Qingdao
青岛市
Tsingtao
Prefecture-level and Sub-provincial city
Clockwise from top left: Qingdao's skyline, St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao harbor, a temple at the base of Mount Lao, and May Fourth Square
Clockwise from top left: Qingdao's skyline, St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao harbor, a temple at the base of Mount Lao, and May Fourth Square
Official logo of Qingdao
Official Logo of Qingdao
Location of Qingdao city (red) on China's eastern coast
Location of Qingdao city (red) on China's eastern coast
Qingdao is located in Qingdao
Qingdao
Qingdao
Location of the municipal government
Qingdao is located in Shandong
Qingdao
Qingdao
Qingdao (Shandong)
Coordinates (Qingdao municipal government): 36°04′01″N 120°22′58″E / 36.0669°N 120.3827°E / 36.0669; 120.3827
CountryChina
ProvinceShandong
Lease to Germany6 March 1898
Japanese occupation7 November 1914
Return to China10 December 1922
Japanese Occupation10 January 1938
Return to China15 August 1945
Municipal seat11, Xianggang Middle Rd, Shinan District
Government
 • TypeSub-provincial city
 • BodyQingdao Municipal People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryLu Zhiyuan
 • Congress ChairmanWang Luming
 • MayorZhao Haozhi
 • CPPCC ChairmanYang Jun
Area
 • Prefecture-level and Sub-provincial city11,228.4 km2 (4,335.3 sq mi)
 • Land11,228.4 km2 (4,335.3 sq mi)
 • Urban
5,171.4 km2 (1,996.7 sq mi)
 • Metro
5,171.4 km2 (1,996.7 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 census)[1]
 • Prefecture-level and Sub-provincial city10,071,722
 • Density900/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
 • Urban
7,172,451
 • Urban density1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)
 • Metro
7,172,451
 • Metro density1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal code
266000
Area code0532
ISO 3166 codeCN-SD-02
GDP
  • ¥1.2 trillion
  • (US$140 billion)
GDP per capita
  • ¥127,745
  • (US$18,000)
License Plate Prefix鲁B & 鲁U
Coastline
  • 862.64 km (536.02 mi)
  • (inclusive of offshore islands)
  • 730.64 km (454.00 mi)
  • (exclusive of islands)
Major NationalitiesHan: 99.86%
County-level divisions10
ClimateDwa/Cwa
Websiteqingdao.gov.cn
Symbols
FlowerChina rose
Camellia
TreeCedrus
Qingdao
"Qingdao" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese青岛
Traditional Chinese青島
PostalTsingtao
Literal meaning"Cyan Island"
German name
GermanTsingtao

Qingdao (/tʃɪŋˈdaʊ/ ching-DOW, also spelled Tsingtao; Chinese: 青岛; pinyin: Qīngdǎo, Mandarin: [tɕʰíŋtàʊ] ⓘ) is a city in eastern Shandong Province. Located on China's Yellow Sea coast, it is a major nodal city of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) that connects Continental and East Asia with Europe.[2] It has the highest GDP of any city in the province. Administered at the sub-provincial level,[3] Qingdao has jurisdiction over seven districts and three county-level cities (Jiaozhou, Pingdu, Laixi). As of the 2020 census, Qingdao built-up (or metro) area made of the seven urban districts (Shinan, Shibei, Huangdao, Laoshan, Licang, Chengyang and Jimo) was home to 7,172,451 inhabitants, making it the 15th largest city in China by population.[4] Lying across the Shandong Peninsula and looking out to the Yellow Sea, it borders the prefecture-level cities of Yantai to the northeast, Weifang to the west and Rizhao to the southwest.[5]

Qingdao is a major seaport and naval base, as well as a commercial and financial center. It is home to electronics multinationals such as Haier and Hisense. The Jiaozhou Bay Bridge, links the main urban area of Qingdao with Huangdao district, straddling the Jiaozhou Bay sea areas. Its historic German-style architecture and Tsingtao Brewery, the second largest brewery in China,[6] are legacies of the German occupation (1898–1914). Qingdao is classified as a Large-Port Metropolis.[7]

In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Qingdao ranked 47th; the index is published by the Z/Yen Group and China Development Institute, the other Chinese cities on the list being Shanghai, Hong Kong, Beijing, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Nanjing, Xi'an, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Dalian, and Wuhan.[8] In 2007, Qingdao was named as one of China's top ten cities by the Chinese Cities Brand Value Report, which was released at the 2007 Beijing Summit of China Cities Forum.[9] In 2009, Qingdao was named China's most livable city by the Chinese Institute of City Competitiveness.[10][11] In 2018, Qingdao held the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit.[12] In 2020, Qingdao was rated as a Gamma+ level global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[13]

Qingdao is also one of the world's top 50 cities for global scientific research as tracked by the Nature Index.[14] The city is home to several notable universities, including the Ocean University of China, China University of Petroleum, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao University of Technology, and Qingdao Agricultural University.[15]

History

Ancient times

Human settlement in the area dates back 6,000 years. The Dongyi nationality, one of the important origins of the Chinese nation, lived here and created the Dawenkou, Longshan and Dongyeshi cultures. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 B.C. – 256 B.C.), the town of Jimo was established, which was then the second-largest one in the Shandong region. The area in which Qingdao is located today was named Jiao'ao (胶澳) when it was administered by the Qing Dynasty on 14 June 1891.[16]

German and Japanese occupations

Sketch map of Tsingtao, circa 1906
Main gate of former Chinese munitions depot, taken over by the Imperial German Navy, Kiautschou Bay, Shandong peninsula, 1898

