Right Sector
Пра́вий се́ктор
LeaderAndriy Tarasenko[1]
FounderDmytro Yarosh
FoundedNovember 2013
Registered 22 May 2014
Merger ofTryzub, UNA–UNSO, and Sich
Former constituents:
Social-National Assembly (left in 2014), White Hammer (expelled in 2014), and C14 (left in 2014)
HeadquartersKyiv, Ukraine
ParamilitaryUkrainian Volunteer Corps (disbanded in November 2022 when it was reformed as the 67th Separate Mechanized Brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces[2][3][4])
Membership10,000
IdeologyUkrainian nationalism
Ultranationalism[5][6]
Revolutionary nationalism
Anti-Russian sentiment[7]
Anti-communism
Religious conservatism
Hard Euroscepticism[8]
Political positionRight-wing[9] to far-right[6][10]
ColorsRed black
Slogan"God! Ukraine! Freedom!"[11]
Designated as terror group by Russia
Verkhovna Rada[6]
0 / 450
Regions (2015)[12]
2 / 158,399
Party flag
Website
pravyysektor.info

Right Sector (Ukrainian: Пра́вий се́ктор, Pravyi sektor) is a loosely defined coalition of right-wing to far-right[13] Ukrainian nationalist organizations.[6][14] It originated in November 2013 as a right-wing, paramilitary confederation of several ultranationalist organizations at the Euromaidan revolt in Kyiv,[9] where its street fighters participated in clashes with riot police.[15][16] The coalition became a political party on 22 March 2014, at which time it claimed to have roughly 10,000 members.[17][18] Founding groups included the Trident (Tryzub), led by Dmytro Yarosh and Andriy Tarasenko, and the Ukrainian National Assembly–Ukrainian National Self-Defense (UNA–UNSO), a political and paramilitary organization.[19][20][21] Other founding groups included the Social-National Assembly,[22] and its Patriot of Ukraine paramilitary wing, White Hammer, and the Sich Battalion. White Hammer was expelled in March 2014,[23] and Patriot of Ukraine left the organization, along with many UNA–UNSO members, in the following months.[24]

Right Sector has been described as a right-wing[9][25] or far right[10] nationalist[7][26][27] political party and movement.[28][29][30] Right Sector was the second-most mentioned political group in Russian media during the first half of 2014, and Russian state TV depicted it as neo-Nazi.[10][31] In March 2014, Associated Press declared that it has found no evidence that the group had committed hate crimes.[27]

In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Yarosh won a parliament seat as a Right Sector candidate by winning a single-member district with 29.8% of the votes.[32] Right Sector spokesperson Boryslav Bereza also won a seat as an independent candidate and district with 29.4% of the votes.[33] In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Right Sector took part on a united radical right nationwide-party list with the Governmental Initiative of Yarosh, National Corps, and Svoboda,[34] winning no seats.[35]

The Right Sector fought in the Donbas war with its own paramilitary wing, the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps.[36] In April 2015, Yarosh was appointed an advisor to the Ukrainian Armed Forces.[37] In November, Yarosh formally stepped down as the group's leader.[38] In December, he announced that he and his team would be withdrawing from the group entirely, declaring that Right Sector had fulfilled its purpose "as a revolutionary structure" and was no longer needed. He stated that he and his faction were against pseudo-revolutionary activity that threatens the state, fringe radicalism, and were against violent revolts against the government. In a statement issued in response to Yarosh's departure, Right Sector said the schism was due to its continuing a "revolutionary path".[39][40] The departure of Yarosh resulted in at least 20% of Right Sector members leaving with him.[41] In February 2016, Yarosh started a new organisation called the Governmental Initiative of Yarosh.[42] Since 19 March 2016, Tarasenko has been the new chairman of Right Sector.[1]

In November 2022, the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps was reformed as the 67th Separate Mechanized Brigade and became part of the Ukrainian Ground Forces.[2][3][4]

Name

The organization's name in Ukrainian is Правий сектор (transliterated Pravyy sektor), translated as Right Sector. (General-audience publications often transliterate it as Pravy Sektor or Pravyi Sektor.) One account derives the name from the group's effort to protect the right-hand side of the Euromaidan protestors at one point during the Maidan protests.[43] Dmytro Yarosh owns the trademark "Right Sector".[44] Russian language-speakers may refer to members of the Right Sector as pravoseki (Russian: правосеки); singular: pravosek (Russian: правосек).[45]

History

Origins

Dmytro Yarosh, Tryzub's leader and the former leader of Right Sector.

Right Sector was formed in late November 2013 as a confederation of street-fighting soccer fans and right-wing nationalist groups: Patriot of Ukraine (Andriy Belitsky), the Social-National Assembly, Trident (Dmytro Yarosh), UNA–UNSO (Yuriy Shukhevych), White Hammer, and Carpathian Sich.[19][20][46][47][48] The BBC reports that Right Sector's Kyiv organization is primarily formed by Russian-speaking soccer ultras who share nationalist views.[49][50][51]

The organization views itself within the tradition of Ukrainian partisans, such as the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, which fought in the Second World War against the Soviet Union and both for and against the Nazi Germany.[49][52] Yarosh, Right Sector's leader, has trained armed nationalists in military exercises since the collapse of the Soviet Union.[53] Co-founder Andriy Tarasenko told LIGA news agency in January 2014 that most participants were "ordinary citizens not related to any organizations".[19][54]

Right Sector claims to have received donations from the Ukrainian diaspora.[18]

Entry into Euromaidan

Three helmeted protestors throwing pavement bricks at riot-police line under concealment of smoke from burning tires
Protesters throwing bricks at riot police, using tire smoke for cover from sniper fire, Kyiv, 18 February 2014

Right Sector became one of the main actors in the January 2014 Hrushevskoho Street riots, a part of the Euromaidan protests, in their later and more violent stages.[20][55] On 19 January 2014 the organization encouraged its members to bring bottles to the protests to produce Molotov cocktails and bombs.[19] The Yanukovich government classified it as an extremist movement and threatened its members with imprisonment.[56]

Right Sector has been described as the most organized and most effective of the Euromaidan forces when it came to confronting police.[57] Right Sector claims that it was the main organizer of violent resistance against armed attacks by the state at Euromaidan.[47] Yarosh stated that the group had amassed a sizable arsenal of weapons;[16] these include guns taken from police stations in Western Ukraine.[58]

The Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported antisemitic incidents involving Svoboda and Right Sector during the demonstration, where their militants were calling political opponents "Zhyd" and flying flags with neo-Nazi symbols. According to Haaretz, these organizations were also distributing translated editions of Mein Kampf and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion to the demonstrators in Independence Square.[59]

On 4 March 2014, the organization called on readers of its Vkontakte social-media page to "correct th[e] misunderstanding" that had been created in English and Russian Wikipedia that Right Sector is fascist and neo-Nazi.[60] According to political science professor Olexiy Haran, Right Sector's role in Ukrainian politics was "extremely exaggerated" by Ukrainians associated with Yanukovich.[10]

Recovery of the Secret Ledger

Mustafa Nayyem stated that he was with members of the Right Sector when they entered Viktor Pshonka's luxurious mansion and that the Right Sector recovered numerous GPU files from Pshonka's mansion after members of the Yanukovych government fled in exile to Russia.[61] These files included the secret bookkeeping of Viktor Yanukovych and the Party of Regions' Black Ledger (Ukrainian: Чорної книги) or Barn Book (Ukrainian: амбарна книга), which implicated numerous persons to improper payments from pro-Kremlin and pro-Vladimir Putin sources including Paul Manafort for which the book included the handwritten records of 22 payments over five years to Manafort, nine of which had been signed by Vitaly Anatolyevich Kalyuzhny (Ukrainian: Віталій Анатолійович Калюжний), who was the Verkhovna Rada's foreign relations committee chairman.[62][63] On 17 August 2016, Donald Trump removed Manafort as Trump's campaign chairman following Trump's first national security briefing directly because of the records in the secret ledger.[64][65][66][67][68]

After Trump won the 2016 United States presidential election, Manafort demanded that the White House, Trump himself, and later Rudy Giuliani actively pressure Ukrainian officials to investigate and discredit Leshchenko and others because Leshchenko had published information from the Yanukovych Secret Ledger that was highly critical of Manafort's work in Ukraine.[68][69] Manafort provided information to Giuliani and his company Giuliani Partners, including its employees Lev Parnas and Igor Fruman, to smear Leshchenko and others in Ukraine and entered into a joint legal defense agreement between Manafort's attorneys and Trump's attorneys.[68] Manafort and Giuliani also discussed how to deal with Marie Yovanovitch.[68]

Aftermath of the 2014 Ukrainian revolution

twenty masked activists posing with a Ukrainian flag and a Right Sector banner showing trident as ship anchor at a Euromaidan event in Odesa
Activists in Odesa holding Right Sector banner with ship-anchor design, 9 February 2014

In February 2014, Yarosh and the Israeli ambassador to Ukraine agreed to establish a "hotline" to prevent provocations and coordinate actions when issues arise.[70][71] The group assists in the protection of Jewish sites in Odesa.[72] In April 2014, Yarosh allegedly demanded to be appointed Vice Prime Minister for the law enforcement matters but his demand was rejected; he was offered a post of the Deputy Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine instead[73][74] but Yarosh rejected this position as being beneath him.[75] There were discussions of appointing Yarosh deputy head of the Security Service of Ukraine, but these discussions quickly petered out for unknown reasons.[73]

Right Sector became a dominant theme of Russian propaganda, which grossly exaggerated its strength and influence in the new Ukraine. It was portrayed as a mortal threat to Russian speakers and Jews that necessitated a Russian military intervention. By April, Right Sector was being mentioned on Russia television almost as frequently as Putin's own United Russia party. In Crimea and the East, a "Right Sector" vandalism spree targeting synagogues, Jewish cemeteries, and Holocaust memorials was widely seen as a Russian false flag attack. In Simferopol, a synagogue was defaced with the wolfsangel symbol used by the Ukrainian far-right, but in the mirror-image of its normal orientation; in Odesa, vandals defaced a Jewish cemetery with graffiti reading "Right Sector" but misspelled the group's name. The next day Yarosh met with the Chief Rabbi of Odesa to show solidarity with Ukrainian Jews and was photographed helping paint over the graffiti.[76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83]

On 7 March 2014, Tarasenko told Interfax-Ukraine that the "informal movement" would be transforming itself into a political party at a congress on 15 March.[84] On 11 March 2014, Russian Duma opposition leader Valery Rashkin called on Russian special services to "liquidate" Yarosh and Right Sector's leader for West Ukraine, UNA–UNSO member Oleksandr Muzychko.[85] He said that Muzychko had fought for Chechen separatists against Russian troops and been charged with banditry. Muzychko (who was given the nom de guerre "Sachko Bilyi") had also become known for the farcical Right Sector video, "Sachko Communicates with a Prosecutor", in which he yells at a local prosecutor, snatches his tie and threatens to drag him to Independence Square with a rope.[20]

Muzychko was shot to death in Rivne, Ukraine, on 24 March 2014. A witness told a local news service that a dozen men took Muzychko out of a cafe, handcuffed him, and beat him and two bodyguards. Others said that they later heard two shots fired near the cafe.[86] Ukraine's Interior Ministry stated that he was shot after opening fire on police and Sokil special forces. He was captured alive and arrested but died from his wounds before paramedics arrived.[87] Police said he was being detained on suspicion of organized crime links, hooliganism and threatening public officials.[88][89]

A line of five Patriot of Ukraine members (some with bats) providing security at a meeting organized by Right Sector activists, at the Euromaidan's main stage
Patriot of Ukraine members standing guard at a Right Sector event, Euromaidan, Kyiv, 13 April 2014

Right Sector representatives held Interior Minister Arsen Avakov accountable for his death and vowed to avenge him. On 27 March 2014, Right Sector supporters demanded Avakov's resignation and tried to storm the Verkhovna Rada (the Ukrainian parliament).[90] The next day, the European Union's High Representative for Foreign Affairs, Catherine Ashton, stated, "I strongly condemn the pressure by activists of the Right Sector who have surrounded the building of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine. Such an intimidation of the parliament is against the democratic principles and rule of law."[91] A few days later, the group released an app that allows its members to organize tactics at events without being identified.[92] On 31 March 2014, a drunken Right Sector activist started shooting near a restaurant in central Kyiv. Three people were wounded, including the deputy head of the Kyiv City State Administration.[93]

2014 pro-Russian conflict and 2014 Ukrainian election results

In April 2014, Right Sector announced that it had begun to form a special Donbas battalion for its paramilitary operations in the war in Donbas.[94] On 22 April 2014, pro-Russian insurgents in Slovyansk detained American journalist Simon Ostrovsky for several days on suspicion of spying for the group.[95]

