Regional map of Haryana.

Elections in Haryana, which is a state in India, have been conducted since 1967 to elect the members of state-level Haryana Legislative Assembly and national-level Lok Sabha. There are 90 assembly constituencies (17 reserved for SC) and 10 Lok Sabha constituencies (2 reserved for SC).[1]

History

Before formation of Haryana

PEPSU state in East Punjab region which included present day Haryana.

Prior to Haryana's establishment as a separate state in 1966, after carving out Haryana from Punjab, elections in Haryana were part of elections in unified Punjab. Cis-Sutlej states, which included princely states of Jind, Kaithal and Kalsia, as well as the parts of pricnely states of Patiala and Nabha falling in Haryana, were merged with the PEPSU Legislative Assembly (existed 1948 - 1956). On 1 November 1956, PEPSU was merged mostly into Punjab State following the States Reorganisation Act.[2] Part of former state of PEPSU lie within the present state of Haryana which was separated from Punjab on 1 November 1966, those parts include the area around Jind and the Narnaul enclave. Until 1967 elections in Haryana were part of the Elections in Punjab.

After formation of Haryana

Haryana was carved out of the former state of East Punjab on 1 November 1966 on linguistic as well as on cultural basis.[3][4] Since 1967 elections have been held by the Election Commission of Haryana.[1] 1st (1951), 2nd (1957) and 3rd (1962) Lok Sabha elections (also called general elections) were held when Haryana was still part of Punjab. Haryana was divided into 10 Lok Sabha constituencies, out of which 2 are reserved. After the electoral boundaries delimitation in 2007 by the Delimitation Commission of India, Bhiwani and Mahendragarh constituencies became defunctional and those were replaces by 2 new reorganised constituencies.[5]

Delimitation

After formation of Haryana in 1966, the composition of Lok Sabha was changed and seats were enhanced to accommodate additional seats from the newly formed state of Haryana.[6] Last delimitation of electoral boundaries of Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Haryana was done by the Delimitation Commission of India in 2007-08.[7] After the delimitation in 2007-08, Bhiwani and Mahendragarh constituencies were merged to form Bhiwani–Mahendragarh and a new Gurgaon Lok Sabha constituency was craved out by bifurcating the existing Faridabad Lok Sabha Constituency.[5][8]

Currently Haryana has 10 Lok Sabha and 90 Vidhan Sabha seats, of which 2 Lok Sabha and 17 Vidhan Sabha seats are reserved for the Scheduled Castes. For the 2026 delimitation, Haryana is proposed to have 14 Lok Sabha and 126 Vidhan Sabha seats, of which 3 Lok Sabha (1 more) and 25 Vidhan Sabha (8 more) seats will be reserved. This will add 4 Lok Sabha and 36 Vidhan Sabha seats to Haryana.[9]

Major Political Parties

In politics of Haryana, the Indian National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Lok Dal (INLD), Jannayak Janta Party (JJP) are the major political parties in the state. In the past, various parties such as Haryana Vikas Party (HVP), Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) (HJC-BL), Janata Dal (JD), Janata Party (JP), Vishal Haryana Party (VHP), Bharatiya Jana Sangh (BJS) among others have been influential in the state.

The dynastic political clans of Haryana are often criticised for the infamous self-serving politics of the Aaya Ram Gaya Ram turncoats who notoriously engage in the frequent party switching, political horse trading, unholy political alliances, political corruption, political cronyism, nepotistic-dynastic rule which serves their own clan more than it serves their voters and people of Haryana they are ought to serve.[10][11]

Conducting elections

Polling officials at an Electronic Voting Machines (EVM's) distribution centre in Haryana making arrangements for elections, c. 9 April 2014.