In 1891, the Qing Empire decided to make coastal Tsingtao (then known as "Jiao'ao") a defense base against naval attacks and began to improve its fortifications. Imperial German naval officials observed and reported on this activity during a formal survey of Jiaozhou Bay in May 1897. In November of that year, the Juye Incident would take place, in which 3 German missionaries were attacked, and two were killed. Subsequently, German troops seized and occupied the fortification.[17] The preindustrial, waning Qing Empire was forced to concede the area to Germany the following year, and the Kiautschou Bay concession, as it became known, existed from 1898 to 1914 (Li 2005, p. 81). With an area of 552 km2 (136,000 acres; 213 sq mi), it was located in the imperial province of Shandong (alternately romanized as Shantung or Shan-tung) on the southern coast of the Shandong Peninsula in northern China. Jiaozhou was alternatively romanized as Kiaochow, Kiauchau, or Kiao-Chau in English, and Kiautschou in German; Qingdao was its administrative center. "The so-called Marktstrasse (Market Street) was nothing more than the old main street of the Chinese village of Tsingtao, and the buildings lining it were the former homes of fishermen and farmers. Having sold their property, they resettled their homes and fields in the villages further east."[18] Upon gaining control of the area, the Germans outfitted the impoverished fishing village of Tsingtao (Qingdao) with wide streets, solid housing areas, government buildings, electrification throughout, a sewer system and a safe drinking water supply, a rarity in large parts of Asia at that time and later.[19] The area had the highest school density and the highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Imperial German treasury and Protestant and Roman Catholic missions.[19] Commercial interests established the Germania Brewery in 1903, which later became the world-famous Tsingtao Brewery.[20] German cultural and commercial influences extended to other areas of Shandong Province, including the establishment of diverse commercial enterprises.

Identified by the German authorities as a strategically important port, Qingdao was administered by the Imperial Department of the Navy (Reichsmarineamt) rather than the Imperial Colonial Office (Reichskolonialamt). The growing Imperial German Navy based their East Asia Squadron there, allowing the warships to conduct operations throughout the western Pacific. Beginning in January 1898, the marines of III. Seebataillon were based at Tsingtao. Construction of the Jiaoji Railway began on 23 September 1899, and was completed in 1904.[21]

alt=Japanese military currency * Siege of Tsingtao * 10 sen (1914)
Japanese military currency

Before the outbreak of World War I (1914–1918), ships of the German naval forces under Admiral Count von Spee were located at central Pacific colonies on routine missions. The fleet then rendezvoused in the Marianas Islands to plan a transit back to Germany rather than be trapped in the Pacific by more powerful and numerous Allied fleets (British and Japanese).[note 1]

After a minor British naval attack on the German concession in Shandong (Kiautschou Bay concession) in 1914, Japanese Empire troops occupied the city and the surrounding province during the Siege of Tsingtao after Japan's declaration of war on Germany in accordance with the Anglo-Japanese Alliance.[22] China protested against Japan's violation of her neutrality but was not able to interfere in the military operations.[23] The decision of the Paris Peace Conference and the Versailles Treaty negotiations not to restore Chinese rule over the previous foreign concessions in Qingdao after the Great War triggered the May Fourth Movement (4 May 1919) of anti-imperialism, nationalism and cultural identity in China.[24]

Map of Qingdao in 1912

The city came under Chinese rule in December 1922, under control of the Republic of China (R.O.C.) established in 1912 after the Chinese Revolution the year before. However, Japan maintained its economic dominance of the railway and the province as a whole.[25] The city became a direct-controlled municipality of the ROC Government in July 1929.

Japan re-occupied Qingdao in 1938, a year after it expanded the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), (a precursor to World War II, 1939–1945) with its plans of territorial expansion into China's coast. Nationalist (Kuomintang) ROC forces returned after the Japanese surrender in September 1945. On 2 June 1949, during the Chinese Civil War and shortly before the founding of the communist People’s Republic of China on 1 October 1949 the city was taken by Chairman Mao Zedong and his troops.

Qingdao city planning and development

1898–1914

The development of the Tsingtao urban space during the German occupation (1898–1914) originated from the port. Mass urban construction began in 1898 with the relocation of Chinese dwellers along the coast.[26] With the completion of such series of mass construction projects such as wharves, the Tsingtao-Jinan Railway Line, Tsingtao Railway Station and locomotive works, a city was starting to take shape.[27] The area had the highest school density and highest per capita student enrollment in all of China, with primary, secondary and vocational schools funded by the Berlin treasury as well as Protestant and Roman Catholic missions.[28] In 1910, the Germans drew up for the second time the city planning of Tsingtao (Warner 2001, p. 33). The former urban area was extended four times highlighted by the emphasis on the development of commerce and trade. Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), leader of the Chinese Revolution of 1911 and subsequently first president of the Republic of China, visited the Tsingtau area and stated in 1912, "I am impressed. The city is a true model for China's future".[29]

1914–1922

The development of Tsingtao urban space continued during the first Japan-occupation period (1914–1922). In 1914, Tsingtao was taken over by the Japanese and served as a base for the exploitation of natural resources of Shandong and northern China. With the development of industry and commerce, a "New City District" was established to furnish the Japanese colonists with commercial sections and living quarters, which suggested a striking contrast to the shabby houses in the local Chinese zones (Li 2007, p. 133). In the meantime, several schools, hospitals, and public buildings were constructed, followed by urban streets and intercity highways as well. The urban spatial layout continued to expand northward along the east bay area.

1922–1938

The development of Tsingtao urban space during the ROC-ruled period (1922–1938). This period saw the substantial progress of the urban development of Tsingtao. The government engaged itself in mass construction that gave birth to villa districts at the beach and bank groups in CBD. Plenty of public buildings and facilities for entertainment and sports were completed. By the year 1937, the urban population numbered 385,000(Lu 2001, p. 327). Tsingtao consequently distinguished itself as a prominent holiday resort and summer retreat.

1938–1945

The development of Tsingtao urban space during the second Japan-occupied period (1938–1945). Japanese armed forces returned to Tsingtao in 1938 and started to strive for the construction of the Greater Tsingtao in the following June. Accordingly, they worked out the city planning of the Greater Tsingtao and the City Planning of the Mother Town (Tsingtao City Proper), even though they had not had the opportunity to actualize either, respectively. The period in question did not witness much urban progress except for the logical construction of No. 6 Wharf, some Japanese residences, and a small number of roads and streets (Lu 2001, p. 339).

