Dieng Plateau (Javanese: ꦣꦶꦲꦾꦁ; Javanese pronunciation: [diyéng]) is a plateau in Central Java, Indonesia that forms the floor of the caldera complex on the Dieng Volcanic Complex. Administratively, this plateau is included in the territory of Banjarnegara Regency and Wonosobo Regency. Covers agricultural areas that have a subtropical climate with high levels of rainfall.[1]
Dieng is surrounded by a series of mountains that stretch about 6 km (4 miles) from north to south and 14 km (9 miles) from west to east.[2][3] Dieng is the highest plateau on the island of Java, which has an average elevation of more than 2,100 meters above sea level.[2][4]
Etymology
Dieng is a name that comes from Old Javanese words: di means "place" and hyang means "ancestors" or "gods", literally "Dihyang" means "place of the ancestors" or "place where the gods reside".[5] Dieng is a mountainous area, the ancient Javanese believed that the ancestors and gods resided in high places.[6] People generally call this plain popularly known as "the land above the clouds", because its fertile region is surrounded by clouds and mist from the mountains.[6]
In inscriptions
A number of Old Javanese inscriptions dating from the 9th century in Central Java mention the existence of Dieng.[6] Based on the findings of the inscriptions, in his time this plateau functioned as a religious center and place of worship for Hinduism. These inscriptions include the Gunung Wule inscription (783 Śaka/861 AD), the Kapuhunan inscription (800 Śaka/878 AD) and the Wintang Mas II inscription (841 Śaka/919 AD) which were found in Wonosobo Regency; as well as the Indrakila inscription (804 Śaka/882 AD) found in Batang Regency.[7]
The Gunung Wule inscription tells of someone who was ordered to maintain a sacred building in the Dihyang area; The Kapuhunan inscription mentions a holy place named Kailasa as a place of worship for Pitamaha (a designation of an honorable person) who has received support to carry out services for Sri Haricandana (the god Shiva), this inscription also mentions an area called Dihyang; the Wintang Mas II inscription contains the Sang Hyang Dharma at Wintang Mas who was a witness at Dihyang; and the Indrakila inscription contains the gift of sima land (civil administration) to Sang Hyang Dharma in Dihyang.[7]
History
Ancient Javanese period
Dieng is a plateau surrounded by volcanic complexes. At first this part of the plains was a former ancient lake that came from damming the lava that came out of the surrounding volcanic eruptions. The occurrence of the sedimentation process has an impact on the drying up of the entire lake area which gradually turns into plains.[8][9]
The landscape of Dieng, which is a plateau, is related to land requirements and the concept of sacred space in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. In its time this plain was a religious center and the site of the discovery of 400 temple buildings.[10] It is not known exactly when the temples were built. The temples found at Dieng were found to have the oldest known stone structures in Java.[11] Historically, the temples in Dieng date back to the Mataram Kingdom era (8th century) and some South Indian architectural influences (6th century).[11]
The choice of the location of the sacred building in Dieng during the ancient Javanese era was related to the worship of a god who was believed to reside in the mountain and as a place for rishis to perform their rituals of the cult of the gods. The location of the sacred building does not only consider the fertile location, but also pays attention to the god who is worshiped. Based on environmental conditions, the sacred buildings in Dieng are predominantly dedicated to the worship of Shiva.[12] Archaeological remains in Dieng generally tend to be of a Shivaistic nature, this is shown in the many findings of phallus, yoni, statues and inscriptions indicating that Shiva is positioned as the main deity. The inscriptions found in Dieng contain tributes and praises to Shiva which are usually found at each opening of the inscription. This evidence confirms that the main deity worshiped in Dieng is Shiva.[12]
Shiva is a god who always meditates, so a location is needed that is quiet and far from worldly things. These locations can be found at high altitudes because they encourage the creation of a sacred atmosphere. Dieng is a plateau that has many springs and is surrounded by mountains so that it is possible to become a sacred place. In Hindu cosmology, Shiva is a deity who inhabits a sacred mountain called Kailash.[13] He is a god who is synonymous with mountains and has another name as Girisa or Girindra which means "god of the mountain".[14]