Elections in Haryana are conducted by the Election Commission of Haryana (ECH), which operates under the Election Commission of India (ECI. Administration of ECH at state level is under the "Chief Electoral Officer of Haryana", who is an IAS officer of Principal Secretary rank. At the district and constituency levels, the District Magistrates (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers perform election work.[12][13] Election Commission of India is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India at national, state and district level. The body administers elections to the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, state Legislative Assemblies, state legislative Councils, and the offices of the President and Vice President of the country.[13][14] The Election Commission operates under the authority of Constitution per Article 324,[15] and subsequently enacted Representation of the People Act.[16][17]

Type of elections

Haryana, after being separated from Punjab, first went to polls in 1967. Lok Sabha elections, also called the General Elections, are held at national level, Vidhan Sabha elections are held to elect the state level assembly, and the grassroots local self-governance elections are held at Municipal and Gram panchayat (village council) level.

Lok Sabha elections

Lok Sabha constituencies in Haryana. Reserved constituencies in yellow.


Haryana has 10 Lok Sabha constituencies, including 2 reserved constituencies (Ambala and Sirsa).

Current constituency
Defunct constituency
List of Lok Sabha elections in Haryana.
Year Lok Sabha Election Party-wise Details
1967 Fourth Lok Sabha Total: 9. INC: 7, BJS: 1, Independent: 1[18]
1971 Fifth Lok Sabha Total: 9. INC: 7, BJS: 1, VHP: 1
1977 Sixth Lok Sabha Total: 10. Janata Party/BLD: 10.
1980 Seventh Lok Sabha Total: 10. Congress(Indira): 5, JP(S): 4, JP: 1
1984 Eighth Lok Sabha Total: 10. INC: 10
1989 Ninth Lok Sabha Total: 10. Janata Dal: 6, INC: 4
1991 Tenth Lok Sabha Total: 10. INC: 9, HVP: 1
1996 Eleventh Lok Sabha Total: 10. BJP: 4 + HVP: 3, INC: 2, Independent: 1
1998 Twelfth Lok Sabha Total: 10. HLD(R): 4 + BSP: 1, INC: 3, NDA: 2 (BJP: 1 and HVP: 1)
1999 Thirteenth Lok Sabha Total: 10. NDA: 10 (BJP: 5 and INLD: 5), INC: 0
2004 Fourteenth Lok Sabha Total: 10. INC: 9, BJP: 1
2009 Fifteenth Lok Sabha Total: 10. INC: 9, HJC(BL): 1
2014 Sixteenth Lok Sabha Total: 10. BJP: 7, INLD: 2, INC: 1
2019 Seventeenth Lok Sabha Total: 10. BJP: 10, INLD: 0, INC: 0

Vidhan Sabha Elections

Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies, reserved constituencies in yellow.

The elections for the Haryana Vidhan Sabha are being held since 1967.[19]

Year Vidhan Sabha Election Party-wise Details Chief Minister Party
1966 First Assembly* Constituted out of Punjab assembly Bhagwat Dayal Sharma INC
1967 Second Assembly Total: 81. INC: 48, BJS: 12, Independents: 16 Rao Birender Singh VHP (defected from INC), infamous Aaya Ram Gaya Ram started[20]
1968 Third Assembly Total: 81. INC: 48, VHP: 16, BJS: 7 Bansi Lal INC
1972 Fourth Assembly Total: 81. INC: 52, NCO: 12 Bansi Lal
Banarsi Das Gupta		 INC
1977 Fifth Assembly Total: 90. Janata: 75, VHP: 5, INC: 3 Chaudhary Devi Lal
Bhajan Lal		 JP
JP/INC(defected)
1982 Sixth Assembly Total: 90. INC: 36, Lok Dal: 31 + BJP: 6, Independents: 16 Bhajan Lal
Bansi Lal		 INC
1987 Seventh Assembly Total: 90. Lok Dal: 60 + BJP: 16, INC: 5 Chaudhary Devi Lal
Om Prakash Chautala
Banarsi Das Gupta
Hukam Singh		 Lok Dal/JD
1991 Eighth Assembly Total: 90. INC: 51 Bhajan Lal INC
1996 Ninth Assembly Total: 90. HVP: 33 + BJP: 11, SAP: 24, INC: 9 Bansi Lal HVP
2000 Tenth Assembly Total: 90. INLD: 47 + BJP: 6, INC: 21 Om Prakash Chautala INLD
2005 Eleventh Assembly Total: 90. INC: 67, INLD: 9 Bhupinder Singh Hooda INC
2009 Twelfth Assembly Total: 90. INC: 40, INLD: 31, HJC(BL): 6, BJP: 4 Bhupinder Singh Hooda INC
2014 Thirteenth Assembly Total: 90. BJP: 47 (post-defections 52), INLD: 19, INC: 15 Manohar Lal Khattar BJP
2019 Fourteenth Assembly Total: 90. BJP: 40, INC: 31, JJP: 10, Others : 9 Manohar Lal Khattar BJP

