Communist Party of Ukraine
Ukrainian nameКомуністична партія України
Russian nameКоммунистическая партия Украины
AbbreviationKPU / КПУ
First SecretaryPetro Symonenko
Second SecretaryIgor Alekseyev
Founded19 June 1993 (1993-06-19)
Banned16 December 2015 (banned in court)
6 July 2022 (ban upheld in court)
Split fromSocialist Party of Ukraine
Preceded byCommunist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)
NewspaperKomunist (since 2000)[1]
Youth wingKomsomol of Ukraine
Membership (2001)140,000[2]
IdeologyCommunism[3]
Marxism–Leninism[3]
Left-wing populism[4]
Soviet patriotism
Russophilia[5]
Social conservatism[6]
Political positionFar-left
National affiliationLeft Opposition
Continental affiliationUCP–CPSU
International affiliationIMCWP
Colors  Red
Website
kpu.life

The Communist Party of Ukraine (CPU or KPU)[lower-alpha 1] is a banned political party in Ukraine. It was founded in 1993 and claimed to be the successor to the Soviet-era Communist Party of Ukraine, which had been banned in 1991.[7] In 2002 it held a "unification" congress when both "old and new" parties merged.[8] The party is a member of the Moscow-based Union of Communist Parties, an umbrella organisation for all communist parties of the former Soviet Union. The party has been led by Petro Symonenko since it was founded.[9][5]

Communist parties have a long history in Ukraine. With the fall of the Soviet Union, members of the Soviet-era Communist Party of Ukraine formed the Socialist Party of Ukraine. After being revived in 1993, the Communist Party was represented in the Ukrainian parliament from 1994 until the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, which ended a period of parliamentary representation for communists stretching back to 1918.[10][11] The Communist Party and its predecessor were the largest party in Ukrainian parliamentary elections for the first eight years of free and fair election, from 1990 until 1998.

According to Ukrainian sociologist Volodymyr Ishchenko, by the 2010s the party had "degenerated into a conservative and pro-Russian rather than pro-working class grouping, gradually losing its voters and membership".[5]

During the 2013–2014 Euromaidan protests, the party voted for anti-protest laws. However, it also voted to remove President Viktor Yanukovych from office in the Revolution of Dignity. During the Russian-Ukrainian conflict which followed, the Security Service of Ukraine said the party was actively helping pro-Russian separatists and Russian proxy forces, which it denied.[12] Regional party cells formed the pro-separatist Communist Party of the Donetsk People's Republic. In May 2015, Ukraine banned Soviet communist symbols.[13] Because of these laws, and the Communist Party's support for Donbas separatists, the party was barred from standing in elections.[14][15] In December 2015, the Communist Party was banned, for actions "aimed at violating Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, collaboration with Russian proxy forces, and inciting ethnic hatred".[16][17] The party appealed the ban to the European Court of Human Rights and various Ukrainian courts, and participated in some elections by joining umbrella groups and running candidates as independents.[18][5][19] The Central Election Commission of Ukraine prohibited Symonenko's candidacy for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election.[20]

Party officials reportedly supported the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[21] As a result, its ban was upheld and its assets were seized by the state in July 2022.[22]

History

The KPU's old logo, adopted before Ukraine's 2015 decommunization laws, depicted a hammer and a sickle.

Early years and electoral successes

The KPU considers itself to be the direct successor to the original Communist Party of Ukraine, a branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) which was founded on 5 July 1918 in Moscow.[23] The original communist party existed until 30 August 1991, when the CPSU and its branch in Ukraine were banned.[24][23] Between 1991 and 1993, several small communist organizations were created throughout Ukraine.[23] "Without clear legality", communists from all over Ukraine convened on 6 March 1993 for the All-Ukrainian Conference for Communists in an attempt to reestablish the KPU.[25] In reaction, the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament) legalized the establishment of communist parties two months later.[25] On 19 June 1993, the 1st Congress of the newly founded KPU was convened. Officially, it was designated as the 29th Congress to denote it as a direct successor to the Soviet KPU and it elected Petro Symonenko as First Secretary. [25]

In the 1994 presidential election, the KPU supported the candidacy of Oleksandr Moroz from the Socialist Party of Ukraine (SPU).[25] The relationship between the KPU and SPU was strong throughout the 1990s, with Moroz even speaking to the 22nd KPU Congress (held in 1999).[25]

In the 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary election the party gained 24.65%[26] of the vote and 123 seats, becoming the largest party in Parliament. The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Omelian Parubok (MP), Anatoliy Nalyvaiko (tunneler of the Karl Marks Mine (Yenakieve)), Borys Oliynyk (MP), Valeria Zaklunna-Myronenko (actress of the Lesya Ukrainka Theater (Kyiv)), Adam Martynyuk (the 2nd secretary of the Central Committee of CPU), Anatoliy Draholyuntsev (mechanic-electrician at Luhanskteplovoz), Vasyl Sirenko (Koretsky Institute of State and Law (NANU), unaffiliated), Borys Molchanov (tool craftsman at Dniproshyna) and Anatoliy Strohov (pensioner). The KPU won 121 seats, constituting 19.5% of the seats in the Verkhovna Rada.[25]

The good result in the 1998 election led the KPU to field their own candidate in the 1999 presidential election as they nominated party leader Symonenko.[25] Symonenko received 23.1 percent of the votes in the first round, trailing behind Leonid Kuchma who received 38,0 percent of the votes.[27] In the second round Symonenko received 38,8 percent, losing to Kuchma who received 57,7 percent of the vote.[27]

In 2000, two parties split from the party, namely the Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed) and the Communist Party of Workers and Peasants.[28] The KPU argued that the creation of parties was encouraged by President Leonid Kuchma in order to syphon votes away from their party.[29]

The Constitutional Court of Ukraine recognized in 2001 that the ban on the Communist Party of Ukraine violated the Constitution of Ukraine.[30]

At the parliamentary election on 30 March 2002, the party won 19.98%[26] of the popular vote and 66 out of 450 seats in the Verkhovna Rada. The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Omelian Parubok (MP), Ivan Herasymov (Head of the Veterans of Ukraine Organization, unaffiliated), Borys Oliynyk (MP), Valeria Zaklunna-Myronenko (MP), Adam Martynyuk (MP), Stanislav Hurenko (MP), Oleksandr Tkachenko (MP), Anatoliy Nalyvaiko (MP) and Oleh Blokhin (MP, unaffiliated).