In Javanese cosmology, mountain is a symbol of the cosmos where the earth and heaven meet.[15] The mountain becomes a cosmological symbol in the sense of belief in the orderliness of the world and the universe.[16] According to the Sthapatya Veda, the architecture of a sacred building is a reflection of the cosmos.[17] This concept shows that the landscape of the Dieng plateau is a cosmic axis that connects the world with divine nature.[17]
Colonial period
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Based on the records of Thomas Stamford Raffles in The History of Java, Dieng is the place where hundreds of ancient temples were found that had been submerged in water. Raffles at that time served as Governors of the Dutch East Indies (1811–1816) visited Dieng in 1815. In his report, he mentioned around 400 temples and archaeological sites in Dieng.[18] This site is believed to have been built by a great civilization. In addition to the temple building, the remains of the Dharmasala, a residence complex for rishis, were also found. The function of this residence is of course very closely related to the building of the temple, especially in terms of maintenance and worship.[19]
The first travel record that narrates about Dieng is the travel record of H.C. Cornelius who visited Dieng in 1814, earlier before Raffles' visit.[20] In that note, Cornelius mentioned that in 1814 the Dieng plateau was submerged in water so that it looked like a fairly large lake. Armed with this report, in 1856, J. Kinsbergen visited Dieng and then reactivated the water channel called Gangsiran Aswatama by the local community. Kinsbergen also excavated and photographed several archaeological remains in Dieng, but his research reports have not been rediscovered until now.[20]
Research in Dieng was then continued by H. L. Melville in 1911–1916. The results of this research prompted the Governor of the Dutch East Indies to issue a decree containing archaeological discoveries in the Dieng plateau, the number of which reached 104, consisting of structures left over from buildings, temples and loose finds. Now the remaining temple findings are divided into three regional blocks. The first block is the Dwarawati temple cluster, the second block is the Arjuna and Gatotkaca temple clusters, and the third block is the Bima temple cluster.[21] Of the existing temple buildings, only a few buildings remain that can still be seen. The name of the temple is taken from the names of Javanese shadow puppets (Wayang Kulit) and Mahabharata characters.[21]
Climate
Dieng is located at an altitude of ±2,100 meters (6,900 feet) above sea level and is surrounded by mountainous areas.
Based on the Köppen climate classification (Cwb) Dieng has a subtropical highland climate. During the short dry season (meteorologically in tune with the winter in the Southern Hemisphere), there is little rainfall in the monsoon period (running from October to May, in line with the summer season in Australia). The average annual temperature in Dieng is 14.0 °C. About 2652 mm of precipitation falls each year.[22]
Known for its cold climate, the temperature in Dieng can even drop below 0 °C (along with cold winds of up to −2º), this condition is usually called Bun Upas, namely light snow or dew that covers the Dieng area with temperatures below freezing. Although rare, snow has been recorded annually, particularly in the late evenings and early mornings of July and August, or lasting an average of one week. Although this rare regional weather phenomenon sometimes attracts tourists to gather to watch the snow,[23] when the snow arrives the farms around Dieng will suffer damage and crop failure, with farms and crops such as potatoes being the hardest hit.
| Climate data for Dieng (2062 m) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.6 (65.5) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 13.9 (57.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.3 (57.7) |
13.8 (56.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
14.7 (58.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
14.0 (57.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.0 (50.0) |
10.1 (50.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
9.2 (48.6) |
8.3 (46.9) |
7.6 (45.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
9.6 (49.3) |
10.3 (50.5) |
10.1 (50.2) |
9.6 (49.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 370 (14.6) |
430 (16.9) |
434 (17.1) |
249 (9.8) |
153 (6.0) |
83 (3.3) |
53 (2.1) |
35 (1.4) |
57 (2.2) |
170 (6.7) |
230 (9.1) |
388 (15.3) |
2,652 (104.5) |
| Source: [22] | |||||||||||||
Geography
Territory
The Dieng area includes Dieng Kulon (West Dieng) in Banjarnegara and Dieng Wetan (East Dieng) in Wonosobo, this area is known as a mountainous Javanese cultural area. Administratively this highland region is located in the province of Central Java.