Right Sector was officially registered as a political party by the Ukrainian Ministry of Justice on 22 May 2014.[96] A regional chief told The Wall Street Journal that it was less interested in running for office than in getting politicians to keep their promises.[97] In the 25 May 2014 presidential race Yarosh received 127,000 votes, 0.7% of the total cast.[98][99][100] In a mid-May 2014 poll by the sociological group Rating, the party itself scored 1.7%.[101] On 13 June 2014, a prosecutor's office in Kyiv was stormed by people who claimed to be Right Sector activists. Yarosh denied his organization's involvement and claimed that he could not have given orders to picket "the man who helped Euromaidan".[102] On 15 October 2014, around 125 masked men with Right Sector insignia blocked the company Zaporizhstal; Right Sector denied involvement in this blockade and labelled it as an attempt to discredit the organization.[103] In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Yarosh as a Right Sector candidate won a parliament seat by winning single-member district number 39 located in Vasylkivka Raion with 29.76% of the votes.[32] The party had competed in 35 districts.[104] Yarosh did not join a faction in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament).[105] In the same election, Boryslav Bereza, Right Sector's chief of information, also won a seat as an independent candidate by winning a district in Kyiv with 29.44% of the votes.[33] Bereza also did not join a faction.[106] Right Sector did not take part in the October 2015 Ukrainian local elections.[107]

2015 clash with Ukraine's special security service

On 10 July 2015, Ukrainian government forces clashed with Right Sector forces in the city of Mukacheve, located in Western Ukraine. Two people were killed. According to President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko's parliamentary faction leader Yuriy Lutsenko, these events "result[ed from] the conflict of interests between illegal armed groups and a mafia overtly cooperating with law enforcers."[108] Some local leaders indicated the conflict ensued when Right Sector forces attempted to clamp down on the lucrative illegal cigarette smuggling trade to Western Europe, in which local law enforcement have been complicit. Immediate fallout from the events included the sacking of the leadership of the local Zakarpatya district customs service. Ukrainian MP Mykhailo Lanyo, fingered in the smuggling ring, reportedly fled Ukraine.[109] Right Sector leader Yarosh called for calm, and denied that Right Sector troops were being withdrawn from eastern Ukraine.[110][111][112][113]

After Yarosh's departure

Yarosh resigned as Right Sector leader on 11 November 2015.[38] Late December 2015 he announced that he was forming a new political party that would start in February 2016.[114] In February 2016 he started a new organisation called Governmental Initiative of Yarosh.[42] The departure of Yarosh resulted in at least 20% of Right Sector members leaving with him.[41] At a party congress of 19 March 2016, Andriy Tarasenko was elected chairman of Right Sector.[1] Before Euromaidan, he and Yarosh were the leading figures of Trident (Tryzub).[21] Tarasenko vowed in March 2016 that Right Sector would take part in all elections in Ukraine.[1]

On 19 November 2018 Right Sector and fellow Ukrainian nationalist political organizations Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and C14 endorsed Ruslan Koshulynskyi candidacy in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election.[115] In the election Koshulynskyi received 1.6% of the votes.[116]

In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Right Sector joined a united party list with the political parties Svoboda, Governmental Initiative of Yarosh and National Corps.[34] Yarosh was placed third on this party list, while Tarasenko placed fourth.[34] In the election, they won 2.15% of the votes, less than half of the 5% election threshold, and no parliamentary seats via the national party list.[35] The party did also not win a single-mandate constituency parliamentary seat.[35]

In the 2020 Ukrainian local elections, the party gained 3 deputies (mathematically this was about 0.00% of all available mandates).[117]

On 2 November 2021, Yarosh said on social media he had been appointed Adviser to the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.[118] In response to a (December 2021) request by Ukrayinska Pravda the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine refused to disclose details of its alleged cooperation with Yarosh citing the confidentiality of the information requested.[119] Prior to this request the (army) post of public advisers had been liquidated.[119]

In January 2022, captain Dmytro Kotsiubailo "Da Vinci" was awarded the title Hero of Ukraine and decorated with the Order of the Golden Star for courage on the battlefield by the president of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy.[120]

Paramilitary operations

Yarosh (right) meets Donbas Battalion commander Semen Semenchenko, 12 July 2014

Right Sector seized military weaponry from an Interior Ministry arsenal in western Ukraine, near Lviv, towards the end of the Maidan revolution. Right Sector delivered some weapons to Ukrainian authorities in the aftermath of the revolution, and kept others.[121] Following the collapse of the Yanukovych government, with police having largely abandoned the streets of Kyiv, groups of young men, including members of Right Sector, patrolled them armed mostly with baseball bats and sometimes with guns.[57] According to Yarosh, Right Sector has recruited retired officers of the interior ministry and the security agencies. He told Newsweek that, "as in any army", it has specialists who are trained to use S-300 antiaircraft missiles.[18] As of 2022, the group remains armed and operative; in an interview with Deutsche Welle in late 2015, Petro Poroshenko stated that Right Sector was going to be disarmed and taken out of operations in Donbas.[122]

Ukrainian Volunteer Corps

Fighters of the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps

Right Sector has its own volunteer battalion that is fighting in the war in Donbas, the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps (Ukrainian: Добровольчий український корпус, ДУК, romanized: Dobrovolʹchyy ukrayinsʹkyy korpus, DUK).[123] It was formed late April 2014.[94] On 19 July 2014 Right Sector said it was ready to contribute 5,000 people to fight, if the military provided suitable combat equipment.[124] Right Sector lost twelve fighters when ambushed outside Donetsk in August 2014. Yarosh, the group's leader, vowed his group would avenge the deaths.[125] On 17 August 2014 Right Sector accused the Interior Ministry of harbouring counterrevolutionary forces seeking to destroy the Ukrainian volunteer movement.[126] It said that Deputy Interior Minister Vladimir Yevdokimov's followers among the police had illegally searched or detained dozens of Right Sector volunteers and confiscated weapons they had taken in combat.[127] Interior Minister Arsen Avakov replied, saying that he had already submitted a request to President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko that Yevdokimov be dismissed. Right Sector's military unit includes about fifty citizens of Russia and Belarus as of 2015.[128] Members come from all parts of Ukraine including the Donbas and Crimea, Russia and other former Soviet republics, and Western countries. In December 2015, group leader Dmytro Yarosh announced that the 5th and 8th battalions, and the medical battalion, would be incorporated into the Armed Forces of Ukraine following his departure from Right Sector.[40] The DUK, if possible, would become part of the National Guard of Ukraine and will in the near future report to the Ministry of Internal Affairs or would be incorporated into the Ukrainian Ground Forces.