Electoral decline

Symonenko's support sharply declined at the time of the 2004 presidential election. Symonenko received 5% of the votes and came in fourth place, unable to get into the controversial runoff which caused the Orange Revolution.

Since then, the party lost much support, particularly after the Orange Revolution. In the 2006 parliamentary election, the party won 3.66% and 21 seats.[26] The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Adam Martynyuk (MP), Ivan Herasymov (MP), Kateryna Samoilyk (MP), Omelian Parubok (MP), Valeria Zaklunna-Myronenko (MP), Oleksandr Holub (MP), Valentyn Matvyeyev (MP), Oleksandr Tkachenko (MP) and Petro Tsybenko (MP).

No later than 2006, the Communist Party office in Donetsk on regular basis provided material and logistical assistance to the separatist organization Donetsk Republic (banned in 2007) which with the assistance of the Communist Party was spreading printed information materials of separatist orientation in authorship of the ideologist of Donetsk internationalism Dmitriy Kornilov[31] as well as by collecting signatures for "independence of Donbass" agitated for violation of territorial integrity of Ukraine through seceding several oblasts of Ukraine from Ukraine and uniting them into one quasi state formation based on Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia and Kherson "republics".[32] Even after the Donetsk Republic Party was banned for separatism on 6 November 2007 by the Donetsk district administrative court on the suit of the Chief Justice Administration of Donetsk Oblast based on materials of the Security Service of Ukraine,[33] the Donetsk branch of Communists did not cease to assists separatists with its tents and printing capabilities periodically conducting joint campaigns with them.[32]

In the parliamentary election on 30 September 2007, the party won 5.39%[26] of the popular vote and 27 out of 450 seats. The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Yevhen Volynets (tunneler of the Vasily Chapayev Mine (Shakhtarsk)), Maryna Perestenko (Head of the Mars farm (Simferopol Raion)), Ivan Herasymov (MP), Yuriy Haidayev (Minister of Healthcare, unaffiliated), Adam Martynyuk (1st deputy Chairman of parliament), Valeriy Bevz (Deputy Minister of Emergencies), Oleksandr Tkachenko (MP), Oleksandr Holub (MP) and Ihor Aleksyeyev (MP). The party participated in the 2010 presidential election as part of the Election bloc of left and central left political forces.[34]

The party participated in the 2010 presidential election as part of the Election bloc of left and central left political forces.[34]

The Communist Party was part of the parliamentary coalition called "Stability and Reforms" that supported the First Azarov government.[35]

On 28 November 2006, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the Law of Ukraine "About 1932–1933 Holodomor in Ukraine".[36] The first article of the document states: "The Holodomor is a genocide against the Ukrainian people".[36] The second article states that the public denial of the Holodomor as a genocide is recognized as desecration of the memory of millions of victims, disparaging of Ukrainian people and is unlawful.[36] On 13 January 2010, the Kyiv Appellate Court reviewed the criminal case on the fact of committing genocide (crime against humanity) and agreed with the conclusions of the investigation that the leadership of the Soviet Union, including Joseph Stalin and others, had purposely created such living conditions designed to physically eliminate a part of the Ukrainian national group.[37] The court found Stalin and others guilty of indirectly committing the crime.[37] Less than four months after the ruling, on 5 May 2010, the Communist Party branch office in Zaporizhzhia Oblast publicly unveiled a monument of Stalin in Zaporizhzhia.[38] Members of the Communist Party were criticized for hindering journalist activity and cursing at protesters during the event.[38] Three people also reportedly fainted from the heat during the unveiling ceremony, and one woman later died from a heatstroke.[38] The Communist Party was criticized for a statement it later issued in memory of the woman who died, which said, "She died a worthy death in front of Stalin."[38]

In the 2010 local elections, the party scored between 5% and 12% of the votes in all Ukrainian Oblasts, except in Western Ukraine and Kyiv Oblast, where they almost had no voters.[39]

In the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the party won 13.18% of the national votes and no constituencies (it had competed in 220 of the 225 constituencies)[40] and thus 32 seats.[41] The party did win about one and a half million more votes compared with the results of the previous election.[42] Independent candidate Oksana Kaletnyk joined the Communist parliamentary faction on 12 December 2012.[43] Importance of Kaletnyk joining the Communists was due to parliamentary regulations on obtaining its own parliamentary factions which required to have at least one deputy who came to parliament by winning a constituency.[44] Oleh Tyahnybok tried to challenge the creation of Communist faction, but on 30 January 2013 the Higher Administrative Court of Ukraine declined his petition.[45] Kaletnyk left the faction (at her own request) on 29 May 2014.[46] The first ten members on the party list were Petro Symonenko (MP), Petro Tsybenko (MP), Iryna Spirina (Head of Psychiatric Department (Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy)), Spiridon Kilinkarov (MP), Oleksandr Prysyazhnyuk (unemployed), Ihor Aleksyeyev (MP), Ihor Kalyetnik (Head of the State Customs Service of Ukraine), Adam Martynyuk (1st deputy Chairman of parliament), Valentyn Matvyeyev (MP) and Yevhen Marmazov (MP). In 2007 and 2012, the electorate of the party was estimated to be very loyal to the party.[47]

The party supported the vote of Mykola Azarov's candidacy for the post of Prime Minister that created the Second Azarov government.[48] Symonenko stated on 28 December 2012 that the Communist Party of Ukraine and Azarov's (and President Viktor Yanukovych's) Party of Regions had not concluded any agreements concerning the Communist support, but that his party had supported Azarov's nomination because Azarov had told them his government was ready to implement the program on Ukraine's accession to the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.[48] Symonenko added that should Azarov fail to fulfill the promise of Ukraine's joining this customs union, the Communists would initiate his resignation.[48] The government continued to negotiate with the European Union for Ukraine's integration in the European Union while (according to President Yanukovych) it was also in negotiations with Russia to "find the right model" for cooperation with the Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.[49][50]

Ukrainian Revolution

From November 2013 until February 2014, there were large protests throughout Ukraine. They were sparked by President Yanukovych's sudden decision not to sign the political association and free trade agreement with the EU, instead choosing closer ties to Russia.

