession of Tianjin	Tianjin	1895	1917
Italy	Italian concession of Tianjin	Tianjin	1901	1947	^[6]
	Italian Concession of Shanghai	Shanghai	1902	1943	^[7]
	Italian Concession of Amoy	Amoy	1902	1943	^[8]
Japan	Kwantung Leased Territory/South Manchuria Railway Zone	Dalian	1905	1945	Obtained from Russia.
	Kiautschou Bay leased territory in Shandong Peninsula	Qingdao	1914	1922	Acquisition from Germany was acknowledged by China in 1915, concession was held until 1922,^[9] ceded to China in Washington Naval Treaty.^[10]\| rowspan="6" \| France\| rowspan="8" \| Japan
	Japanese concession of Tianjin	Tianjin	1898	1945	Kept by Japan until WWII capitulation.
	Japanese concession of Hankou	Hankou	1898	1945	Kept by Japan until WWII capitulation.
	Japanese concession of Chongqing	Chongqing	1897	1937	Abandoned at outbreak of Second Sino-Japanese War.^[11]
	Japanese concession of Suzhou	Suzhou	1897	1943	^[12]
	Japanese concession of Hangzhou	Hangzhou	1897	1943	^[12]
	Japanese concession of Shashi	Shashi	1898	1943	^[12]
Russia, Soviet Union	Russian Dalian	Dalian	1898; 1945	1905; 1950	^[13] Re-occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945–1950.^[14]
	Russian concession of Tianjin	Tianjin	1900	1924
	Russian concession of Hankou	Hankou	1896	1924	^[15]
	Chinese Eastern Railway, Harbin	Harbin	1896	1952	Re-occupied by the Soviet Union after the 1929 Sino-Soviet conflict.^[16] Railway was returned in 1952.^[17]
	Port Arthur	Lüshunkou District	1895	1905	Acquired from Japan in Triple Intervention, lost in Russo-Japanese War.
	Russian concession of Liaodong Peninsula	Liaodong	1898	1905	Included Port Arthur
United Kingdom	New Territories, Hong Kong	Hong Kong	1898	1997
	Weihaiwei leased territory	Weihai	1898	1930	Liugong Island remained under British control as a separate territory until 1940
	Liugong Island	Weihai	1930	1940	Formerly part of Weihaiwei leased territory since 1898^[18]
	British concession of Tianjin	Tianjin	1860	1945
	British concession of Hankou	Hankou	1861	1927
	British Concession of Jiujiang	Jiujiang	1861	1929
	British concession of Zhenjiang	Zhenjiang	1861	1929
	British concession of Shamian Island, Guangzhou	Guangzhou	1861	1945
	British concession of Amoy	Xiamen	1852	1930
	British concession of Dalian	Dalian	1858	1860
	British concession of Shanghai	Shanghai	1846	1863	Merged to form Shanghai International Settlement
	Trading warehouses at Tengchong (Tengyue)	Yunnan	Late 19th/early 20th century.		Still standing, with bullet holes. British diplomat Augustus Margary was murdered here in 1875. Consulate built 1921.
United States	American concession of Shanghai	Shanghai	1848	1863	Merged to form Shanghai International Settlement
United States	American concession of Tianjin	Tianjin	1860	1902	Merged to form British concession in Tianjin

References

↑ An Lushan's father was of Sogdian and his mother was of Göktürk origin.
↑ Wudai Shi ch. 75. 舊五代史/卷75 (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his patrilineal ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures Shi Que and Shi Fen, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-Han Chinese area during the political chaos at the end of the Han dynasty in the early 3rd century.
↑ According to Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 99, and New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 10. Liu Zhiyuan was of Shatuo origin. According to Wudai Huiyao, vol. 1 Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of Emperor Ming of Han
↑ Anne-Marie Brady; Douglas Brown (2013). Foreigners and Foreign Institutions in Republican China. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-52865-8.
1 2 Geoffrey C. Gunn (1 November 2016). Wartime Macau: Under the Japanese Shadow. Hong Kong University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-988-8390-51-9.
↑ Marinelli, Maurizio (2010-09-01). "The genesis of the Italian concession in Tianjin: a combination of wishful thinking and realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 15 (4): 536–556. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2010.501975. ISSN 1354-571X. S2CID 144357230.
↑ The concession was commercial (Italy’s Encounters with Modern China: Imperial Dreams, Strategic Ambitions
↑ The concession was commercial (M. Marinelli. "Italy’s Encounters with Modern China: Imperial Dreams, Strategic Ambitions")
↑ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "The Surprisingly Important Role China Played in WWI". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-04-27.
↑ Asada, Sadao (1961). "Japan's "Special Interests" and the Washington Conference". The American Historical Review. 67 (1): 62–70. doi:10.2307/1846262. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1846262.
↑ "Chongqing – History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
1 2 3 Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5. Vol. 2, The Nichinan papers. Chiharu Inaba, J. W. M. Chapman. Folkestone, UK: Global Oriental. 2007. p. 187. ISBN 978-90-04-21332-6. OCLC 755068887. After the [First] Sino-Japanese War, Japan had won jurisdiction over concessions in ports such as Tianjin, Mukden, Hankou, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Shashi, and Chongqing. [...] Those at Tianjin and Hankou were seen by the Japanese Government as 'developed' concessions, while those at Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Chongqing were called 'undeveloped'.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
↑ "CHINA'S GRANTS TO RUSSIA; Leases of Port Arthur and Talien-wan and the Railway Concession Signed at Pekin. CONTROL TO BE GIVEN TO-DAY China to Retain Sovereign Rights, but Russia to Take the Forts and Collect the Customs – A New Treaty Port". The New York Times. 1898-03-28. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
↑ Hess, Christian (2018-01-01). "Sino-Soviet City: Dalian between Socialist Worlds, 1945–1955". Journal of Urban History. 44 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1177/0096144217710234. ISSN 0096-1442. S2CID 149414746.
↑ Crawford, Alan (2018). "Imagining the Russian Concession in Hankou". The Historical Journal. 61 (4): 969–989. doi:10.1017/S0018246X17000528. ISSN 0018-246X. S2CID 159946531.
↑ Walker, Michael M. (2017). The 1929 Sino-Soviet war : the war nobody knew. Lawrence, Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2375-4. OCLC 966274204.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
↑ Elleman, Bruce A. (1994). "The Soviet Union's Secret Diplomacy Concerning the Chinese Eastern Railway, 1924–1925". The Journal of Asian Studies. 53 (2): 459–486. doi:10.2307/2059842. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2059842. S2CID 162586404.
↑ Fiona de Londras; Siobhán Mullally (4 December 2014). Irish Yearbook of International Law. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84946-975-3.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] An Lushan's father was of Sogdian and his mother was of Göktürk origin.