When Yarosh left the Right Sector in December 2015, he took part of the DUK with him, forming the Ukrainian Volunteer Army (Ukrainian: Українська добровольча армія, УДА, romanized: Ukrayinsʹka dobrovolʹcha armiya, UDA).[129]

In the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Right Sector volunteers fought in the Siege of Mariupol[130] and Eastern Ukraine offensive. In the latter operation, Taras Bobanych, commander of the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps's 2nd Separate Battalion, was killed near Izium.[131] They were officially absorbed in the Ground Forces as special operations unit. In November 2022, the Ukrainian Volunteer Corps was reformed as the 67th Separate Mechanized Brigade, and were training in the United Kingdom.[2][3][4]

Ideology

Description by the party

March in Kyiv on anniversary of the birthday of Stepan Bandera, 1 January 2015

The party's ideology is based on the Ukrainian national idea.[11] The party believes that idea of a nation is more broad than the concept of people as ethnos, yet nothing even close to the cosmopolitan concept of "political nation",[11] with nation being a conscious and effective unity of people united around the idea of freedom that is based on ethno-social and spiritually cultural factors.[11]

According to the party, Ukrainian nationalism is an ideology of national freedom, freedom of people, and person;[11] an idea and cause in the name of Ukraine;[11] an ideology of defense, preservation, and state assertion of the Ukrainian nation;[11] and a philosophy of national existence.[11] The main component of Right Sector's natiocentric outlook is natio-existential Shevchenko Thought,[11] based on protection, development, and revival of the nation based on national imperative or absolute order.[11] According to its literature, an idealistic worldview is intrinsic to Ukrainian nationalism.[11]

Descriptions in scholarly work

Scholars Andreas Umland and Anton Shekhovtsov wrote in 2014 that Right Sector formed as a loose collection of small groups, outside parliament, that were ultraconservative and included a neo-Nazi fringe.[47] In 2021 political scientists Daniel Odin Shaw and Huseyn Aliyev described Right Sector as ultranationalist, and described the paramilitary arm of Right Sector, the UDA, as holding a "generic form of Ukrainian ultranationalism", which allowed the inclusion of ethnic minorities, including Muslim Crimean Tatars and Chechens, and ethnic Jews, Poles, Hungarians, Greeks, and Romani.[129]

Descriptions in the press

Right Sector has been described in various ways by the media.[132] BBC News describes it as a "Ukrainian nationalist group"[26] and an "umbrella organization of far-right groups",[133] while Time has described it as a "radical right-wing group ... a coalition of militant ultra-nationalists",[29] with an ideology that "borders on fascism".[16] The New York Times has described it as a "nationalist group" and a "coalition of once-fringe Ukrainian nationalist groups".[7] The Guardian has identified it as a "nationalist Ukrainian group",[134] Reuters as a "far-right nationalist group",[135] Agence France Presse as a "far-right" group,[13] and The Wall Street Journal as an "umbrella group for far-right activists and ultranationalists".[136] Die Welt, the New York Times, and Le Monde diplomatique have described some of Right Sector's constituent groups as radical right-wing, neofascist, or neo-Nazi, but also that it distanced itself from antisemitism.[137][46][49] According to a publication in The Washington Post, "Operating in Ukraine are several nationalist paramilitary groups, such as the Azov movement and Right Sector, that espouse neo-Nazi ideology. While high-profile, they appear to have little public support. Only one far-right party, Svoboda, is represented in Ukraine’s parliament, and it only holds one seat."[138]

Writing for Foreign Policy, Hannah Kozlowska stated that Russian propaganda tried to demonize the Ukraine government and build a case for the annexation of Crimea by depicting Right Sector as a powerful neo-Nazi force bent on taking over the government. During the first half of 2014, Right Sector was the second-most mentioned political group in online Russian mass media.[10] The Associated Press has called it a "radical ultranationalist group ... demonized by Russian state propaganda as fascists".[27] The AP reported that it had found no evidence of hate crimes by the group.[27] The Russian News & Information Agency has portrayed Right Sector as a "radical far right opposition group" and said that "Russian state media have tried to cast the demonstrations as a predominantly Fascism-inspired movement".[139]

Other Ukrainians and political parties

In an interview, Yarosh stated that Right Sector and Svoboda "have a lot of common positions when it comes to ideological questions," but that Right Sector "absolutely do[es]n't accept certain racist things they [Svoboda members] share."[140] Tarasenko cited Stepan Bandera, stating: "We are enemies to those saying that there [is] no Ukraine, or Ukrainians, or … Ukrainian language."[141]

According to journalist Oleg Shynkarenko, Yarosh has indicated that Right Sector opposes homosexuality and has also implied that the right of the nation trumps human rights.[20] The New York Times has written that "Right Sector, a coalition of ultranationalist and in some cases neo-Nazi organizations," has attempted to distance itself from antisemitism, citing Yarosh's pledge to fight racism in Ukraine.[46] According to Spiegel Online, Dmytro Yarosh has stated that antisemitism is not a part of Right Sector's ideology. Tarasenko has stated that the group has no "phobias", that it respects every other nation, and that it supports the nation state model.[141]

Attitude towards Europe

Right Sector's website says that its members distrust the "imperial ambitions" of both Russia and the West.[142] Yarosh told Spiegel Online that anti-Christian organizations are in active operation in the European Union and that the European Commission, rather than the member nation, has control of lifestyles such as gay marriage.[143] He does not see Europe or NATO as a potential partner and believes that they are part of a coalition against Ukraine.[143]

Domestic policy

Right Sector has the position that the population should keep and bear arms, as in Switzerland.[141] Yarosh told The New York Times that the organization's lawyers were drafting a bill modeled on Swiss notions of firearms possession.[121]

Anti-LGBT position

Historian and political scientist Andreas Umland labeled Right Sector as an ultra-Christian conservative and radical nationalist group.[144] On 2 June 2015, the party sent an open letter to Kyiv Mayor Vitali Klitschko asking him to cancel a pride parade to be held two days later citing "danger of provocations".[145] The letter also quoted Major Archbishop of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church Sviatoslav Shevchuk stating "Ukraine rejects the false values as gender ideology".[146] The letter also claimed Europeans still have an ambiguous attitude about "LGBT" stating "in Poland abortion is banned in general, not to mention same-sex marriages".[146]