The Communist Party of Ukraine opposed the protests, but did not support Yanukovych. In January 2014 the party supported the draconian Anti-protest laws that severely restricted freedom of speech and the right to protest.[51][52][53] In January and February 2014, clashes in Kyiv between protesters and Berkut special riot police resulted in the deaths of 108 protesters and 13 police officers.[54]

On 22 February 2014, Ukraine's parliament voted 328–0 (about 73% of the parliament's 450 members) to remove Yanukovych from his post and to schedule an early presidential election for 25 May.[55][56] The thirty deputies of the Communist Party voted for his removal.[56]

In February 2014, the party came out in firm opposition to the violence and identified the protest movement as a "coup" to overthrow the elected government and replace it with a pro-NATO regime and in an open plea from the First Secretary called for all communist and left-wing movements around the world to condemn the events as such.[57] However, the party did vote to remove Yanukovych.[56]

During the Russia-Ukraine conflict

Immediately after the revolution, pro-Russian, counter-revolutionary protests erupted in southern and eastern Ukraine. Russia occupied and then annexed Crimea, while armed pro-Russian separatists seized government buildings and proclaimed the independent states of Donetsk and Luhansk, sparking the Donbas war.

The Security Service of Ukraine gathered intelligence that the Communist Party of Ukraine had been helping the Russian proxy forces. In May 2014, Ukraine's Acting President, Oleksandr Turchynov, asked the Ministry of Justice to examine whether the party was involved in actions aimed at violating Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, and to take steps to ban the party if this is proven.[58][59]

On 11 April, there was a scuffle in the Verkhovna Rada between KPU leader Petro Symonenko and two MPs from the far-right "Svoboda" party, after Symonenko blamed them for the Russian annexation of Crimea and the pro-Russian unrest. After repeatedly calling for calm, the parliament chairman suspended the session for fifteen minutes.[60] On 6 May, a majority of MPs voted to expel the Communist Party from the parliamentary session hall for making a pro-separatist declaration.[61]

In the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election, Symonenko initially again ran as a candidate of his party, but he withdrew from the race on 16 May.[62] The Central Election Commission was unable to remove his name from the ballot because he withdrew from the race after the deadline of 1 May.[63] In the election, he received 1.5% of the vote.[64]

On 8 July, the Ministry of Justice asked Kyiv's District Administrative Court to ban the activity of the party as a result of "a large amount of evidence regarding illegal activities and illegal actions on the part of the Communist Party" (according to Justice Minister Pavlo Petrenko).[65] The Party of the European Left and the European United Left–Nordic Green Left grouping in the European Parliament condemned the possible ban and declared their solidarity with the KPU.[66][67] Russia's State Duma denounced the ban too and said it was "an attempt by the new Kyiv authorities to force political and civil forces that do not agree with the path taken by the ultranationalist powers to shut up".[68] The KPU also received solidarity from the National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) in Britain.[69]

On 1 July, six MPs left the Communist Party faction in parliament, reducing it to 23 members.[70][71] On 22 July, a vote supported by 232 MPs gave the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (the speaker of Ukraine's parliament) the power to dissolve a faction that has lost some of its members compared to the number it had while it was formed during the first parliamentary session after the previous election, pending a signature from President Petro Poroshenko.[68][72][73] Later that day, Poroshenko signed this bill, giving effect to this new parliamentary regulation.[68] The next day, speaker and former Acting President Turchynov announced the party's impending dissolution and added to MPs: "We only have to tolerate this party for another day".[68] The party's faction in parliament was dissolved on 24 July by Turchynov.[72] That same day, it was announced that 308 criminal proceedings had been opened against members of the party.[74] Communist Party members were accused of openly supporting the Russian annexation of Crimea, supporting the breakaway Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic, and agitating for Russian annexation of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast.[74] The party leadership at the time stated its support for Ukrainian territorial integrity and excluded separatist dissenters from its membership.[9]

On 4 September, the Kyiv District Administrative Court indefinitely postponed the hearing about the ban of the party.[75]

The October 2014 parliamentary election further marginalized the party as it won no constituency seats and came 1.12% short of reaching the 5% election threshold.[10][11][76] This meant that for the first time since 1918, Communists were not represented in Ukrainian national politics.[10] The first ten members on the party list for the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election were Petro Symonenko (MP), Adam Martynyuk (MP), Kateryna Samoylyk (senior), Vasyl Sirenko (Koretsky Institute of State and Law, non-partisan), Petro Tsybenko (MP), Ihor Aleksyeyev (MP), Serhiy Hordiyenko (MP), Yevhen Marmazov (MP), Spiridon Kilinkarov (MP) and Serhiy Khrapov (unemployed).