Postwar

After World War II, the KMT allowed Qingdao to serve as the headquarters of the Western Pacific Fleet of the US Navy in 1945; however, its headquarters were transferred to the Philippines sometime in late 1948. On 2 June 1949, the CPC-led Red Army entered Qingdao and the city and province have been under PRC control since that time.

Since the 1984 inauguration of China's open-door policy to foreign trade and investment, Qingdao has rapidly developed into an ultramodern port city. It is now the headquarters of the Chinese navy's northern fleet. An early example of the open-door policy occurred on 5 November 1984, when three United States Naval vessels visited Qingdao. This was the first US port call to China in more than 37 years. USS Rentz, USS Reeves, and USS Oldendorf and their crews were officially hosted by the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN).

Northern Qingdao, particularly Shibei, Licang, and Chengyang districts, are now major manufacturing centers. The city has recently experienced a strong growth period, with a new central business district created to the east of the older business district. Outside of the center of the city, there is a large industrial zone, which includes chemical processing, rubber, and heavy manufacturing, in addition to a growing high-tech area. Numerous local and national service companies, rather than manufacturers, are based in the city's southern district.

Image of Qingdao in the early 1900s

Administrative divisions

City Hall of Qingdao

The sub-provincial city of Qingdao has 7 districts (区; qū) and 3 county-level cities (市; shì):

SubdivisionChinese (Simplified)Pinyin RomanizationAdmin.
Code[30]		Land Area
(km2)		Urbanization
Rate (%)		Permanent Resident
Population ('000s, 2010)		Population Density
(1/km2)
Districts
Shinan District (city seat)市南区Shìnán Qū37020230.01100544.818153.95
Shibei District市北区Shìběi Qū37020363.181001020.716155.43
Huangdao District
(Xihai'an New Area)		黄岛区
（西海岸新区）		Huángdǎo Qū
(Xīhǎi'àn Xīnqū)		3702112220.10801392.6627.27
Laoshan District崂山区Láoshān Qū370212389.3480379.5974.73
Licang District李沧区Lǐcāng Qū37021395.52100512.45364.32
Chengyang District城阳区Chéngyáng Qū370214553.2080737.21332.61
Jimo District即墨区Jímò Qū370282172758.11177.2681.64
County-level cities
Jiaozhou胶州市Jiāozhōu Shì370281121068.0843.1696.78
Pingdu平度市Píngdù Shì370283316652.81357.4428.74
Laixi莱西市Láixī Shì370285152258.1750.2492.90

Geographically, there are three districts (Shinan, Shibei, Licang) constituting a peninsula on the east coast of the Jiaozhou Bay as the core urban area, one (Chengyang) on the north coast and one (Xihai'an) on the west coast of the Yellow Sea.

Geography

Qingdao (labeled CH'ING-TAO (TSINGTAO) 青島) (1954)
Map including Qingdao (labeled as CH'ING-TAO (TSINGTAO))
Qingdao
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
11
 
 
3
−3
 
 
14
 
 
5
−1
 
 
22
 
 
9
3
 
 
29
 
 
15
8
 
 
62
 
 
21
14
 
 
74
 
 
24
18
 
 
149
 
 
27
22
 
 
150
 
 
28
23
 
 
72
 
 
26
19
 
 
40
 
 
20
14
 
 
29
 
 
13
6
 
 
12
 
 
6
0
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
Source: CMA[31]
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
0.4
 
 
38
27
 
 
0.5
 
 
42
30
 
 
0.9
 
 
49
37
 
 
1.1
 
 
60
47
 
 
2.4
 
 
69
57
 
 
2.9
 
 
75
65
 
 
5.9
 
 
81
72
 
 
5.9
 
 
83
74
 
 
2.9
 
 
78
67
 
 
1.6
 
 
68
56
 
 
1.2
 
 
55
43
 
 
0.5
 
 
42
32
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inches

Qingdao is located on the south-facing coast of the Shandong Peninsula (German: Schantung Halbinsel). It borders three prefecture-level cities, namely Yantai to the northeast, Weifang to the west, and Rizhao to the southwest. The city occupies an area totaling 10,654 km2 (4,114 sq mi), and stretches in latitude from 35° 35' to 37° 09' N and in longitude from 119° 30' to 121° 00' E. The populated sections of the city are relatively flat while mountains spur up within city limits and nearby. The highest elevation in the city is located 1,133 meters (3,717 ft) above sea level. Of the total area of Qingdao, 15.5% is highland, while the foothill, plain, and lowland areas constitute 25.1%, 37.8%, and 21.7%, respectively. The city has a 730.64-kilometer (454.00 mi)-long coastline. Five significant rivers exceeding 50 kilometers (31 mi) in length can be found in the region.

Climate

Qingdao has a temperate, four-season, monsoon-influenced[32] climate that lies in the transition between the humid subtropical (Köppen Cwa) and humid continental (Köppen Dwa) regimes. Qingdao is located in the north temperate monsoon region and has a temperate monsoon climate. Due to the direct regulation of the marine environment, the city is influenced by the southeast monsoon and the currents and water masses from the ocean, so it also has significant maritime climate characteristics.[33] Winters range from cool to cold and windy, but are generally dry, with a January average of 0.2 °C (32.4 °F). Summer is generally hot and humid, but very hot days are rare, with an August average of 25.6 °C (78.1 °F). Due to its proximity to the coast and location on a peninsula, compared to most inland areas of China, its spring is delayed by one month,[32] and the annual diurnal temperature variation is only 6.3 °C (11.3 °F); conversely, its fall is milder than inland areas in Shandong. The water temperature peaks at about 25 °C (77 °F) in late August. Thus, swimming is possible for two months on either side. The annual mean temperature is 13.3 °C (55.9 °F). Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −15.5 °C (4 °F) on 16 January 1958 to 38.9 °C (102 °F) on 15 July 2002.[34] With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 38 percent in July to 59 percent in October, the city receives 2,261 hours of bright sunshine annually.[35]