In a Facebook post on 6 June 2015, Right Sector leader Dmytro Yarosh claimed the gay pride parade "spit on the graves of those who died and defended Ukraine", and promised that the group's members will "put aside other business in order to prevent those who hate family, morality, and human nature, from executing their plans. We have other things to do, but we'll have to deal with this evil too."[147] Right Sector spokesman Artem Skoropadskyi stated about the pride parade that "gay propaganda is destructive and doing harm to our Christian nation, we can't allow that".[147] The pride parade was held, and during the march five policemen were injured in scuffles after unidentified people attacked the rally with smoke bombs and stones.[148] Right Sector denounced the violence, and Skoropadskyi stated: "We can't beat weak persons like gays – that's a disgrace!"[144]

Component groups

Academic and media sources have described some of Right Sector's constituent groups as right-wing nationalist,[14][149] ultranationalist,[46][150] neo-fascist,[49] right-wing,[49] far right,[151] ultra-conservative,[47] paramilitary,[121] and including neo-Nazi elements.[46] A plurality or majority of Right Sector's members belong to street fighting soccer-fan clubs,[50][51][152] or have no specific affiliation.

Sich

Sich (Carpathian Sich, Карпатська Січ) is a Cossack battalion from Transcarpathia. Its name derives from the Ukrainian Cossack term for a command and administrative center.[140][153]

Tryzub (Trident)

Tryzub is a far-right[16] Ukrainian paramilitary organization founded in 1993 by the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists (former Bandera faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists).[154] Its full name is the Stepan Bandera All-Ukrainian Organization "Tryzub" and states that its main goal is to create a Ukrainian united independent state. According to Tryzub, its enemies in achieving this goal are ″imperialism and chauvinism, fascism and communism, cosmopolitanism and pseudo-nationalism, totalitarianism and anarchy, any evil that seeks to parasitize on the sweat and blood of Ukrainians″.[155]

Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian National Self-Defense

UNA-UNSO members in Kyiv, 26 January 2014

The Ukrainian National Assembly – Ukrainian National Self-Defense (UNA–UNSO) is a Ukrainian political organization perceived as far-right in Ukraine and abroad.[156][157] The faction supplied a volunteer battalion that in 1993 participated in the war in Abkhazia, which was depicted in a documentary film Shadows of War by Georgiy Gongadze. While the Ukrainian National Assembly (UNA) acted as the organization's legal political party-wing; on 22 May 2014 it merged into Right Sector.[96] The UNA-UNSO continues to operate independently.

After the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war, many volunteers formed their own groups as territorial defense battalions; however, these battalions were legal parts of various Ukrainian security agencies, most of them serving under the Ministry of Defense or the Ministry of Interior. Their volunteers were required to follow orders of the commanders appointed to these agencies. In May 2014, the group became registered as a social organization under Ukrainian law.[158] The status of the Volunteer Ukrainian Corps is not official. In December 2021, the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine refused to disclose any details on cooperation with Yarosh, citing the confidentiality of the information requested.[119]

Election results

Verkhovna Rada

Year Popular vote  % of popular vote Overall seats won Seat change Government
2014 284.943 1.80 No. 12
1 / 450
 Increase 1 Opposition
2019 315,530 2.15 No. 11
0 / 450
 Decrease 1 Extra-parliamentary

Presidential elections

President of Ukraine
Election year Candidate No. of 1st round votes  % of 1st round vote No. of 2nd round votes  % of 2nd round vote
2014 Dmytro Yarosh 127,772 0.70 No. 11 — —
2019 Ruslan Koshulynskyi 307,240 1.62 No. 9 — —