In May 2015, laws that banned Soviet communist symbols (the so-called "decommunization laws") came into effect in Ukraine, meaning that the party could not use communist symbols or sing the Soviet national hymn or "The Internationale".[13] In a 24 July decree based on these laws, the Ukrainian Interior Ministry stripped the party of its right to participate in elections and stated that it was continuing the court actions (which started in July 2014) to end the registration of Ukraine's communist parties.[14]

On 30 September, the District Administrative Court in Kyiv banned two smaller communist parties: the Communist Party of Workers and Peasants and the Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed).[77] However, the Communist Party was not banned because it had filed an appeal against the Justice Ministry's decree on its activity termination.[77]

The party decided to take part in the October 2015 local elections as part of the umbrella party Left Opposition.[78] According to the Interior Ministry, this was legal as long as the new party did not use communist symbols.[78] Other party members took part in this election as Nova Derzhava.[9] The political party Nova Derzhava was established in 2012.[79] On 1 August, it elected a new leader Oleh Melnyk.[79] Formally along with the Communist Party, it is also a member of the Left Opposition Association.[79]

In late 2015, 19 local party leaders from the party's South and East Ukraine organizations resigned from the central committee to protest against the repression of internal dissent they blamed on Symonenko.[9]

Banning

On 16 December 2015, at the request of the Ministry of Justice, the District Administrative Court in Kyiv banned the Communist Party for actions aimed at violating Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, collaboration with Russian proxy forces, and inciting ethnic hatred.[16] This ban was criticized by John Dalhuisen of Amnesty International, who said the ban was "the same style of draconian measures used to stifle dissent" in the Soviet Union.[17] On 25 January 2016, the Supreme Administrative Court of Ukraine denied the party in the consideration of the cassation of the (16 December 2015) ban.[80] The court suspended the appeal for the time being until the Constitutional Court determines the legitimacy of the law on decommunization.[81] Nevertheless, the party appealed its ban at the European Court of Human Rights.[9] The attempts to ban the party never did forbid individual members of the party to take part in elections as an independent candidate.[82]

The party still sends in its required financial reports and is still listed on the website of the Ministry of Justice and the website of the Department of State Registration and Notary.[83] In February 2019, the Central Election Commission of Ukraine refused to register the candidacy of Symonenko for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election due to the fact that the statute, name and symbolism of the Communist Party did not comply with the 2015 decommunization laws.[84]

According to a Kyiv Polytechnic professor, who published an article in The Guardian, the party came into conflict with the Ukrainian government after the Revolution of Dignity due to prominent displays of support for ousted Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych during the Euromaidan protests and alleged involvement with the separatist movement in Donbas as well as the party's pro-Russian government agenda.[9] However, the party did vote in favour of the impeachment of Yanukovych.[56] Two days after the Ukrainian parliament changed its regulations regarding the required size of parliamentary groups, the Communist Party faction was dissolved on 24 July 2014.[72]

According to political scientist Tadeusz A. Olszański, the party "effectively supports the separatist rebellion" during the Russo-Ukrainian War.[85]

Explaining the withdrawal of the status of political party from the KPU and two of its satellites, the secretary of state security and defense Oleksandr Turchynov stated in July 2015 that the Communist Party took a treacherous position from the very first days of Russian aggression and acted as its Fifth Column.[86]

Seizure of assets

On 6 July 2022, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the KPU was again banned after a Lviv court ruling which turned over all its assets, including party buildings and funds, to the Ukrainian state. In a statement, the Eighth Administrative Appeal Court said that it had satisfied the claims of the Ministry of Justice and ordered the party's banning. "The activity of the Communist Party of Ukraine is prohibited; the property, funds and other assets of the party, its regional, city, district organisations, primary centres and other structural entities have been transferred to the state."[87]

During the Russian invasion, the party was reported to have taken a pro-Russian stance, and the party's leader Petro Symonenko in March had fled to Belarus with the assistance of Russian forces during the Kyiv offensive.[22]

In October 2022, Symonenko took part in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties in Havana, Cuba. During the speech, he blamed the United States and the United Kingdom for the war, and said they wanted to "use Ukraine against Russia and Taiwan against China".[88]

In August 2023, the Security Service of Ukraine opened an investigation against him on the charges of sedition and treason.[89]

Ideology

In its statute, the Communist Party claims that "on voluntary basis it unites citizens of Ukraine who are supporters of the Communist idea".[90] The party considers itself a successor of the Communist Party of Ukraine of the Soviet Union and calls itself a "battle detachment of RKP(b)–VKP(b)–KPSS".[90] The party claims that prohibition of that party in August 1991 was unlawful,[90] which was confirmed by the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on 27 December 2001. The party sets itself in an opposition to any government and seeks a full restoration of the socialist state in the country without any particular association with any other political parties.[90]

Program

  • Political sphere: liquidation of presidency as an institution, strengthening of democratic measures of state and public life; electoral legislation reform ensuring a proper share of representation of workers, peasants, intelligentsia, women, youth in Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and local government; introduction of practice to recall deputies and judges who received vote of no confidence; election of judges of prime level; filling with real meaning and proper financial support regional and local government; introduction in the country a system of public control; creation of labor group councils vested with powers to monitor economic activity of businesses; suppression of corruption, organized crime, particularly in the upper echelon of power; elimination of benefits and privileges for officials; federalization of Ukraine; comprehensive development of Ukrainian language and culture, granting Russian language the status of state language; changing of Ukraine's state symbol, lyrics and music of the State anthem.
  • Economic policy: modernization and public control over economy, nationalization of strategic businesses; establishing a competitive state sector of economy, energy independence; reforms in Agro-Industrial Complex, Housing and Communal Services, etc.; prohibition of private property.
  • Social sphere: liquidation of poverty, social justice, system of progressive taxation and state price regulation, free medicine, secondary and tertiary education; full compensation of deposits in the Soviet Savings Bank.
  • Spiritual sphere: quality youth politics; preservation of historical and cultural heritage including Soviet; increased punishment for distribution of narcotics, human trafficking, prostitution, promotion of pornography, violence; combating immorality, vulgarity, cynicism, national chauvinism, xenophobia, falsification of history, fascism, neo-Nazism, anti-Communism, anti-Sovietism; banning of neo-Nazi organizations in Ukraine, criminal penalties for acts of fascism; freedom of worldview and expression of faith, secular state.
  • Foreign policy: non-aligned military status, independent foreign policy, active position on creation of a new European system of collective security, reform of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, review international agreements with WTO and IMF, membership and active position in the CIS, Customs Union and Eurasian Economic Community of the Russian Federation, Belarus and Kazakhstan.