During the summer months, the beaches of Qingdao are afflicted by massive algal blooms. The decomposing algae release large amounts of hydrogen sulfide gas, which produces an offensive "rotten egg" odor. Sea lettuce blooms, which are partially caused by seaweed farming in Jiangsu Province, led local officials to declare a "large-scale algae disaster" in 2013.[36]

Climate data for Qingdao (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.9
(55.2)		 19.6
(67.3)		 21.5
(70.7)		 25.2
(77.4)		 34.2
(93.6)		 34.4
(93.9)		 37.4
(99.3)		 34.3
(93.7)		 33.2
(91.8)		 28.4
(83.1)		 22.1
(71.8)		 16.2
(61.2)		 37.4
(99.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.4
(38.1)		 5.6
(42.1)		 10.0
(50.0)		 15.7
(60.3)		 21.1
(70.0)		 24.3
(75.7)		 27.6
(81.7)		 28.7
(83.7)		 25.8
(78.4)		 20.2
(68.4)		 12.8
(55.0)		 5.9
(42.6)		 16.8
(62.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 0.2
(32.4)		 2.1
(35.8)		 6.2
(43.2)		 11.6
(52.9)		 17.1
(62.8)		 20.8
(69.4)		 24.7
(76.5)		 25.6
(78.1)		 22.3
(72.1)		 16.6
(61.9)		 9.5
(49.1)		 2.7
(36.9)		 13.3
(55.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −2.4
(27.7)		 −0.6
(30.9)		 3.4
(38.1)		 8.7
(47.7)		 14.1
(57.4)		 18.5
(65.3)		 22.7
(72.9)		 23.4
(74.1)		 19.5
(67.1)		 13.7
(56.7)		 6.7
(44.1)		 0.1
(32.2)		 10.7
(51.2)
Record low °C (°F) −14.3
(6.3)		 −12.1
(10.2)		 −6.2
(20.8)		 −1.6
(29.1)		 6.1
(43.0)		 12.0
(53.6)		 13.6
(56.5)		 16.3
(61.3)		 10.1
(50.2)		 1.9
(35.4)		 −7.2
(19.0)		 −11.3
(11.7)		 −14.3
(6.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 10.3
(0.41)		 15.7
(0.62)		 18.0
(0.71)		 34.0
(1.34)		 64.1
(2.52)		 70.7
(2.78)		 159.1
(6.26)		 159.6
(6.28)		 69.4
(2.73)		 35.5
(1.40)		 35.2
(1.39)		 14.8
(0.58)		 686.4
(27.02)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2.8 4.0 4.6 6.5 7.7 8.7 11.6 10.9 7.2 5.3 5.2 3.6 78.1
Average snowy days 3.8 3.3 1.6 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 2.7 12.3
Average relative humidity (%) 63 65 65 67 71 82 86 82 71 64 64 63 70
Mean monthly sunshine hours 160.4 164.9 208.6 219.1 234.3 186.0 168.3 194.5 201.1 202.1 163.4 158.5 2,261.2
Percent possible sunshine 52 53 56 56 54 43 38 47 55 59 54 53 52
Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 9 9 10 9 7 5 3 1 6
Source 1: China Meteorological Administration[31][37]
Source 2: Weather China[38] Weather Atlas (UV index)[39]

See or edit raw graph data.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1913[40]58,000—    
1953916,846+1480.8%
19641,383,433+50.9%
19824,227,594+205.6%
19906,663,989+57.6%
20007,494,194+12.5%
20108,715,100+16.3%
20209,499,800+9.0%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

Of the 10 million residents of Qingdao, 6.2 million reside in the Qingdao urban area. Another estimated 5 million live in other cities under Qingdao's jurisdiction.[41] The annual birth rate is calculated around 76,507, with a birth rate of 10.15 per year per thousand, and a death rate of 6.32, both calculated on an annual basis. Living standards are among the highest of leading Chinese cities due to the strong export economy and relatively high family wages.

There is a large Korean community in Qingdao. By 2009, there were approximately 100,000 Koreans working, studying and living in Qingdao, which makes Qingdao the second in terms of Korean population in China, following Beijing which has about 200,000 Koreans.[42]

Economy

Qingdao-based Tsingtao beer, China's second-largest domestic brand and its largest export brand.
Qingdao TV Tower

In recent years, an important region in Eastern China, Shandong Province has seen substantial change in its economic landscape. Much of this development has been concentrated in Qingdao.[43] Qingdao has seen rapid development. With an annual growth rate of 18.9 percent in 2006, the city's GDP reached 42.3 billion, ranking first in Shandong Province and tenth out of China's top 20 cities.[43] GDP per capita comprised CN¥52,895 (US$7,616) in 2008. The GDP has grown steadily at an average pace of 16% annually. In 2006, Qingdao was ranked one of six "golden cities" by the World Bank, out of 120 Chinese cities assessed on factors including investment climate and government effectiveness.[43] In 2018, Qingdao's GDP reached CN¥1200.15 billion, though it shrank a little in 2019.[44]

Internationally, Qingdao is perhaps best known for its Tsingtao Brewery, founded by a German-British joint venture in 1903 that produces Tsingtao beer, the best-known Chinese export beer. It is also home to Haier, a large white goods manufacturer, and Hisense, a major electronics company. In 2002 guitar manufacturers Epiphone opened a factory in Qingdao.[45]

In 1984 the Chinese government named a district of Qingdao a Special Economic and Technology Development Zone (SETDZ). Along with this district, the entire city had gone through fast-tracked development of secondary and tertiary industries. Qingdao has been the recipient of large foreign investment and its port is a hub for local and international trade. South Korea and Japan in particular made extensive investments in the city. In terms of primary sector industries, Qingdao has an estimated 50,000 acres (200 km2) of arable land. Qingdao has a zigzagging pattern coastline, and thus possesses an invaluable stock of fish, shrimp, and other sea resources.