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Right Sector declares ambitious plans to partake in elections Archived 4 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, UNIAN (23 March 2016)
    (in Ukrainian) "Right Sector" elected new chairman Archived 30 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrayinska Pravda (19 March 2016)
  2. 1 2 3 Roussinos, Aris (17 June 2022). "On the frontline with the Right Sector militia". UnHerd. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 "Добровольчий український корпус. Виїзд на позиції у район Світлодарська. Репортаж УП | Українська правда". 10 June 2022. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 "ДУК "Правий сектор" став 67-ю механізованою бригадою ЗСУ". novynarnia.com (in Ukrainian). 12 December 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  5. ↑ "Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector". BBC. 28 April 2014. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Nordsieck, Wolfram (2014). "Ukraine". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 Higgins, Andrew (12 April 2014). "Mystery surrounds death of fiery Ukrainian activist". The New York Times. p. A4. Archived from the original on 15 September 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2017. Mr. Muzychko — a militant activist in the nationalist group Right Sector... Right Sector, with its pugnacious anti-Russian nationalism and celebration of long-dead Ukrainians who collaborated with the Nazis against the Soviets in World War II... Right Sector, a coalition of once-fringe Ukrainian nationalist groups...
  8. ↑ "Who are Ukrainian Nationalists, and How Do They Differ?". ukraineworld.org. Archived from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  9. 1 2 3 "How did Odessa's fire happen?". BBC News. 4 May 2014. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2018. Hardline fans – known as 'ultras' – of both sides agreed to hold a joint march to support a united Ukraine.… Some were veteran supporters of Kiev's Maidan protest movement – the Maidan Self Defence Forces – and/or part of the right-wing Pravy Sektor (Rights Sector).
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Kozlowska, Hanna (2 June 2014). "The Fascists are coming, the Fascists are coming!". Foreign Policy. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 27 November 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2017. Experts agree that the group owes its popularity to Russian propaganda ... painting [it] as a powerful neo-Nazi force determined to take over Ukraine. According to a survey by an online database of Russian media sources, Right Sector was the second-most mentioned political group in Russian mass media in 2014 ... .
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Короткий ідеологічно-виховний курс для ВО "Тризуб" та "Правого сектора" [Short ideologically-training course for VO "Tryzub" and "Right Sector"]. Right Sector website (in Ukrainian). 27 November 2014. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014.
  12. ↑ Центральна виборча комісія України – відображення ІАС "Місцеві вибори 2015" [Central Election Commission of Ukraine – AIS display "Local Elections 2015"]. Central Election Commission of Ukraine (in Ukrainian). November 2015. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  13. 1 2 "Ukraine paramilitary group forms political party". Agence France-Presse. 22 March 2014. Archived from the original on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2014. A Ukrainian far-right paramilitary group … said Saturday it had formed a political party.… The Pravy Sektor party will absorb other already registered Ukrainian nationalist formations including UNA-UNSO and Trizub (Trident).
  14. 1 2 Kramer, Andrew (12 March 2014). "A far-right leader is front and center in Kiev". The New York Times. p. A8. Archived from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2017. Yarosh's bid for office, political commentators here say, is best understood as the latest maneuver in the ceaseless churn and infighting among the leadership of western Ukrainian nationalist groups — White Hammer, Patriots of Ukraine and the Trident of Stepan Bandera….
  15. ↑ Shuster, Simon (21 February 2014). "Ukraine parliament's deal leads to an uneasy peace". Time. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2014. Troops from Pravy Sektor then went on a reconnaissance mission ... looking for things to reinforce their barricades ... . One ... still wore a green army helmet and a policeman's baton stuck into her backpack ... . 'I didn't get into this for politics,' she said. 'I'm a radical. I joined up to fight.'
  16. 1 2 3 4 Shuster, Simon (4 February 2014). "Exclusive: Leader of far-right Ukrainian militant group talks revolution with TIME". Time. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 29 March 2014. Pravy Sektor has amassed a lethal arsenal of weapons.… Its fighters control the barricades around the protest camp … and when riot police have tried to tear it down, they have been on the front lines beating them back…. [Its] ideology borders on fascism….
  17. ↑ McCoy, Terrence (26 March 2014). "Ultranationalist's killing underscores Ukraine's ugly divisions". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 17 November 2017. Retrieved 10 September 2017. Right Sector ... boasts between 5,000 and 10,000 members ... .
  18. 1 2 3 Nemtsova, Anna (19 March 2014). "Yarosh: Russians, rise up against Putin!". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014. Yarosh: 'I cannot give you the exact number, as our structure and divisions are constantly growing all over Ukraine, but more than 10,000 people for sure. .... We received some U.S. dollars from the Ukrainian diaspora.'
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Groups at the sharp end of Ukraine unrest". BBC News. 1 February 2014. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018. The Right Sector is a radical nationalist opposition group[...] 'But most participants are just ordinary citizens having no relation to any organisations,' he [Tarasenko] said."
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 Shynkarenko, Oleg (1 March 2014). "Can Ukraine control its far right ultranationalists?". Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Interior Minister Arsen Avakov condemned the video as 'not an exaggerated manifestation of the hunt for justice, but sabotage against people's faith in possible order.' [Muzychko] may have thought he was clowning around…
  21. 1 2 (in Russian)Behind the scenes of Right Sector Archived 6 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrayinska Pravda (1 April 2014)
  22. ↑ Brayman, Lolita (28 February 2014). "Ukrainian nationalists strive to shake off allegations of anti-Semitism". Haaretz. Retrieved 12 May 2014. Some Pravy Sektor protesters on the Maidan sported yellow armbands with the wolf hook symbol revealing their specific political party affiliation—that of the Social National Assembly (SNA), a largely Kiev-based neo-Nazi organization. Other more openly anti-Semitic parties are White Hammer and C14, the neo-Nazi youth wing of the Svoboda party.
  23. ↑ Right Sector Political Council (6 March 2014). "Official statement by Right Sector". PravyySektor.info (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014. For marginal actions that defame the Right Sector movement and for breach of discipline, [White Hammer] is removed from our organization. ... Our actions must be coordinated and consistent.
  24. ↑ Shekhovtsov, Anton (May 2015). -Wilson, Andrew (ed.). "The spectre of Ukrainian 'fascism': Information wars, political manipulation, and reality". What Does Ukraine Think?. European Council on Foreign Relations. p. 85. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  25. ↑ "Commentary: Ukraine's neo-Nazi problem". Reuters. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  26. 1 2 "Ukraine unrest: Russian outrage at fatal Sloviansk shooting". BBC News. 20 April 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018. At least three people were reported killed in a gun attack on a checkpoint manned by pro-Russian activists ... . The Russian foreign ministry said ... Right Sector was behind the attack. ... Ukraine's National Security Council ... said there were indications that it was 'an argument between local criminal groups'.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Danilova, Maria (14 March 2014). "After Ukraine protest, radical group eyes power". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. The radical ultranationalist group … [has been] demonized by Russian state propaganda as fascists and accused of staging attacks against Russian speakers and Jews.… The AP and other international news organizations have found no evidence of hate crimes.