Soviet legacy

The KPU was established as "the inheritor of the ideas and traditions of the KPU, as it existed until its banning in August 1991".[91] In general, the party has laid weight on nostalgia for the Soviet Union to gain votes.[91] In contrast to many parts of the former Soviet Union where leftist conservatives have tried to win votes by promoting local nationalism, the KPU supports a form of Soviet nationalism,[91] considering the establishment of an independent Ukraine as illegal.[92] The party has remained loyal to the legacy of the Soviet Union.[93] In 1998, to celebrate the would-be 80th anniversary of the Soviet Union it published Historical Thesis, a text which painted a rosy picture of the former state.[93] The Soviet Union is barely criticized and controversial events such as the Great Purge and Holodomor are not mentioned in the party press.[93] There are some who are favorable to Joseph Stalin's legacy, giving the impression that things "only began to go wrong with [Nikita] Khrushchev's 'adventurism'".[93] Despite all this, when the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) is criticized at all, the favored line is that the party and state lost their belief in key Leninist principles.[93] Vladimir Lenin, the founder of the Soviet Union, "is still considered sacrosanct" by the party and official pronouncements talk of the "Leninist Communist Party of Ukraine" and more precisely that the KPU continues "speaking in the words of Lenin".[93]

Symonenko has criticized the label of conservative on the KPU, stating that the party is not willing to abandon its own history.[93] He has referred to the dissolution of the Soviet Union as "the tragic events of the recent past".[93] Further, the KPU believes the Soviet Union "was criminally destroyed".[93] The party believes that Ukraine has been living off the legacy of the Soviet Union since its independence.[93] However, certain concessions to the present have been made and at the 2nd KPU Congress it was stated that "it would be utopian to try and revive a socio-economic system of different relations, which existed in different conditions, under different principles and different organizations of production and distribution, different social-class structures of society, a different level of consciousness".[94]

Marxism

The party adheres and believes in the Marxian concepts of class struggle and historical materialism.[94] Their ongoing belief in historical materialism cements their views that the socialist mode of production will still be the society of the future.[94] It could be said that the party believed stronger than ever in the possibility of a socialist future since the "careerists", symbolized by Mikhail Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin and Leonid Kravchuk, were gone.[94]

The KPU believes that since the West has developed into a post-industrial society, capitalism through globalization was actively "de-modernizing" Ukraine.[94] This was in their favor since de-modernization would lead to the reestablishment of a dominant proletarian class.[94] As Vasyl Tereshchuk, a former party theoretician expelled in 2005, noted: "People are surviving on what they accumulated in the years of Soviet power: that is, they are not yet a classic proletariat as they still have much to lose (a flat, a car, a dacha, etc.). But their full proletarianization will come sooner or later".[94] Secondly, the dissolution of the Soviet Union directly led to the reestablishment of class antagonism in society.[94] This antagonism led to the exploitation of the proletariat by "a comprador bourgeoisie ... behind which stands world imperialism headed by the USA".[94] According to Symonenko, on this basis there was no chance for a social democratic movement ever to develop in Ukraine.[94] The "softening of class antagonism in the West" which had led to the establishment of social democratic parties "was only possible because the local working class, as part of the 'golden billion', lived 'as parasites on the labour of the countries of the world periphery' to which Ukraine was rapidly being consigned. Ukraine could not expect any 'lessening of class antagonism, only the reverse".[95] Symonenko appreciates the economical aid and partnership with China and calls to use the Chinese Communist Party as the example, giving the country back to the working people, and "build our country into a strong country like China".[96]

Views on nationalism

At least in the beginning, the party is best described as Soviet patriotic.[97] As Yurii Solomatin, a member of parliament, noted in 2000, "we are Soviet communists; we are Soviet people; we are Soviet patriots".[97] The party continues speaking about the existence of a "Soviet people" and "Soviet homeland" and at the beginning no concessions were given to local Ukrainian nationalism.[97] There has been no talk of establishing a national communism unique to Ukraine and the 1st KPU Congress even criticized the notion of establishing a unique "Ukrainian communism".[97] Instead, the KPU has opted promoting Ukraine as a "bi-cultural state".[97] At the 1st KPU Congress, Symonenko told the delegates that "'the interests, rights and specific traits of one nation above those of other nations and nationalities', and in which 'the Ukrainian language' should not be 'over'-privileged, but left alone to enjoy 'its natural development, purged of the imposed language of the diaspora. The Russian language, as the native language of half the population of Ukraine, [should be given] the status of a state language alongside Ukrainian".[98] Their views on patriotism is highly nostalgic. When the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP–CPSU), a loose organization of post-Soviet parties was formed, it was met with open arms.[98] However, when the Communist Party of the Russian Federation proposed in 1995 to transform the organization into a modern-day Comintern, the KPU opposed because of their Soviet patriotic views.[99]

In recent years, their commitment to Soviet patriotism has been partially replaced with a vaguer Eurasianism.[100] Wishing not to reestablish a union with Russia "'as a protectorate of the Russian bourgeoisie", "the Ukrainian Communists have rediscovered the natural link from Soviet to East Slavic or Eurasian nationalism in the supposed common 'economic civilization' and proclivity for collective labour of all the East Slavic peoples".[100] As noted in the party journal Communist, the "'Soviet man ... did not emerge from nothing before him stood the courageous Slavic-Rusich, the labour-loving Ukrainian peasant, the self-sacrificing Cossack".[100] At the 4th KPU Congress, the party conceded that Ukraine would not join any particular union as long as it weakened the country's sovereignty.[101] At the same time, Petro Symonenko publicly backed Ukraine's membership in the Eurasian Customs Union.[102]

