Edris Rice-Wray
Born(1904-01-21)January 21, 1904
New York
DiedFebruary 19, 1990(1990-02-19) (aged 86)
San Andres Cholula

Edris Roushan Rice-Wray (January 21, 1904 in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States – February 19, 1990 in San Andres Cholula, Puebla, Mexico), was a pioneer in medical research who helped to prove the worth of the oral contraceptive pill. Her work on the birth control injection pill is especially notable as medical research was influential in the creation of the birth control pill.[1][2] Rice-Way headed a large scale, clinical trial of the first birth control pill in the late 1950s in Puerto Rico.

Education

Rice-Wray attended Vassar College Degree where she specialized in public health. She also attended Cornell University where she was a member of the Alpha Phi sorority.[3][4] She received the award of sesquicentennial from "knowledge, wisdom and courage of service"' at the University of Michigan in 1967.[5]

Medical experience

Rice-Wray worked as a doctor at Northwestern University, and had a long career working for the advancement of public health.[6] She was a faculty member of the Puerto Rico Medical School and medical director of the Puerto Rico Family Planning Association. It was there that she headed the first large scale clinical trials working for over 17 years until the UN (United Nations) called her to work in Mexico. In 1959 she founded Mexico's first family planning clinic in Mexico City.

Rice-Wray at a conference in Mexicali

Clinical trials in Puerto Rico and work on the birth control pill

In the early 1950s, Rice-Wray's work was focused on studying the effectiveness of the pill.[7] In order to prove the safety of the pill, researchers and activists including John Rock, Margaret Sanger and Katherine McCormick felt human trials had to be conducted.[8] During this time Rice-Wray was working for the Puerto Rican Health Service.[9] Puerto Rico was selected as the location for these trials in 1955 in part because there was an existing network of birth control clinics serving low-income women on the island and liberalized laws existed regarding distributing information about family planning.[10] In 1937, a law had been passed in Puerto Rico that made it legal for married couples to receive advice about contraception.[11] Since accessing the pill was legal, trials began there in 1956. In April 1956, Rice-Wray had been working with the Family Planning Association of Puerto Rico and joined this project.[12] Some of the women who participated in the study experienced "the pill" (Enovid). In 1956, she starting to distribute these pills.[13] Rice-Wray noticed early on that there were potentially problematic side effects from the dosage in the early birth control pill.[14] Her concerns were initially dismissed by Dr. Rock and Gregory Pincus who argued those concerns raised by women were unfounded.[15] Experiments in her studies were closely supervised by Rice-Wray and she never lost interest in finding more effective methods for controlling fertility.[16] Rice-Wray saw a direct link between large family sizes and poverty. In 1955, she was reported as saying, "When all Puerto Rican parents can have the number of children they want and can properly care for, much of the misery and desperation of our poorer classes can be eliminated...then employment opportunities, schooling, housing, medical and welfare services will have a chance of meeting the needs of our people."[17] Despite the controversial nature of fertility research, Rice-Wray's research was closely watched and reported on in the United States. In 1963, The New York Times reported on the details of her research as part of their coverage on a Planned Parenthood conference.[18]

Prosalud Maternal Clinic Association

Personal life

Rice-Wray was the daughter of Mabel and Theron Canfield Rice-Wray who were married in 1903.[19] Originally from New York City, Rice-Way spent much of her adult life in Mexico and Puerto Rico. Faith was an important aspect of her personal life. She was one of the early followers of the Baháʼí Faith in Mexico[20] and obtained the rights to the Spanish translation of the Baháʼí Faith book Portals of Freedom while in México.[21][22]

Awards and accolades

She received several awards for her work in publicizing the effectiveness and benefits of the pill in Latin America, she was the recipient of Planned Parenthood Federation of America's and received the Margaret Sanger Award in 1978.[23] She showed a long-standing commitment to public health and wellness. Gregory Pincus, who was often credited with creating the pill, would often cite the work of Rice-Wray as being instrumental to its success.

Edris Rice-Wray

By the 1970s she moved to Puebla, in the municipality of Cholula where she worked as Professor at UDLA (University of the Americas Puebla) in the fields of Ecology, Anthropology and Population Studies, where she continues to have medical consultations helping and contributing knowledge to medicine in San Pedro Cholula and San Andrés Cholula, Puebla including contraceptive pill.