Local elections

Elderly voters showing their election identity card in a village in Haryana, c. 10 May 2004.

Local self-government in India refers to governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state in the federal republic of India with three spheres of government: central (union), state and local. The 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments give recognition and protection to local governments and in addition each state has its own local government legislation.[21] Since 1993, local government in India takes place in two very distinct forms. Urban localities, covered in the 74th amendment to the Constitution,[22] have Nagar Palika but derive their powers from the individual state governments, while the powers of rural localities have been formalized under the panchayati raj system, under the 73rd amendment to the Constitution.[23] District Magistrates (in their capacity as District Election Officers), Electoral Registration Officers and Returning Officers are responsible for conducting municipal and panchayat raj elections at village, block and district level.[21][12]

Haryana has 22 districts, 72 sub-divisions, 93 tehsils, 50 sub-tehsils, 142 blocks, 154 cities and towns, 6,841 villages, 6212 villages panchayats and numerous smaller dhanis.[24] Haryana has at least 10 municipal corporations (Gurugram, Faridabad, Ambala, Panchkula, Yamunanagar, Rohtak, Hisar, Panipat, Karnal and Sonepat), 18 municipal councils and 52 municipalities (c. Jan 2018).[25] See the partial list (please help expand) of and .

Electoral demography

Voters

Voters queuing up to vote in Kakroi village of Sonepat in Haryana, c. 7 May 2009.

According to Election Commission of Haryana, Haryana had a population of 2,1145,000 and 25,352,000 in 2001 and 2011 respectively.[26] In October 2019, Haryana had 1,82,98,714 voters, including 1,81,91,228 general voters and 1,07,486 Service Voters (postal voters), who will cast votes 19,425 polling stations for the 2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election.[27] Psephologists, electoral data scientists, political analysts, Political forecasters, opinion polls and media often analyse and discuss the electoral demography in terms of gender, age group, castes, electoral geography, ethnic enclaves, swing of voters from/to a particular party or candidate.

According to 2011 Census of India, there are 87.46% Hindus, 7.03% Muslims (mainly Meos), and 4.91% Sikhs.[28] In terms of native language, 87.31% use Hindi, 10.57% Punjabi, and 1.23% Urdu.[29] Haryana has 70% rural population who primarily speak Haryanvi dialect of Hindi,[30] and related dialects, such as Bagri[31][32] and Mewati.[33][34]

Psephological regions

Haryana was made a separate state on linguistic and cultural basis.[3][4] Consequently, within the limited context of elections the psephologists often refer to various geo-ethnic enclaves and geo-linguistic areas of Haryana, which are the Ahirwal, Deshwal belt, GT Road belt, Jat belt, Mewat, Punjabi belt, and Ror belt.[35] Description of these psephological regions is as follows:

  • Ahirwal region in South Haryana,[36] centered around Rewari and numerically dominated by the Ahir community,[37] has 11 assembly segments spread over three Lok Sabha seats — Bhiwani-Mahendergarh (Mahendergarh district only), Gurgaon and Rohtak [Kosli assembly constituency only].[38]
  • Brahmin Belt - Also known as GT Road belt, an area on either side of the Grand Trunk Road from Ambala to Sonepat, has 28 legislative assembly constituencies. This area is not dominated there is no dominance of one caste or community in the northern districts of Panchkula, Ambala, Yamunanagar, Kurukshetra, Panipat and Kaithal.[39][35] But Brahmin (mostly gaurs) constitutes the single largest community with presence in every village and city.[40]
  • Jat belt is an area where jats are found in numerically higher numbers compared to other castes.
  • Mewat region spread across Nuh district and Hathin tehsil of Palwal district in South Haryana is numerically dominated by the Meo community who speak Mewati dialect in rural areas.[41][42][43]

Electoral female disempowerment

An elderly Haryanvi female voter showing indelible ink mark after casting her vote, c. 10 April 2014.