Symonenko has often been referred to as a Ukrainophobe.[103] Symonenko made controversy in 2007 when he accused the Ukrainian nationalist figure Roman Shukhevych of receiving two Iron Crosses from Adolf Hitler. Shukhevych's kids submitted a lawsuit against Symonenko in response. The Pechersk District Court of Kyiv city declared that Symonenko failed to present any proof of his claim and obligated "to refute the false information he spread about Roman Shukhevych at the next plenary session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine after the court's decision enters into force".[104][105]

Criticism

Writing on The Guardian, Ukrainian sociologist Volodymyr Ishchenko described the KPU as a "conservative and pro-Russian group", whose leaders "became a part of the bourgeois elite and invited business support for their cause", pointing out that the richest deputy of the 7th Ukrainian Verkhovna Rada (Oksana Kaletnik) was a member of the Communist faction. Thus, according to Ishchenko "the only things the party has in common with the determined Bolshevik revolutionaries of the past who spared neither themselves nor others are devotion to the Soviet symbols and appeals to empty “Marxist-Leninist” phrases".[5]

After the start of Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity, the party newspaper Komunist published an article comparing the protests to riots in Black ghettoes in the United States during the 1960s; the article, titled "White on the outside, black on the inside", stated that "at least in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco the police sometimes make raids on such places and simply kill a few rabid Negroes. […] Even the dark-skinned vendors in Kyiv second hand shops seem a bit more civilized than our ‘light-skinned brothers’ from the western regions of the country, who have gathered on the Maidan".[106] The article was widely condemned as racist.[107]

Election results

Parliamentary elections

Verkhovna Rada
Year Party-list Constituency/total Overall seats won Seat change Government
Popular vote  % Seats/total
1994 3,683,332 13.6% 86/450
86 / 450
 Increase 86 Government
1998 6,550,353 25.4% 84/225 27/225
121 / 450
 Increase 35 Minority support
2002 5,178,074 20.8% 59/225 7/225
66 / 450
 Decrease 55 Opposition
2006 929,591 3.7% 21/450 N/A
21 / 450
 Decrease 45 Coalition government
2007 1,257,291 5.4% 27/450 N/A
27 / 450
 Increase 6 Opposition
2012 2,687,246 13.2% 32/225 –/225
32 / 450
 Increase 5 Minority support
2014 608,756 3.87% –/225 –/198
0 / 450
 Decrease 32 Extra-parliamentary
2019 Registration denied –/225 –/198
0 / 450
 Extra-parliamentary

Presidential elections

Presidency of Ukraine
Election year Candidate First round Second round
No. of
overall votes		 % of
overall vote		 No. of
overall votes		 % of
overall vote
1994 Oleksandr Moroz (endorsed by the CPU) 3,466,541 13.3
1999 Petro Symonenko 5,849,077 23.1 10,665,420 38.8
2004 Petro Symonenko 1,396,135 5.0
2010 Petro Symonenko 872,877 3.5
2014 Petro Symonenko 272,723 1.5
2019 Petro Symonenko Registration denied

Ministerial appointments

Splinter parties

See also

Notes

  1. ↑
    • Ukrainian: Комуністична партія України, romanized: Komunistychna partiya Ukrayiny
    • Russian: Коммунистическая партия Украины, romanized: Kommunisticheskaya partiya Ukrainy
    • Abbreviation: KPU, from Ukrainian and Russian "КПУ"