Global policy

She was one of the signatories of the agreement to convene a convention for drafting a world constitution.[24][25] As a result, for the first time in human history, a World Constituent Assembly convened to draft and adopt the Constitution for the Federation of Earth.[26]

Later years

During the last days of her life, she lived in Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, and died at her home in San Andres Cholula, accompanied by her daughters and grandchildren in 1990.[27]

See also

References

  1. ↑ May, Elaine Tyler (2010-01-01). America and the Pill: A History of Promise, Peril, and Liberation. Basic Books. p. 31. ISBN 978-0465021543.
  2. ↑ Tone, Andrea (2002-05-01). Devices and Desires: A History of Contraceptives in America. Macmillan. ISBN 9780809038169.
  3. ↑ "Health and Medicine". Alpha Phi. Archived from the original on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  4. ↑ "Alpha Phi:Famous Phis". condor.depaul.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  5. ↑ The Michigan Alumnus. UM Libraries. 1967-01-01.
  6. ↑ Eig, Jonathan (2014-10-23). The Birth of the Pill: How Four Pioneers Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9780230770157.
  7. ↑ Eig, Jonathan (2014-10-23). The Birth of the Pill: How Four Pioneers Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 9780230770157.
  8. ↑ Eig, Jonathon (2014). The Birth of the Pill: How Four Crusaders Reinvented Sex and Launched a Revolution.
  9. ↑ Crossette, Barbara (May 17, 1975). "One Long-Range Study of Pill Has Yet to Find a Medical Case Against It". New York Times.
  10. ↑ Watkins, Elizabeth Siegel (2011-03-07). On the Pill: A Social History of Oral Contraceptives, 1950-1970. JHU Press. ISBN 9781421403717.
  11. ↑ Gruson, Sydney (May 13, 1955). "San Juan Talks Open on Birth Control; Theme Held Key to Caribbean Problems". New York Times.
  12. ↑ Rock, John (1963). The Time Has Come. New York, Knopf. pp. 166.
  13. ↑ Eig, Jonathan (2014). The Birth of the Pill. pp. 238.
  14. ↑ "The Puerto Rico Pill Trials". PBS. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
  15. ↑ "The Puerto Rico Pill Trials". PBS. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
  16. ↑ Saetnan, Ann Rudinow; Oudshoorn, Nelly (2000-01-01). Bodies of Technology: Women's Involvement with Reproductive Medicine. Ohio State University Press. pp. 156–160. ISBN 9780814208465.
  17. ↑ Gruson, Sydney (May 13, 1955). "San Juan Talks Open on Birth Control; Theme Held Key to Caribbean Problems". New York Times.
  18. ↑ Lawrence, William L. (February 19, 1963). "Report on New Oral Contraceptive". New York Times.
  19. ↑ "THE BAHA'I WORLD A Biennial International Record" (PDF). Bahai Publishing Trust. IX 97, 98, 99 AND 100 OF THE BAHA'~ERA APRIL 1940-1944 A.D.
  20. ↑ "The Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2012-07-23.
  21. ↑ "Portales a La Libertad". Scribd. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  22. ↑ "Edris Roushan Rice-Wray". Bahai Chronicles. Retrieved 2020-12-05.
  23. ↑ Ogilvie, Marilyn; Harvey, Joy (2003-12-16). The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: Pioneering Lives From Ancient Times to the Mid-20th Century. Routledge. p. 1093. ISBN 9781135963439.
  24. ↑ "Letters from Thane Read asking Helen Keller to sign the World Constitution for world peace. 1961". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 2023-07-01.
  25. ↑ "Letter from World Constitution Coordinating Committee to Helen, enclosing current materials". Helen Keller Archive. American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  26. ↑ "Preparing earth constitution | Global Strategies & Solutions | The Encyclopedia of World Problems". The Encyclopedia of World Problems | Union of International Associations (UIA). Retrieved 2023-07-15.
  27. ↑ "Edris Rice-Wray Oral History, Interviewed by Ellen Chesler and James Reed". 1987. Retrieved July 15, 2019.
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