[2] Wudai Shi ch. 75. 舊五代史/卷75 (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Considering the father was originally called Nieliji without a surname, the fact that his patrilineal ancestors all had Chinese names here indicates that these names were probably all created posthumously after Shi Jingtang became a "Chinese" emperor. Shi Jingtang actually claimed to be a descendant of Chinese historical figures Shi Que and Shi Fen, and insisted that his ancestors went westwards towards non-Han Chinese area during the political chaos at the end of the Han dynasty in the early 3rd century.

[3] According to Old History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 99, and New History of the Five Dynasties, vol. 10. Liu Zhiyuan was of Shatuo origin. According to Wudai Huiyao, vol. 1 Liu Zhiyuan's great-great-grandfather Liu Tuan (劉湍) (titled as Emperor Mingyuan posthumously, granted the temple name of Wenzu) descended from Liu Bing (劉昞), Prince of Huaiyang, a son of Emperor Ming of Han

[BradyBrown2013-4] Anne-Marie Brady; Douglas Brown (2013). Foreigners and Foreign Institutions in Republican China. Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-415-52865-8.

[Gunn2016-5] 1 2 Geoffrey C. Gunn (1 November 2016). Wartime Macau: Under the Japanese Shadow. Hong Kong University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-988-8390-51-9.

[6] Marinelli, Maurizio (2010-09-01). "The genesis of the Italian concession in Tianjin: a combination of wishful thinking and realpolitik". Journal of Modern Italian Studies. 15 (4): 536–556. doi:10.1080/1354571X.2010.501975. ISSN 1354-571X. S2CID 144357230.

[7] The concession was commercial (Italy’s Encounters with Modern China: Imperial Dreams, Strategic Ambitions

[8] The concession was commercial (M. Marinelli. "Italy’s Encounters with Modern China: Imperial Dreams, Strategic Ambitions")

[9] Boissoneault, Lorraine. "The Surprisingly Important Role China Played in WWI". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2022-04-27.

[:2-10] Asada, Sadao (1961). "Japan's "Special Interests" and the Washington Conference". The American Historical Review. 67 (1): 62–70. doi:10.2307/1846262. ISSN 0002-8762. JSTOR 1846262.

[11] "Chongqing – History | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

[:1-12] 1 2 3 Rethinking the Russo-Japanese War, 1904-5. Vol. 2, The Nichinan papers. Chiharu Inaba, J. W. M. Chapman. Folkestone, UK: Global Oriental. 2007. p. 187. ISBN 978-90-04-21332-6. OCLC 755068887. After the [First] Sino-Japanese War, Japan had won jurisdiction over concessions in ports such as Tianjin, Mukden, Hankou, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Shashi, and Chongqing. [...] Those at Tianjin and Hankou were seen by the Japanese Government as 'developed' concessions, while those at Suzhou, Hangzhou, and Chongqing were called 'undeveloped'.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[13] "CHINA'S GRANTS TO RUSSIA; Leases of Port Arthur and Talien-wan and the Railway Concession Signed at Pekin. CONTROL TO BE GIVEN TO-DAY China to Retain Sovereign Rights, but Russia to Take the Forts and Collect the Customs – A New Treaty Port". The New York Times. 1898-03-28. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-02.

[14] Hess, Christian (2018-01-01). "Sino-Soviet City: Dalian between Socialist Worlds, 1945–1955". Journal of Urban History. 44 (1): 9–25. doi:10.1177/0096144217710234. ISSN 0096-1442. S2CID 149414746.

[15] Crawford, Alan (2018). "Imagining the Russian Concession in Hankou". The Historical Journal. 61 (4): 969–989. doi:10.1017/S0018246X17000528. ISSN 0018-246X. S2CID 159946531.

[walker2017-16] Walker, Michael M. (2017). The 1929 Sino-Soviet war : the war nobody knew. Lawrence, Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2375-4. OCLC 966274204.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[:0-17] Elleman, Bruce A. (1994). "The Soviet Union's Secret Diplomacy Concerning the Chinese Eastern Railway, 1924–1925". The Journal of Asian Studies. 53 (2): 459–486. doi:10.2307/2059842. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 2059842. S2CID 162586404.

[LondrasMullally2014-18] Fiona de Londras; Siobhán Mullally (4 December 2014). Irish Yearbook of International Law. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-84946-975-3.

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