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Official website. Komunist newspaper.
  2. ↑ "The Power of the Left in Ukraine | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org.
  3. 1 2 Nordsieck, Wolfram (2014). "Ukraine". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  4. ↑ "Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context (in English)" (PDF). Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 3–18. November–December 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Ishchenko, Volodymyr (18 December 2015). "Kiev has a nasty case of anti-communist hysteria". The Guardian. Ukraine's Communist party was the most popular political group in the country during market reforms in the 1990s, but has since degenerated into a conservative and pro-Russian rather than pro-working class grouping, gradually losing its voters and elderly membership{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ↑ Gorbach, Denys (8 January 2016). "After the ban: a short history of Ukraine's Communist Party". openDemocracy. Leaving actual class analysis by the wayside, it claims to defend the interests of the 'people' against the 'oligarchs', yet combines this rhetoric with social conservatism (death penalty, pro-natalism and persecution of LGBT people){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  7. ↑ The Communist Party of Ukraine statute (Статут Комуністичної партії України) Archived 14 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Communist Party of Ukraine (www.kpu.ua)
  8. ↑ Президент Украины Леонид Кучма, бывший президент Леонид Кравчук и эск-спикер парламента Иван Плющ исключены из рядов Компартии Украины. RIA Novosti. 27 May 2002
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (in Ukrainian) European Court began reviewing complaints about the ban of the Communist Party, Ukrainska Pravda, (30 December 2016)
    Ukraine court bans Communist Party, Daily News and Analysis (17 Dec 2015)
  10. 1 2 3 Ukrainian Communist leader Symonenko not planning to leave country, Interfax-Ukraine (29 October 2014)
    Ukraine’s Elections Mark a Historic Break With Russia and Its Soviet Past, Time magazine (27 October 2014)
  11. 1 2 General official results of Rada election, Interfax-Ukraine (11 November 2014)
    Central Election Commission announces official results of Rada election on party tickets, Interfax-Ukraine (11 November 2014)
  12. ↑ "Ukraine Communists deny financing terrorism, accuse Security Service chief of lying". Kyiv Post. Retrieved 26 August 2014.
  13. 1 2 "Ukraine bans Soviet symbols and criminalises sympathy for communism". The Guardian. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  14. 1 2 Ukraine's Justice Ministry outlaws Communists from elections, Kyiv Post (24 July 2015).
  15. ↑ Justice Ministry bans three communist parties from taking part in election process as they violate Ukrainian law – minister, Interfax-Ukraine (24 July 2015)
  16. 1 2 "Court rules complete ban of Communist Party of Ukraine". www.unian.info.
  17. 1 2 "Ukraine bans Communist party for 'promoting separatism'". the Guardian. 17 December 2015.
  18. ↑ "The European Court has begun consideration of a complaint against the KPU's ban". Ukrainska Pravda. 30 December 2016.
  19. ↑ "Ukraine court bans Communist Party". Daily News & Analysis. 17 December 2015.
  20. ↑ (in Ukrainian) The CEC refused to register nearly fifty presidential candidates, Ukrainska Pravda (8 February 2019)
  21. ↑ Roschina, Olena (11 August 2023). "Ukraine's Security Service serves leader of banned Communist party with notice of suspicion and describes his escape to Russia". Ukrainska Pravda.
  22. 1 2 (in Russian) А куда пропал Петр Симоненко? Оккупанты помогли ему выехать, Obozrevatel (12 May 2022)
  23. 1 2 3 Bozoki & Ishiyama 2002, p. 401.
  24. ↑ "Про тимчасове припинення діяльності Компартії України". Офіційний вебпортал парламенту України.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bozoki & Ishiyama 2002, p. 402.
  26. 1 2 3 4 (in Ukrainian) Комуністична партія України, Database DATA
  27. 1 2 Bozoki & Ishiyama 2002, pp. 403–404.
  28. ↑ Ukraine Bars Communists From Elections, Radio Free Europe (24 July 2015)
  29. ↑ "BHHRG". 15 April 2005. Archived from the original on 15 April 2005. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  30. ↑ "гøåííÿ Êîñòèòóö³éíîãî Ñóäó Óêðà¿íè ó ñïðàâ³ çà... – â³ä 27.12.2001 ¹ 20-ðï/2001 (Ñòîð³íêà 1 ç 2)". Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  31. ↑ Donetsk authorities openly support separatism and Slavic fascism (Власти Донецка открыто поддерживают сепаратизм и славяно-фашизм). Novosti Donbassa. 15 November 2006
  32. 1 2 In Donetsk collecting signatures to secede from Ukraine (В ДОНЕЦКЕ СОБИРАЮТ ПОДПИСИ ЗА ОТДЕЛЕНИЕ ОТ УКРАИНЫ). Zadonbass.
  33. ↑ The banned Donetsk Republic claims that Yushchenko is preparing invasion of Kuban (Запрещённая "Донецкая республика" заявляет, что Ющенко готовит вторжение на Кубань). Newsru. 23 October 2009
  34. 1 2 Bloc of left and center-left forces to nominate CPU Leader for Ukraine's president Archived 14 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (3 October 2009)
  35. ↑ Member of parliament Zhvaniya: Current coalition could be reformatted, Kyiv Post (March 16, 2010)
  36. 1 2 3 Law of Ukraine. "About 1932–1933 Holodomor in Ukraine". Verkhovna Rada website.
  37. 1 2 Resolution of the Kyiv Appellate Court on the fact of committing genocide in Ukraine in 1932–1933. Security Service of Ukraine website.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Communists about the dead woman: She died of worthy death in front of Stalin (Коммунисты об умершей женщине: Она умерла достойной смертью, перед Сталиным). Korrespondent.net. 5 May 2010.
  39. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Results of the elections, preliminary data, on interactive maps by Ukrainska Pravda (8 November 2010)
  40. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Candidates, RBC Ukraine
  41. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Proportional votes Archived 30 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine & Constituency seats Archived 5 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Central Election Commission of Ukraine
  42. ↑ After the parliamentary elections in Ukraine: a tough victory for the Party of Regions Archived 17 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Centre for Eastern Studies (7 November 2012)
  43. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Калетнік прийшла до комуністів, оскільки не хоче бути "інгредієнтом" Kaletnik came to the Communists because they do not want to be "ingredient", Ukrainska Pravda (12 December 2012)
  44. ↑ Leshchenko, S. Political circus: "button-pressers" were caught on their habits. Ukrainska Pravda. 22 November 2012
  45. ↑ The last revolution for Symonenko. Will the Communist Party survive strike in the back? Frankivchanyn. 23 May 2014
  46. ↑ Oksana Kaletnyk leaves Communist Party faction in parliament, Interfax-Ukraine (29 May 2014)
  47. ↑ Eight Reasons Why Ukraine’s Party of Regions Will Win the 2012 Elections by Taras Kuzio, The Jamestown Foundation (17 October 2012)
    UKRAINE: Yushchenko needs Tymoshenko as ally again Archived 15 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine by Taras Kuzio, Oxford Analytica (5 October 2007)
  48. 1 2 3 Symonenko:Communist Party had no agreements to support Azarov's candidacy for premiership, Kyiv Post (28 December 2012)
  49. ↑ EU to Ukraine: Reforms necessary for trade pact Archived 21 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (25 February 2013)
    Ukraine Faces EU Reform Deadline as Key to Association Pact Archived 7 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg Businessweek (25 February 2013)