In the west it is bordered by Serayu Plain, in the east it is bordered by Kedu Plain and in the north it is bordered by the northern coastal area of Pekalongan Regency-Batang Regency and in the south it is bordered by Serayu and Kedu Plain.
Geothermal
Dieng stores natural wealth in the form of geothermal energy which is used for power generation. The location of Dieng geothermal energy is located in two regions, namely Batur District in Banjarnegara Regency and Kejajar District in Wonosobo Regency.[24]
The development of the Dieng geothermal investigation was carried out during the reign of the Dutch East Indies in 1918. Then in 1964 Dieng was designated as a geothermal resource with very good prospects in Indonesia. Geothermal wells are drilled to a depth of between 1500 and 2000 meters and the available reserves of geothermal steam are around 400 MW.[24]
Volcanism
Dieng is a highland area with volcanic activity beneath its surface. This area is actually a caldera with the mountains around it as the edges. This also makes Dieng soil so fertile and rich in mineral elements.
Although this volcano has been extinct for centuries, some volcanic craters are still active today. Among them are Sileri and Sikidang Crater. Apart from the crater, there are also volcanic lakes in Dieng.
Agriculture
The plateau is the largest producer of potatoes in Indonesia, with the crop becoming more predominant since 1985. Before this, various other crops such as corn and tobacco were planted instead. Expansion of potato plantations had for a time resulted in significant environmental damage from erosion and deforestation, though recent developments have seen a degree of reforestation.[25]
Archaeological sites
Dieng Plateau hosts a large number of Hindu temples dating from the 8th to 9th centuries. The temples are grouped into three groups; The Arjuna, Dwarawati and Gatotkaca clusters, while the Bima temple was built as a single, separate temple.
Arjuna cluster
The Arjuna group, which is located in the central area of the Dieng plateau, consists of four temples lined up in a north-south direction. Arjuna Temple is located at the north end, then successively to the south are the Srikandi, Puntadewa and Sembadra temples. Right in front of the Arjuna temple stands the Semar temple.
Gatotkaca cluster
Gatotkaca group also consists of five temples; the Gatotkaca, Setyaki, Nakula, Sadewa, and Gareng temples. Today only Gatotkaca temple remain stands, other four temples are fallen into ruin.
Dwarawati cluster
Dwarawati group consisted of four temples, namely Dwarawati, Abiyasa, Pandu, and Margasari temple. However, currently only Dwarawati that remain relatively intact, the rest are in ruins.
Bima temple
Bima temple is a single temple situated on a hill separated from the rest of Dieng temples. This temple is the largest and tallest building in the Dieng temple compound. The shape is different from temples in Central Java in general, and the other temples at this site, and relates more closely to Indian temples.
See also
References
Citations
- ↑ Tunggu Hariwanto, Army (2021). "The Phenomena of Dieng Plateau Tourism Destination Development Planning". Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Policy Studies. 6 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syu047. ISSN 2541-5360. PMID 25070971.
- 1 2 Dan Miller, C. (1983). Eruptive History of the Dieng Mountains Region, Central Java, and Potential Hazards From Future Eruptions (PDF). USDI – Geological Survey. pp. 1–20.
- ↑ "Dieng Plateau". diengplateau.com. 2021. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021.
- ↑ "Hangatnya Masyarakat Desa Tertinggi di Pulau Jawa". indonesiakaya.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 May 2022.
- ↑ Soebroto 1973, p. 8.
- 1 2 3 Central Java hand book (2 ed.). Indonesia: Provincial Government of Central Java. 1983.