Qingdao's wind power electricity generation performs at among the highest levels in the region.[46]

Industrial zones

  • Qingdao West Coast New District
  • Qingdao Special Economic and Technological Development Area
  • Qingdao Free Trade Zone
  • Qingdao High-tech Industrial Zone
  • Qingdao University Industrial Zone

Transport

Road

There are a total of 1,145 km (711 mi) of roads in the Qingdao area, with nearly 500 km (310 mi) of expressways. These National Trunk Highway System (NTHS) Expressways begin or pass through in Qingdao.[47] Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in Bold:

Spur Route: G2011 Qingxin Expressway (Qingdao-Xinhe, Pingdu, Shandong)

These provincial expressways begin in or pass through Qingdao. Expressways that begin in Qingdao are in Bold:

Other than Expressways, there are also National Highways that pass through or begin in Qingdao. National Highways that begin in Qingdao are in bold:

On 30 June 2011, the longest bridge over water opened in Qingdao. The bridge, Haiwan Bridge, is 26.4 miles (42.5 km) long and connects Qingdao to Huangdao and Hongdao. It would easily cross the English Channel and is almost three miles (4.8 km) longer than the previous record-holder, the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in the American state of Louisiana. Haiwan Bridge is supported by more than 5,000 pillars and costs about 10 billion yuan which is about 1.5 billion dollars. The bridge was designed by the Shandong Gausu Group and the construction lasted for four years. Haiwan Bridge cut the commute between the city of Qingdao and the sprawling suburb of Huangdao by 30 minutes. At least 10,000 workers toiled in two teams around the clock to build the bridge, which was constructed from opposite ends.[48] On the same day, the Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel opened. The tunnel brought much convenience to people by supporting public buses and making transport between the two areas more convenient.

Marine

Qingdao (official name: Qingdao port international co. ltd.) hosts one of the world's busiest seaports. Cooperative relations have been established with 450 ports in 130 countries worldwide. The port of Qingdao is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.[49][50] In 2003, the annual cargo handling capacity exceeded 100 million tons for the first time. The number of containers reached 3.41 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) of cargoes.[51]

By 2011, the port had become the world's sixth-busiest by Total Cargo Volume, having handled 372,000,000 metric tons (366,000,000 long tons; 410,000,000 short tons) of cargo in that year. As of 2016, it was the 8th in the world in terms of TEUs (Twenty Foot Equivalent Units).[52]

The Orient Ferry connects Qingdao with Shimonoseki, Japan. There are two ferry lines connecting Qingdao with South Korea. The New Golden Bridge II operates between Qingdao and Incheon, and the Blue Sea Ferry operates between Qingdao and Gunsan.[53]

Qingdao port also includes a number of large adjacent ports including Dongjiakou.[54]

Aviation

Qingdao Jiaodong International Airport, located 39 km (24 mi) away from the city center, is served by 13 domestic and international airlines that operate 94 routes, 12 of which are international and regional. The airport opened on August 12, 2021, as a replacement for Qingdao Liuting International Airport.[55]

Intercity rail

Qingdao railway station

Qingdao's railway development picked up during the late 1990s. It is at the start of the Jiaoji Railway. Qingdao's city proper has some major railway stations, including Qingdao railway station, Cangkou railway station, Dagang railway station and Qingdao North railway station.[56] Sifang railway station is now closed to passengers.[57]

D and G series high-speed trains travel on the Jiaoji High Speed Railway and reach speeds of 300 km/h (190 mph) on the Jinan-Qingdao Section.[58] Services go to Beijing, Shanghai, Hefei, Jinan and Tianjin.[59] The fastest train between Qingdao and Beijing is G206 / G205, which takes 2 hours and 58 minutes.[60]

Domestic rail lines connect Qingdao with many cities in China, including Beijing, Lanzhou, Chengdu, Xi'an, Zhengzhou, Jinan and Jining.

Public transport

A Qingdao bus

Qingdao's public traffic owns 5283 large and medium-sized buses, CNG buses as of 2012.There are also 136 trolleybuses as of 2012. All of the buses and trolleybuses can be accessed using the Qingdao Public Traffic IC Card (青岛卡), which uses radio frequencies so the card does not have to physically touch the scanner. After that, all public transportation companies use Qingdaotong Card, the last company that started to use this card is the Zhenqing bus company located in The West Coast New Area of Qingdao (original Huangdao Distinct) in 2019.

Non air-conditioned buses cost 1 yuan (excluding the tunnel bus), The volume of road passenger transport approaches 737 million per year.[61] The Public Transport Brand of 'Ri-Xin Bus (日新巴士)' is also known in China.

There are several taxi companies in Qingdao including Yiqing Company, Zhongqing Company, Jiaoyun Company, and, Huaqing Company.

Metro[62]

Platform of Qingdao Metro

After getting the approval from the State Council, the government announced on 18 August 2009 that Qingdao is ready to spend more than 29 billion yuan ($4.2 billion) before 2016 on its subway construction. Construction of 54.7 km (34.0 mi) of subway line 3 was completed before 2016 with a total investment of 29.2 billion yuan ($4.3 billion). Metro Line 3 is the first line in function and opened on 16 December 2015. In the long term, the city plans to build eight subway lines in downtown and some suburban districts, which account for 231.5 km (143.8 mi) in future.[63] The system has an operating length of 243 km (151 mi), lines in operation including Line 1, Line 2, Line 3, Line 4, Line 8, Line 11, and Line 13.[62]

As of February 24, 2023, according to the approved network plan of Qingdao City, there are 19 long-term plans for Qingdao Metro, with a total length of 872 kilometers; The third phase construction plan has been approved, with a total of 13 lines and a total length of 503 kilometers, ranking ninth in the national approved mileage level; Seven lines have been opened and operated, including Lines 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, and 13, with an operating mileage of 315 kilometers. As of March 2023, there are 146 operating stations, ranking tenth in China and second in northern cities; There are 10 lines under construction (including extension lines), including the West Extension and Phase II of Line 2, Line 5, Phase I and Phase II of Line 6, Phase II of Line 7, South Section and Branch of Line 8, Phase I of Line 9, and Phase I of Line 15. The total length under construction is 188 kilometers, and it is expected to be fully completed by 2028.