    Yanukovych happy with results of Ukrainian-EU summit Archived 21 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (25 February 2013)
  50. ↑ "Ukraine's Cabinet Backs EU Association Agreement". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 18 September 2013. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
    EU-Ukraine Association Agreement to be signed, Ukraine to go to Europe – speaker Archived 27 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax-Ukraine (25 September 2013)
  51. ↑ "Dictatorship in Ukraine legalized. Infographics of the new reality". CitizenJournal. 16 January 2014. Archived from the original on 19 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  52. ↑ "Ukrainian president approves strict anti-protest laws". The Guardian. 17 January 2014. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  53. ↑ Ukraine parliament passes protest amnesty law. BBC (29 January 2014)
  54. ↑ "Accountability for killings in Ukraine from January 2014 to May 2016" (PDF). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. pp. 9, 21–25.
  55. ↑ "Rada removes Yanukovych from office, schedules new elections for May 25". Interfax-Ukraine (24 February 2014).
  56. 1 2 3 4 Parliamentary vote on the draft resolution on the withdrawal of President of Ukraine to fulfill constitutional powers (number 4193) – as a basis and as a whole Archived 12 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Verkhovna Rada
  57. ↑ "Обращение_к_иностранным_партиям_2_(eng.).pdf". Google Docs. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  58. ↑ "Turchynov asks Justice Ministry to ban Communist Party of Ukraine". Interfax-Ukraine. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  59. ↑ "Turchynov Calls Justice Ministry Apply Court For Prohibition Of Communist Party If Their Collaboration With Separatists Proved". Ukrainian News. 13 May 2014. Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  60. ↑ Andre Fomine, Ukraine's Opposition leader Petro Simonenko roughed up by Svoboda ultranationalists, archived from the original on 11 April 2014, retrieved 17 December 2018
  61. ↑ "Ukrainian Communists outraged by Rada majority's decision to expel faction from session hall". Kyiv Post. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  62. ↑ Communist leader Symonenko withdraws his candidacy from presidential race, Kyiv Post (16 May 2014)
  63. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Simonenko left the ballot, Ukrainska Pravda (17 May 2014)
  64. ↑ "Poroshenko wins presidential election with 54.7% of vote – CEC". Radio Ukraine International. 29 May 2014. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014.
    (in Russian) Results election of Ukrainian president, Телеграф (29 May 2014)
  65. ↑ Justice Ministry launches process to ban Communist Party of Ukraine, Interfax-Ukraine (8 July 2014)
  66. ↑ "Ukraine: No more war, no more fascism". Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  67. ↑ "Ukrainian democracy under threat as interim government moves to ban Communist party". Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  68. 1 2 3 4 Communist Party Ousted From Ukraine Parliament, The Moscow Times (23 July 2014)
  69. ↑ "RMT union denounces Western support for Kiev – supports antifascist resistance – Solidarity with the Antifascist Resistance in Ukraine". Solidarity with the Antifascist Resistance in Ukraine. 10 September 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  70. ↑ Six MPs leave Communist Party faction in Ukraine's parliament, Interfax-Ukraine (1 July 2014)
  71. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Dynamics in the fraction of the in the Communist Party of Ukraine in the VII convocation, Verkhovna Rada
  72. 1 2 3 Turchynov dissolves Ukrainian Communist Party faction in parliament, Interfax-Ukraine (24 July 2014)
  73. ↑ "22.07.2014 Верховная Рада проголосовала за запрет Компартии Украины". YouTube. 22 July 2014. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  74. 1 2 (in Ukrainian) Against the Communists opened 308 criminal proceedings, Ukrainska Pravda (24 July 2014)
  75. ↑ SBU chief: Communist Party ban important for national security, Interfax-Ukraine (10 November 2014)
  76. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Communist Party of Ukraine goes to elections to Parliament, the electoral list headed Symonenko, Interfax-Ukraine (29 August 2014)
  77. 1 2 (in Ukrainian) The court banned the two Communist parties, Ukrainska Pravda (1 October 2015)
    Kyiv’s Court terminates two Communist parties, Ukrinform (1 October 2015)
  78. 1 2 (in Russian) The communists go to the polls in the "Left Opposition" – the leader of the Communist Party, RIA Novosti Ukraine (13 August 2015)
  79. 1 2 3 Symonenko invented how to squeeze into the local elections (Симоненко придумал, как протиснуться на местные выборы). Ukrainska Pravda. 25 September 2015
  80. ↑ Ban of Communist Party final: Ukraine’s Supreme Administrative Court, UNIAN (25 January 2016)
  81. ↑ (in Ukrainian) From Frank to Kiwis: who are the Ukrainian socialists, Hromadske.TV (1 May 2018)
  82. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Довибори до ВР: У Дніпрі 51 кандидат, є представник КПУ (By-election to the Verkhovna Rada: in Dnipro 51, a candidate is a representative of the Communist Party), Ukrainska Pravda, 19 June 2016.
  83. ↑ "Життя після смерті. Хто і навіщо будить Партію регіонів?". Главком | Glavcom (in Ukrainian). 5 December 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  84. ↑ Зубкова, Даша (6 February 2019). "Court Refuses To Order CEC To Register CPU Leader Symonenko As Presidential Candidate". Ukrainian News.
  85. ↑ Olszański, Tadeusz A. (17 September 2014), Ukraine's political parties at the start of the election campaign, OSW—Centre for Eastern Studies
  86. ↑ "КПУ і дві партії-сателіти втратили статус і права політичної партії в Україні – Турчинов". Інтерфакс-Україна.
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  88. ↑ "Ucraina: parla il Segretario del PC dell'Ucraina" (in Italian). Communist Refoundation Party. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2023.
  89. ↑ Roschina, Olena (11 August 2023). "Ukraine's Security Service serves leader of banned Communist party with notice of suspicion and describes his escape to Russia". Ukrainska Pravda.
  90. 1 2 3 4 Party program Archived 1 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Communist Party of Ukraine official website.
  91. 1 2 3 Wilson 2002, p. 30.
  92. ↑ Wilson 2002, p. 29.
  93. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wilson 2002, p. 31.
  94. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Wilson 2002, p. 32.
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  98. 1 2 Wilson 2002, p. 34.
  99. ↑ Wilson 2002, pp. 34–35.
  100. 1 2 3 Wilson 2002, p. 35.
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  103. ↑ Lesiv, K; Yaschenko, A; Mishchenko, M (23 August 2011). "Експерти визначили найбільш активних українофобів часів Незалежності" [Experts defined the most active Ukrainophobes in times of the independence]. Ukrainian Independent Information Agency. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  104. ↑ "Син Шухевича нагадав Литвину, що Симоненко має вибачитися за брехню про Гітлера" [Son of Shukhevych reminded Lytvyn that Symonenko has to apologize for the lie about Hitler]. Ukrainska Pravda. 18 February 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  105. ↑ "УНП просить вимкнути мікрофон Симоненку". Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  106. ↑ Kuzmienko, M. (17 January 2014). ""Білий" зовні, але "чорний" зсередини". Komunist.
  107. ↑ "THE BANNING OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF UKRAINE". Ukraine Solidarity Campaign. 29 December 2015.

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