Richard Strauss in 1888

Death and Transfiguration (German: Tod und Verklärung), Op. 24, is a tone poem for orchestra by Richard Strauss. Strauss began composition in the late summer of 1888 and completed the work on 18 November 1889. The work is dedicated to the composer's friend Friedrich Rosch.

The music depicts the death of an artist. At Strauss's request, this was described in a poem by his friend Alexander Ritter as an interpretation of Death and Transfiguration, after it was composed.[1] As the man lies dying, thoughts of his life pass through his head: his childhood innocence, the struggles of his manhood, the attainment of his worldly goals; and at the end, he receives the longed-for transfiguration "from the infinite reaches of heaven".

Performance history

Strauss conducted the premiere on 21 June 1890 at the Eisenach Festival (on the same programme as the premiere of his Burleske in D minor for piano and orchestra). He also conducted this work for his first appearance in the United Kingdom, at the Wagner Concert with the Philharmonic Society on 15 June 1897 at the Queen's Hall in London.

Critical reaction

English music critic Ernest Newman described this as music to which one would not want to die or awaken. "It is too spectacular, too brilliantly lit, too full of pageantry of a crowd; whereas this is a journey one must make very quietly, and alone".[2]:399

French critic Romain Rolland in his Musiciens d'aujourd'hui (1908) called the piece "one of the most moving works of Strauss, and that which is constructed with the noblest utility".[3]

Structure

There are four parts (with Ritter's poetic thoughts condensed):

  1. Largo (The sick man, near death)
  2. Allegro molto agitato (The battle between life and death offers no respite to the man)
  3. Meno mosso (The dying man's life passes before him)
  4. Moderato (The sought-after transfiguration)

A typical performance lasts about 25 minutes.

 \relative c { \clef bass \key ees \major \time 4/4 r4^"Transfiguration theme" f,-. bes( c | d d' c2) }

Instrumentation

Quoted

In one of his last compositions, "Im Abendrot" from the Four Last Songs, Strauss poignantly quotes the "transfiguration theme" from his tone poem of 60 years earlier, during and after the soprano's final line, "Ist dies etwa der Tod?" (Is this perhaps death?).

 { \new PianoStaff << \new Staff \relative c { \clef bass \key ees \major \time 4/4 \partial 2*1 s2 | r4 a( d2~ | d4 e fis fis') | s1 | s1 | s1 | s1 } \new Staff \relative c' { \clef treble \key ees \major \time 4/4 fis2 | fis r | r a | a r | r bes | ces1~ | ces2 } \addlyrics { ist dies et- wa der Tod? } >> }

Just before his own death, he remarked that his music was absolutely correct, his feelings mirroring those of the artist depicted within; Strauss said to his daughter-in-law as he lay on his deathbed in 1949: "It's a funny thing, Alice, dying is just the way I composed it in Tod und Verklärung."[4]

Discography

Conductor Orchestra Recorded
Richard Strauss Staatskapelle Berlin 1926
Albert Coates London Symphony Orchestra 1928
Leopold Stokowski Philadelphia Orchestra 1934
Richard Strauss Munich Radio Symphony Orchestra 1937
Victor de Sabata Berlin Philharmonic 1939
Leopold Stokowski All-American Youth Orchestra 1941
Willem Mengelberg Concertgebouw Orchestra 1942
Arturo Toscanini Philadelphia Orchestra 1942
Leopold Stokowski New York City Symphony Orchestra 1944
Richard Strauss Vienna Philharmonic 1944
Eugene Ormandy Philadelphia Orchestra 1945
Fritz Reiner RCA Victor Symphony Orchestra 1950
Arturo Toscanini NBC Symphony Orchestra 1952
Wilhelm Furtwängler Vienna Philharmonic 1953
Victor de Sabata Vienna Philharmonic 1953
Herbert von Karajan Philharmonia Orchestra 2/3 June 1953
Jascha Horenstein Bamberg Symphony 1954
William Steinberg Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra 1954
Karl Böhm Concertgebouw Orchestra 1955
Hans Knappertsbusch Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire 7/8 May 1956
Fritz Reiner Vienna Philharmonic 1956
Artur Rodziński Philharmonia Orchestra 1957
George Szell Cleveland Orchestra 1957
Antal Doráti Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra 1958
Eugene Ormandy Philadelphia Orchestra 1959
Herbert von Karajan Vienna Philharmonic 1960
Pierre Monteux San Francisco Symphony 23 Jan 1960[5]
Otto Klemperer Philharmonia Orchestra 1961
Erich Leinsdorf Los Angeles Philharmonic 1961
Zdeněk Košler Prague Symphony Orchestra 1967
Jascha Horenstein London Symphony Orchestra 1970
Rudolf Kempe Staatskapelle Dresden 1970
Lorin Maazel New Philharmonia Orchestra 1971
Herbert von Karajan Berlin Philharmonic 1972[6]
Eugene Ormandy Philadelphia Orchestra 1978
Lorin Maazel Cleveland Orchestra 1979
Antal Doráti Detroit Symphony Orchestra 1980
Klaus Tennstedt London Philharmonic Orchestra 1982
Claudio Abbado London Symphony Orchestra 1981
Bernard Haitink Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra 1981
Eduardo Mata Dallas Symphony Orchestra 1981
Kazuyoshi Akiyama Vancouver Symphony Orchestra 1982
Sergiu Celibidache SWR Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra 1982
Herbert von Karajan Berlin Philharmonic 1982
Michael Gielen Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra 1984
André Previn Vienna Philharmonic 1987
Giuseppe Sinopoli New York Philharmonic 1987
Christoph von Dohnányi Vienna Philharmonic 1989
Neeme Järvi Scottish National Orchestra 1989
Tolga Kashif Philharmonia Orchestra 1989
Zdeněk Košler Slovak Philharmonic 1989
Yondani Butt London Symphony Orchestra 1990
Vladimir Ashkenazy Cleveland Orchestra 1990
James Levine Metropolitan Opera Orchestra 1995
Lorin Maazel Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra 1995
Jesús López Cobos Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra 1997
Kurt Masur New York Philharmonic 1998
Vladimir Ashkenazy Czech Philharmonic 1999
David Zinman Tonhalle-Orchester Zürich 2001
Lorin Maazel New York Philharmonic 2005
Donald Runnicles Atlanta Symphony Orchestra 2006
Johannes Fritzsch The Queensland Orchestra 2008
Manfred Honeck Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra 2013
Mariss Jansons Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra 2014
Kent Nagano Göteborgs Symfoniker 2016
Robin Ticciati Deutsches Symphonie-Orchester Berlin 2020

Notes

  1. Bryan Gilliam: "Richard Strauss", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 16, 2007), (subscription access)
  2. Newman, Ernest (1915). "The Music of Death". The Musical Times. Novello. 56: 399. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
  3. Quoted in Mason, Daniel Gregory (1918), Contemporary Composers, p. 84.
  4. Derrick Puffett's comments on DG disc 447 762-2
  5. Hunt J. A Gallic Trio – Charles Munch, Paul Paray, Pierre Monteux. John Hunt, 2003, 2009, p. 204.
  6. Strauss: Four Last Songs, etc, arkivmusic.com

Further reading

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