If you need information about Qingdao Metro, you can open the website of Qingdao Metro to help you.

Tramway

The Qingdao Tram system is operating in Chengyang District

The Qingdao Tram (official name: Modern tram demonstration line) of Chengyang District, Qingdao, is a tram system operating in Chengyang District, Qingdao, China. It opened in 2016. The Qingdao Public Transport Group Rail Bus Co., Ltd. is responsible for operation and management. The system is only composed of 1 tram line.

Culture

Architecture

Qingdao retains many buildings with a German architectural style

There are a large number of German-style buildings in Qingdao's city center, a remarkable fact considering the German leased-territory period only lasted 16 years (1898–1914). The unique combination of German and Chinese architecture therein, combined with German demographic roots and a large Korean expatriate population, gives Qingdao a rather distinct atmosphere. An old saying described Qingdao as a city of "red tiles green trees, blue sky, and blue sea." This saying indeed gives a picture of a bird view of Qingdao. A larger number of areas in former foreign styles are well preserved. Although the new city area is under large-scale reconstruction, the old city area (especially the western part of Shinan District) still retains many traditional buildings.

St. Michael's Cathedral
Skyscrapers in Qingdao

Notable people

Movies shot in Qingdao

Language

During the city's leased-territory days, German, the official language, was rigorously taught and promoted. Since the demise of Germany's colonial empire after World War I, the German language is all but gone, leaving little impact on the local languages. A local accent known as Qingdao dialect (Chinese: 青岛话; pinyin: Qīngdǎo huà) distinguishes the residents of the city from those of the surrounding Shandong province. Due to the efforts by the city government to promote standard Mandarin, most educated people can speak standard Mandarin in addition to their native dialect. With reform policies and English teaching, some young citizens have been taught English and many can converse with English-speaking foreigners. Business and traffic signs in English are becoming more and more common.

Festivals

Notable festivals include:

Media

Qingdao previously had a large German community and a German garrison, so three German newspapers operated in Qingdao.[64] German papers included Deutsch-Asiatische Warte (traditional Chinese: 泰東古今鑑; simplified Chinese: 泰东古今鉴; pinyin: Tàidōng Gǔjīn Jiàn;[65] weekly newspaper published until 1906, included Die Welt des Ostens, Altes und Neues aus Asiens drei Kaiserreichen, a cultural supplement),[64] the Tsingtauer Neueste Nachrichten and the Kiautschou Post (a daily paper published from 1908 to 1912, referring to the Kiautschou (Jiaozhou) Bay concession). German publishing in Qingdao ended after World War I and the beginning of the Japanese administration.[65]

A 1912 publication of the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce said that the Tageblatt für Nordchina of Tianjin was read in Qingdao and that major newspapers from Shanghai were also read in Qingdao.[66]

Bandao Broadcasting Media Corporation, a news and broadcasting agency was founded in 1999.[67]

Tourism

Qingdao attracts many tourists due to its seaside setting and temperate weather. Parks, beaches, sculptures, and unique German and modern architecture line the shore. Its centrally located tourist information center, the "Qingdao Information Center for International Visitors for International Visitors," is located on Middle Hong Kong Road (香港中路).

Qingdao's major attractions include:

Western Shinan district

  • Zhan Qiao (Pier, 栈桥)
  • Little Qingdao Isle (小青岛)
  • Tian Hou Temple (天后宫), Qingdao Folk Museum
  • Badaguan (八大关; 'Eight Great Passes'), the older area of town with some surviving German and Japanese architecture.
  • Lu Xun Park, named after Lu Xun, modern Chinese writer and critic, who lived and taught in the 1930s.
  • Zhongshan Park, named after the style name 'Zhongshan' of Sun Yat-sen, a famous modern Chinese politician.
  • Xiao Yu Shan (小鱼山; 'Little Fish Hill')
  • The twin-spired St. Michael's Cathedral (天主教堂; Kathedrale St. Michael), a notable example of Qingdao's famous Neo-romanesque architecture, designed by German architect Alfred Fräbel, completed in 1934.
  • Qingdao Aquarium (青岛水族馆)
  • Jiaozhou Governor's Hall (提督府), the office building of former German governors (Gouverneurspalast) and former municipal government
  • Xinhao Hill (信号山)

Eastern Shinan district

Laoshan district

  • Lao Shan (Mount Lao, Lauschan, 崂山), 40 km (25 mi) east of Qingdao, the most famous Taoist mountain with Taoist retreat – Great Purity Palace (太清宫)
  • National Shilaoren Tourist Resort (石老人国家旅游度假区), the famous bathing beach symbolized by a characteristic natural sea rock with a shape like an old man
  • Xiaomaidao Park (小麦岛公园), the park with hills, a beach, and a nice view of the coastal line

Education

Higher education

Old Main Building of Qingdao University of Science and Technology

Qingdao is home to a large number of higher education institutions. The Ocean University of China, formerly called the Ocean University of Qingdao, is the most important university of maritime sciences in China. In addition, the Qingdao University, Qingdao University is ranked No. 940 among Best Global Universities. Schools are ranked according to their performance across a set of widely accepted indicators of excellence.[68] the Qingdao University of Science and Technology as well as the Qingdao Technological University have also been integral parts of higher education in Qingdao for decades. Shandong University Qingdao (SDUQ) was established in 2016, belonging to Shandong University System. Other institutions include:

Shandong University was located in Qingdao from 1909 to 1936. A new branch campus of the university is under construction in Aoshanwei Town, Jimo.