  28. ↑ "Neo-Nazi threat in new Ukraine: NEWSNIGHT". BBC Newsnight. 1 March 2014. Archived from the original on 8 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021 – via YouTube.
  29. 1 2 Shuster, Simon (6 March 2014). "Putin says Ukraine's revolutionaries are anti-Semites. Is he right?". Time. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014. The uprising … involved a radical right-wing group called Pravy Sektor, a coalition of militant ultra-nationalists ... . Their leader ... has been offered senior posts in Ukraine's security services ... .
  30. ↑ Whalen, Jeanne (25 March 2014). "Prominent Ukraine nationalist killed during police operation". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2017. Russia's state-controlled media outlets have focused particular attention on Mr. Muzychko and one other activist from a far-right group called Pravy Sektor.
  31. ↑ "Ukraine conflict: Turning up the TV heat". BBC News. 10 August 2014. Archived from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018. More emotive is the use of the words 'fascist' and 'Nazi' in many Russian TV reports … in several contexts, [which include] portraying the far-right Right Sector as Ukraine's real driving political force….
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    Video of first brawl in Verkhovna Rada becomes a YouTube hit Archived 6 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (5 December 2014)
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  38. 1 2 Yarosh quits as Right Sector leader Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Interfax Ukraine (11 November 2015)
    Right Sector chief Yarosh resigns, cedes leadership role of group Archived 11 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (11 November 2015)
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  43. ↑ Pastushenko, Andriy (10 April 2014). Про початок Майдану і Правого Сектору [About the beginning of the Maidan and Right Sector] (video) (Speech). Press conference (in Ukrainian). Maidan Press Center, Kiev. Archived from the original on 4 January 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2014. It began to rain, and you understand that the police were then panicking at even a single move toward setting up tents. The girls tried to unwrap the usual oilcloth, and the police immediately tore it... Volodya Stretovych, speaking from the podium, then shouted through the microphone: 'Nationalist-guys, hold the right sector, that protects the right side!'
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  46. 1 2 3 4 5 Higgins, Andrew (8 April 2014). "Among Ukraine's Jews, the Bigger Worry Is Putin, Not Pogroms". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2014. Even Right Sector, a coalition of ultranationalist and in some cases neo-Nazi organizations, has made an effort to distance itself from anti-Semitism.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Andreas Umland; Anton Shekhovtsov (July 2014). "Ukraine's Radical Right". Journal of Democracy. 25 (3): 59–60. doi:10.1353/jod.2014.0051. S2CID 153884774. Retrieved 21 July 2014 – via Project MUSE. Along with Svoboda, the other far-right movement that was a prominent presence on the Maidan was the more diverse, less studied, and now notorious fringe organization that calls itself Pravy Sektor (Right Sector).... That alliance came into being in late November 2013 as a loose collection of extraparliamentary minigroups from an ultraconservative and partly neo-Nazi fringe. They had names such as the Stepan Bandera All-Ukrainian Organization "Trident" (a moniker meant to combine the memory of a controversial nationalist leader who died in 1959 with the three-pronged heraldic symbol of Ukraine), the Ukrainian National Assembly, the Social-National Assembly, and White Hammer. Their purpose in banding together was to fight Yanukovych's regime by force.
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  51. 1 2 G.C. (22 January 2014). "Ukraine: A new and dark chapter". Economist. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014. It was not long after that that young men associated with the Right Sector (Pravyy Sektor), a motley confederation of football hooligans and nationalist groups involved in the pro-European protests, took matters into their own hands.
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  119. 1 2 3 (in Ukrainian) The General Staff does not recognize the role of Yarosh. He inspected his volunteer army Archived 26 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrayinska Pravda (13 December 2021)
  120. ↑ Avdiivka, Anthony Loyd. "Ukraine's far-right warriors set for war with Russia". thetimes.co.uk. By rights Dmytro Kotsyubaylo, nom de guerre Da Vinci, should be basking in glory. Last month the 26-year-old captain became the first living recipient serving in the ultra-nationalist Right Sector volunteer battalion to be awarded the title Hero of Ukraine by the country's president. Photographs of him shaking hands with President Zelensky at the ceremony in the Ukrainian parliament, where he was also decorated with the Order of the Golden Star for courage on the battlefield, marked not just a moment of personal glory for him but a political rehabilitation for a unit mired in controversy since its formation.
  121. 1 2 3 Kramer, Andrew (21 March 2014). "Deadline is set for militias in uprising to surrender their illegal guns". The New York Times. p. A12. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 'It's not normal to ask people to hand in their weapons in the situation we have now,' Dmytro Yarosh, the leader of a right-wing paramilitary group, Right Sector, said in an interview….
  122. ↑ Brändlin, Anne-Sophie; Suyak, Francis (11 November 2015). "Petro Poroshenko: 'I'm sure about the unity of the EU and its solidarity with Ukraine'". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  123. ↑ "Donbas battalion loses 4 in Ilovaisk assault". Kiev. Ukrinform. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 17 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. The anti-terrorist operation (ATO) forces … began to storm pro-Russian militants entrenched in Ilovaisk…. The assault began with the participation of the volunteer battalions Donbas, Azov, Shakhtarsk, and the Right Sector, … in conjunction with the ATO forces.
  124. ↑ "Right Sector ready to send 5,000 people to east". Kiev. Ukrinform. 19 July 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. Press Secretary … Skoropadsky said … 'We came to support actions of the President on holding the ATO [anti-terrorist operation]. But actually it is not well held. I saw that the volunteer battalions lack weapons. This is the most important requirement.'
  125. ↑ Zinets, Natalia (13 August 2014). "Twelve Ukrainian nationalist fighters killed in separatist ambush". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  126. ↑ "Ukraine crisis: Russian aid convoy arrives at border". BBC News. 17 August 2014. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018. The leader of the ultra-nationalist Right Sector threatened to withdraw volunteers] fighting on the government side. ... Yarosh said Right Sector would launch a 'campaign in Kyiv' if its demands ... were not met within 48 hours.
  127. ↑ Yarosh, Dmytro; Stempitskyy, Andriy (17 August 2014). "Letter to the President of Ukraine from the Right Sector military-political movement". Euromaidan Press. Kiev. Archived from the original on 18 August 2014. Retrieved 18 August 2014. Starting with the destruction of our colleague Oleksandr Muzychka … there is a methodical game from the side of the police…. We demand the release of all detainees and the closing of all criminal proceedings against the soldiers of the Ukrainian Volunteer Right Sector Corps and other volunteer units….
  128. ↑ Sukhov, Oleg (24 April 2015). "Foreigners Who Fight And Die For Ukraine: Russians join Ukrainians to battle Kremlin in Donbas". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  129. 1 2 Shaw, Daniel Odin; Aliyev, Huseyn (29 November 2021). "The Frontlines Have Shifted: Explaining the Persistence of Pro-State Militias after Civil War". Studies in Conflict & Terrorism: 1–21. doi:10.1080/1057610X.2021.2009633. ISSN 1057-610X. S2CID 244783502.
  130. ↑ Tom Bateman (13 April 2022). "Ukraine: The critical fight for 'heart of this war' Mariupol". BBC. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  131. ↑ "Ukraine buries its war dead". Reuters. 20 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  132. ↑ "Patriots, ultra-nationalists, revolutionaries or fascists: The many faces of Ukraine's radical 'Right Sector'". france24.com. 4 September 2015. Variously described as ultra-nationalist, even neo-fascist