- 1 2 Christie 1999, p. 122.
- ↑ Umbgrove 1930.
- ↑ Sumedi 2013, p. 85.
- ↑ Coedès 1968, p. 79,90.
- 1 2 Romain 2011, pp. 299–316.
- 1 2 Sarkar 1972, pp. 265–267.
- ↑ Libert 1976, pp. 115–116.
- ↑ Maulana 1993, p. 108.
- ↑ Eliade 1959, p. 32.
- ↑ Ragavan 2013, pp. 7–8.
- 1 2 Kak 2002.
- ↑ Raffles 2008.
- ↑ Tjahjono 2009.
- 1 2 Wirjosuparto 1957, p. 14.
- 1 2 Drajat 1997, p. 28.
- 1 2 "Dieng climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Dieng weather averages - Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ↑ "Wisatawan Berburu Foto Embun Es di Dataran Tinggi Dieng". Liputan6 (in Indonesian). 31 July 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
- 1 2 "Annual Report Geo Dipa Energi" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Geo Dipa Energi (Persero). Retrieved 25 September 2021.
- ↑ "Dieng Plateau: from potatoes to cultural heritage". The Jakarta Post. 20 October 2015. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
Sources
- Umbgrove, J. H. F. (1930). Het Onststaan van Het Dieng Plateau (in Dutch). Vol. 3. Leiden: Leidshe Geologische Mededeelingen. pp. 131–149.
- Wirjosuparto, Sutjipto (1957). Sejarah Bangunan Kuno Dieng (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kalimosodo.
- Eliade, Miracea (1959). The Sacred amd Profane: The Nature of Religion. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780156792011.
- Coedès, George (1968). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
- Sarkar, H. B. (1972). Corpus of the Inscriptions of Java. Vol. 2. Calcutta: Firma Mukhopadhyay.
- Soebroto, Ph. (1973). Kompleks Candi Dieng (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Fakultas Keguruan Ilmu Sosial IKIP Yogyakarta.
- Libert, Gosta (1976). Iconographic Dictionary of the Indian Religions: Studies in Southeast Asian Culture. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 9004045457.
- Maulana, Ratnaesih (1993), "Siwa Dalam Berbagai Wujud: Suatu Analisis Ikonografi di Jawa Masa Hindu-Buddha", Disertasi Fakultas Sastra UI (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia
- Drajat, Hari Untoro (1997), "Studi Pemintakatan Situs Kompleks Percandian Dieng", Laporan Penelitian Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Proyek Pembinaan Peninggalan Sejarah dan Kepurbakalaan (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Suaka Peninggalan Situs Purbakala
- Christie, Jan Wisseman (1999), "Register of The Inscriptions of Java 732 – 1060 A. D.", The Inscriptions of Mataram, vol. 2
- Kak, Subhash (2002), "Space and Cosmology in the Hindu Temple", In International Symposium on Science and Technology in Ancient Indian Monuments, New Delhi
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Raffles, Thomas Stanford (2008). The History of Java (edisi 2008) (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Narasi. ISBN 978-979-168-099-8.
- Tjahjono, Gunawan (2009). Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia: Arsitektur (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Rajawali Pers. ISBN 978-979-769-270-4.
- Romain, Julie (2011), "Indian Architecture in the 'Sanskrit Cosmopolis': The Temples of the Dieng Plateau", in Manguin, Pierre-Yves; Mani; Wade, Geoff (eds.), Early Interactions Between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-cultural Exchange, vol. 2, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 9789814345101
- Ragavan, Deena (2013). Heaven on Earth: Temples, Ritual, and Cosmic Symbolism in the Anciet World. Chicago: The Oriental Institute. ISBN 978-1885923967.
- Sumedi, Nur (2013). Strategi Pengelolaan Ekosistem Gunung: Menjaga dan Merawat Kehidupan (in Indonesian). Balikpapan: Balai Penelitian Teknologi Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam. ISBN 978-602-17988-1-2.