International schools

Secondary schools

Sports

Stadiums

2008 Olympic Summer Games

During the 2008 Summer Olympics, Qingdao and Beijing cohosted the Olympic Sailing competitions.[70] In Qingdao, the events took place along the shoreline by the city. These events were hosted at the Qingdao International Sailing Centre and held in Fushan Bay, near the city's central business district. An international broadcasting center and purpose-built hotel were constructed for the Games.

Motorsport

The IndyCar Series signed a contract with the Qingdao city council to hold an IndyCar race in Qingdao in 2012. The subsequently canceled race was supposed to take place on a 6.23 km (3.87 mi) street circuit.[71][72]

Sister cities

Qingdao has 36 sister cities.[73]

CityCountryYear of Agreement
Acapulco Mexico1985
Adelaide[74] Australia2014
Bilbao Spain2004
Daegu South Korea1993
Faisalabad Pakistan2021[75]
Galway Ireland1999
Iloilo City Philippines2003
Klaipėda Lithuania2004
Long Beach United States1985
Makassar IndonesiaN/A
Mannheim Germany2016
Miami United States2005
Montevideo Uruguay2004
Nantes France2005
Nes Ziyyona Israel1997
North Shore City New Zealand2008
Odesa Ukraine1993
Paderborn Germany2003
Perm Russia2003
Puerto Montt Chile1999
Regensburg Germany2009
Richmond Canada2008
Saint Petersburg Russia2006
Shimonoseki Japan1979
Southampton United Kingdom1998
Velsen Netherlands1998
Vila Velha Brazil2009
Wilhelmshaven Germany1992
Yerevan Armenia2023