  133. ↑ Stern, David (1 April 2014). "Ukraine crisis: Kiev takes on far right". BBC News. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2018. These [men and women] were members of the Right Sector: an umbrella organization of far-right groups….
  134. ↑ Harding, Luke (20 April 2014). "Ukraine unrest: Russian outrage at fatal Sloviansk shooting". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016. The foreign ministry in Moscow … blamed the clash on the Right Sector, a nationalist Ukrainian group…
  135. ↑ Balmforth, Richard (1 April 2014). "Ukraine orders disarming of armed groups after shooting". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2021. Police shut down the Kiev base of a far-right nationalist group…
  136. ↑ Whalen, Jeanne (10 April 2014). "Protesters still hang out around Kiev 'Maidan,' hanging on to weapons too". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 14 March 2017. They belong to many different factions, the most radical of which is Pravy Sektor, or Right Sector, an umbrella group for far-right activists and ultranationalists.
  137. ↑ Dreyfus, Emmanuel (2 March 2014). "Ukraine Beyond Politics". Le Monde diplomatique. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014. Pravy Sektor defines itself as "neither xenophobic nor anti-Semitic, as Kremlin propaganda claims" and above all as "nationalist, defending the values of white, Christian Europe against the loss of the nation and deregionalisation". Like Svoboda, it rejects multiculturalism… Svoboda's success over the past few years and the presence of neo-fascist groups such as Pravy Sektor in Independence Square are signs of a crisis in Ukrainian society. It is first and foremost a crisis of identity: in 22 years of independence, Ukraine has not managed to develop an unbiased historical narrative presenting a positive view of all its regions and citizens: even today, the Ukrainians are seen as liberators in Galicia but as fascists in Donbas.
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  139. ↑ "Ukrainian nationalist targeted over alleged Chechnya atrocities". Moscow. RIA Novosti [Russian News & Information Agency]. 7 March 2014. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2014. Muzychko is a coordinator for Pravy Sektor, the radical far right opposition group…. Russian state media has tried to cast the demonstrations as a predominantly Fascism-inspired movement.
  140. 1 2 Nayyem, Mustafa; Kovalenko, Oksana (4 February 2014). "[Right Sector leader Dmitry Jarosz: When 80% of the country does not support the government, there cannot be a civil war]". Ukrayinska Pravda. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014. 'The Right Sector also includes Trident, UNA-UNSO and Carpathian Sich from Transcarpathia.'
  141. 1 2 3 Azar, Ilya (10 March 2014). B0Мы — не вооруженные силы": Интервью с одним из лидеров украинского "Правого сектора" ['We are not the armed forces': Interview with one of the leaders of the Ukrainian 'Right Sector']. Lenta.ru (in Russian). Moscow. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014. Nationalists from the fighting movement Right Sector … are depicted as neo-Nazis by Russian state TV channels.… The head of the Kyiv branch explained to Lenta.ru … how it intends to deal with the Russian army in case of military invasion.… 'We believe that people should be armed. As in Switzerland.…'
  142. ↑ Petro, Nicolai (3 March 2014). "Threat of Military Confrontation Grows in Ukraine". The Nation. N.Y.C. Archived from the original on 6 March 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014. Its members are critical of party politics and skeptical of the 'imperial ambitions' of both Moscow and the West.
  143. 1 2 Bidder, Benjamin; Klußmann, Uwe (16 April 2014). "Practice for a Russian invasion: Ukrainian civilians take up arms". Der Spiegel. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 7 June 2014. [The EC's power] is, he says, 'a variety of totalitarianism'. The authors note that Yarosh studied linguistics. See generally Webster's Third, s.v. "totalitarianism" ("1. Centralized control by an autocratic … hierarchy regarded as infallible.").
  144. 1 2 Andersen, Johannes Wamberg; Olena Goncharova; Stefan Huijboom (11 June 2015). "Equal rights for gays still distant dream in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. Archived from the original on 12 June 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  145. ↑ (in Ukrainian) Klitschko asked not to carry out "March of Equality" in Kyiv Archived 7 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Ukrayinska Pravda (4 June 2015)
  146. 1 2 A letter to the mayor of Kyiv to hold so-called "March of Equality" Archived 7 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Right Sector official website (2 June 2015)
  147. 1 2 Right Sector threatens Kyiv gay pride march Archived 6 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Kyiv Post (6 June 2015)
  148. ↑ Ukraine police hurt at Kyiv gay pride rally Archived 10 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (6 June 2015)
  149. ↑ Higgins, Andrew; Kramer, Andrew (21 February 2014). "Converts join with militants in Kiev clash". The New York Times. p. A1. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017. Svoboda has at times clashed with … Right Sector, a coalition of a half-dozen hard-line nationalist groups that were once on the fringe, such as Patriots of Ukraine, Trident and White Hammer.
  150. ↑ G.C. (15 February 2014). "Ukraine's protestors: Maidan on my mind". The Economist. London. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017. Some of [the Maidan] Samooborona's [Self-Defense's] more fearsome units ... belong to the Pravyy Sektor, which formed in November as a coalition of ultra-nationalist groups. It has an estimated 500–700 members ...
  151. ↑ Ivan Katchanovski (20 July 2014). "What do citizens of Ukraine actually think about secession?". Washington Post Monkey Cage Blog. D.C. Archived from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2017. In trying to solve the conflict in Donbas, the Ukrainian government continues to rely on … special police battalions formed with the involvement of far-right parties and organizations, such as the Right Sector and the Social National Assembly.
  152. ↑ Way, Lucan (July 2014). "Civil Society and Democratization". Journal of Democracy. 25 (3): 35–43. doi:10.1353/jod.2014.0042. S2CID 154948630. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 26 February 2019 – via Project MUSE. It was only after the start of the protests that various small parties and factions of the far right joined to form Right Sector, which came to the fore in the second half of January, when protests turned violent ... Democracy is most directly undermined by the numerous associations promoting violence that emerged during the protests. Such associations include the Right Sector's paramilitary formations and the "heavenly hundreds" that arose to fight the police and the pro-Russian titushki or vigilante groups created to harass protesters. Also problematic are the "ultras," groups of hardcore soccer fans that began providing protection for anti-Yanukovych protesters in January. By promoting vigilante violence outside state control, such groups directly threaten democratic development. They facilitate state breakdown and bloody patterns of aggression and retribution, making civil war much more likely.
  153. ↑ "FOI 315-14. Digest of information: 'White Hammer' organisation, Ukraine" (PDF). WhatDoTheyKnow. London: UK Citizens Online Democracy. 22 April 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014. The Right Sector is said to be composed of 'Trident', 'UNA-UNSO', 'Sich' (Carpathian cossacks), 'White Hammer', 'Patriot of Ukraine' and other … far-right groups.… 11 members of 'White Hammer' … have recently been arrested in connection with their involvement in the murder of three traffic policemen … in early March.
  154. ↑ Likhachev, Viacheslav (September–October 2013). "Right-Wing Extremism on the Rise in Ukraine". Russian Politics and Law. 51 (5): 59–74. doi:10.2753/RUP1061-1940510503. ISSN 1558-0962. S2CID 144614340. Other notable ultraright groups in Ukraine include the Trident named in honor of Stepan Bandera (based on the Congress of Ukrainian Na- tionalists)...
  155. ↑ Декларація наших принципів (in Ukrainian). Тризуб. Archived from the original on 9 February 2014.
  156. ↑ Singh, Anita Inder (2001), Democracy, Ethnic Diversity, and Security in Post-Communist Europe, Greenwood, p. 114
  157. ↑ Dymerskaya-Tsigelman, Liudmila; Finberg, Leonid (1999), "Antisemitism of the Ukrainian Radical Nationalists: Ideology and Policy", Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism, Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism (14)
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