See also

Notes

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "China: Shāndōng (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map".
  2. ↑ 2017中国青岛青岛概况 - 中文 - 青岛之窗 - 让青岛走向世界，让世界了解青岛. www.qingdaochina.org. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  3. ↑ 中央机构编制委员会印发《关于副省级市若干问题的意见》的通知. 中编发[1995]5号. 豆丁网. 19 February 1995. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  4. ↑ "China: population of major cities 2021". Statista. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
  5. ↑ "山东省" [Shandong Province]. China Oceanic Information Network. National Ocean Information Center.
  6. ↑ "China Beer" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  7. ↑ Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (2021). "The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification". Maritime Policy & Management. 48 (4): 530–542. doi:10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785. S2CID 225502755.
  8. ↑ "The Global Financial Centres Index 28" (PDF). Long Finance. September 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  9. ↑ "China's Top 10 Most Livable Cities". hnloudi.gov.cn. Hunan Loudi Official Government. 28 March 2012. Archived from the original on 10 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
  10. ↑ "List of 10 Most Livable Cities in China Issued". 9 July 2009. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  11. ↑ Lin Liyao (蔺丽瑶) (27 July 2011). "Top 10 livable cities in China 2011". China.org.cn. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
  12. ↑ "China Focus: What to expect from SCO summit in Qingdao". Xinhua. Archived from the original on 29 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
  13. ↑ "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC - Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  14. ↑ "Leading 200 science cities | Nature Index 2023 Science Cities | Supplements | Nature Index". www.nature.com. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  15. ↑ "US News Best Global Universities Rankings in Qingdao". U.S. News & World Report. 26 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  16. ↑ "青岛" [Qingdao]. CCTV国家地理. National Ocean Information Center.
  17. ↑ Gottschall, Terrell (2003). By Order of the Kaiser, Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-55750-309-1.
  18. ↑ Matzat, Wilhelm (May 2003). "Landmann Gottfried 1860–1926 Uhrmacher, Optiker, Bierbrauer" [Gottfried Landmann, 1860–1926: Watchmaker, Optician, Beer Brewer]. tsingtau.org (in German). Wilhelm Matzat. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  19. 1 2 Schultz-Naumann, Joachim (1985). Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute [Under the Kaiser's Flag: Germany's protected areas in the Pacific and in China then and now] (in German). Universitas. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-8004-1094-1.
  20. ↑ Matzat, Wilhelm (May 2003). "Germania Brauerei und ihre Angestellten 1903–1914" [Germania Brewery and its Employees]. tsingtau.org (in German). Wilhelm Matzat. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2010.
  21. ↑ Li (李), Si (斯). 1904年06月01日 胶济铁路通车. www.todayonhistory.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  22. ↑ Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Primary Documents – Count Okuma on the Japanese Capture of Tsingtao, 15 August 1914". firstworldwar.com. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
  23. ↑ "Germans lose possessions in China". The Independent. 16 November 1914. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  24. ↑ A. Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938) pp. 239–68.
  25. ↑ Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States (1938) pp. 326–28.
  26. ↑ Toyokichi Iyenaga (26 October 1914). "What is Kiaochou worth?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
  27. ↑ Schultz-Naumann, p. 182
  28. ↑ Schultz-Naumann, Joachim (1985). Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute (in German). Universitas. p. 183. ISBN 978-3-8004-1094-1.
  29. ↑ Schultz-Naumann, p. 184
  30. ↑ 2016年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：青岛市 (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2018. 统计用区划代码 名称 370201000000 市辖区 370202000000 市南区 370203000000 市北区 370211000000 黄岛区 370212000000 崂山区 370213000000 李沧区 370214000000 城阳区 370281000000 胶州市 370282000000 即墨市 370283000000 平度市 370285000000 莱西市
  31. 1 2 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  32. 1 2 自然地理 [Geography] (in Simplified Chinese). Qingdao: Shinan District Information Office. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  33. ↑ "青岛地理气候特点-中国气象局政府门户网站". www.cma.gov.cn (in Chinese (China)). Retrieved 29 January 2023.
  34. ↑ "无标题文档". Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  35. ↑ "Experience Template" CMA台站气候标准值(1991-2020) (in Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  36. ↑ Jacobs, Andrew (5 July 2013). "Huge Algae Bloom Afflicts Coastal Chinese City". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2013.
  37. ↑ "Experience Template" 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
  38. ↑ 青岛 - 气象数据 -中国天气网 (in Chinese). Weather China. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  39. ↑ "Qingdao, China - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  40. ↑ Annette S. Biener: Das deutsche Pachtgebiet Tsingtau in der Provinz Schantung, 1897–1914. Institutioneller Wandel durch Kolonialisierung (Studien und Quellen zur Geschichte Schantungs und Tsingtaus. Bd. 6). Matzat, Bonn 2001, ISBN 3-924603-05-7.
  41. ↑ "Demographia World Urban Areas" (PDF). 2021.
  42. ↑ 韩国旅客位居北京入境外国人之首. 8 October 2009. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
  43. 1 2 3 "Qingdao Shinan District Investment Environment Study 2007", Report, KPMG Huazhen, 2007, retrieved 10 June 2010
  44. ↑ 2019年青岛GDP发布，含金量到底多少？|界面新闻. www.jiemian.com (in Chinese). Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  45. ↑ "Gibson Qingdao Factory – All Epiphone... All The Time!". Epiphone.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.
  46. ↑ Gardiner, Ginger (July 2007). "High Wind in China". www.compositesworld.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
  47. ↑ 中国公路信息服务网－公路地图 (in Simplified Chinese). 中国公路信息服务网. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  48. ↑ Eimer, David (8 January 2011). "China builds world's longest bridge". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
  49. ↑ New Qingdao model of BRI cooperation
  50. ↑ Qingdao Port became the first port in the country whose sea-rail combined transport exceeded one mil
  51. ↑ Qingdao port sees upsurge in cargo handling capacity Archived 10 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine. People's Daily. Retrieved on 2012-11-12.
  52. ↑ "Ports & World Trade". www.aapa-ports.org. Archived from the original on 4 May 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
  53. ↑ Ferries Korea-China Archived 19 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Seat61.com. Retrieved on 2012-11-12.
  54. ↑ "About Dongjiakou port". www.qingdao-port.com/. Qingdao Port International Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  55. ↑ "青岛胶东国际机场正式转场运营". 12 August 2021.
  56. ↑ "Qingdao North Railway Station: Location, Trains, Transportation". www.travelchinaguide.com. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  57. ↑ For several years before August 2008, travelers not from Qingdao were often confused because railway tickets to Qingdao showed the destination as "Sifang". Those trains were headed to Qingdao's Sifang station as a temporary measure. Once renovations to the larger Qingdao Railway Station were complete, the name of the destination reverted to "Qingdao".
  58. ↑ 杨传忠 (17 October 2012). 济青高铁建设近年无望 济青1小时生活圈得等等. Qilu Evening News (in Chinese (China)). 济南铁路局胶济客专公司一位负责人说,胶济客专的客运正线长362.5公里,设计速度最高250公里/小时,现在行车时速为200公里.
  59. ↑ 列车时刻 (in Simplified Chinese). Qingdao railway station. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  60. ↑ 民生追访：4月10日起青岛至北京一站直达 高铁票_555彩票_555彩票娱乐网_555彩票官方认证平台-首页. www.3box.cc. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  61. ↑ 青岛发布2018年社会责任报告 全年客运总量7.37亿人. qd.ifeng.com. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  62. 1 2 "QINGDAO METRO". QINGDAO METRO.
  63. ↑ "$4.3 billion budget to boost Qingdao subway construction". 19 August 2008. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009.
  64. 1 2 Walravens, p. 90 Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  65. 1 2 Walravens, p. 91 Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  66. ↑ United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, p. 188 Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. "Tageblatt für Nord China, a German paper published in Tientsin, and the leading papers published in Shanghai are also largely read in Tsingtau."
  67. ↑ "青岛门户网站 半岛网(山东半岛最有影响力的网站)". Bandao.cn. Retrieved 3 May 2022.
  68. ↑ "Qingdao University Ranking". US. News. 2021.
  69. ↑ "Belt and Road Collaborative Innovation College". Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
  70. ↑ "2008 Beijing Olympic Sailing Competition". sailing.org. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  71. ↑ IndyCar (10 November 2011). "INDYCAR: Series Confirms China Race". SPEED Channel. Fox Sports. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  72. ↑ "IndyCar scheduled August race in China has been canceled". Washington Posts. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2012.
  73. ↑ "Qingdao sister cities". Retrieved 12 April 2020.
  74. ↑ "Qingdao - Sister city of Adelaide". Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
  75. ↑ "Faisalabad, Qingdao sign Letter of Intent to develop sister city ties". Associated Press of Pakistan. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.

Sources

  • Gottschall, Terrell D. By Order of the Kaiser: Otto von Diederichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 2003. ISBN 1-55750-309-5
  • Schultz-Naumann, Joachim. Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute [Under the Kaiser's Flag, Germany's Protectorates in the Pacific and in China then and today]. Munich: Universitas Verlag. 1985.
  • Miscellaneous series, Issues 7–11. United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 1912.
  • Walravens, Hartmut. "German Influence on the Press in China". In: Newspapers in International Librarianship: Papers Presented by the Newspaper Section at IFLA General Conferences. Walter de Gruyter, 1 January 2003. ISBN 3110962799, ISBN 9783110962796.
    • Also available at the website of the Queens Library – This version does not include the footnotes visible in the Walter de Gruyter version.
    • Also available in Walravens, Hartmut, and Edmund King. Newspapers in international librarianship: papers presented by the section of the newspaper at IFLA General Conferences. K.G. Saur, 2003. ISBN 3598218370, ISBN 9783598218378.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qingdao.
Look up Qingdao, Tsingtao, or Ch'ing-tao in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Qingdao.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.