According to ECH data Haryana has poor female participation in contesting elections, out of the 90 assembly seats there are 58 seats which have never elected a female MLA. The Kalanaur Vidhan Sabha reserved constituency has elected the most number of female MLAs. From 1967 to 2014, 44 elected female MLAs were from congress, 11 from BJP, 6 from Janata Dal and INLD, 4 from Janata Party, 2 from Vishal Haryana Party, 2 from Hariyana Vikas Party. As of September 2019, only 3 female have won elections an independent candidate: Sharada Rani from Ballabgarh in 1982, Meritorious from Jhajjar in 1987 and Shakuntala Bhagwadia from Bawal in 2005. In 2014, 10 candidates were fielded by Congress, 16 by INlD, 15 by BJP, 12 by Haryana lokhit Party, 5 of HJC, 6 by Bahujan Samaj Party, and 4 by Jan Chetna Party, among them Rohita Rewari of BJP from Panipat city garnered a maximum of 63.5% votes, and a minimum of 30.3% votes were gained by Santosh Chauhan Sarwan of BJP from Mullana.[1] In 2019 Vidhan Sabha elections, only 9 (10% of total legislature membership) female candidate were elected, 4 from Congress, 3 from BJP, 1 from JJP and 1 independent.[44]Only 9 women make it to Haryana assembly, 23 in Maharashtra, Economic Times, 25 October 2019.</ref>

Prominent female politicians of Haryana include the late Sushma Swaraj - former Union Foreign Minister, and Chandravati - former Governor who had defeated then Chief Minister Bansi Lal in 1972.[1]

Female contestants in Vidhan Sabha elections
Election YearTotal candidates % of female# female candidates# female won % of female won (among female) % of female won (among all)
19678450
196812758
197212433
197720420
198227726
198735514
199141615
19969344
20004948
2005681116
2009
20141151311
201911684 ?9[44] ?

See also

References

  • Gusain, Lakhan (2000). Bagri. Languages of the world. Materials. Munich: LINCOM Europa. ISBN 978-3-89586-398-1.
  • NIDM, National Disaster Risk Reduction Portal - Haryana (PDF), National Institute of Disaster Management (MHA, GOI), archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2016, retrieved 12 November 2015
  1. 1 2 3 4 Parties seek women's votes but not representation in Assembly, Daily Pioneer, 09 October 2019.
  2. ↑ "States Reorganisation Act, 1956". India Code Updated Acts. Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. 31 August 1956. pp. section 9. Retrieved 16 May 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Haryana State Budget 2017-18" (PDF). Haryana Finance Dept. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  4. 1 2 "Haryana at a Glance". Government of Haryana. Archived from the original on 14 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
  5. 1 2 All-Jat contest in Haryana's Badhra assembly constituency set for nail-biting finish, Hindustan Times, 18 October 2019.
  6. ↑ Explained: Why Lok Sabha is still 543, Indian Express, 14 October 2019.
  7. ↑ Haryana Assembly Election 2019, Panipat City profile: Snatched from Congress in 2014, BJP heads to defend turf, First Post, Haryana Assembly Election 2019, Panipat City profile: Snatched from Congress in 2014, BJP heads to defend turf.
  8. ↑ Lok Sabha 2019: A Guide To Phase 6, The Quint, 11 May 2019.
  9. ↑ हरियाणा में अब चुनावाें में बदलेंगे सियासी समीकरण, होंगी 14 लोकसभा और 126 विधानसभा सीटें, Jagran, 29 July 2021.
  10. ↑ In the land of fence-sitters, Millennium Post.
  11. ↑ How 5 families over 3 generations have controlled Haryana's politics from day one, The Print,-29 Apr 2019.
  12. 1 2 Laxmikanth, M (2017). Indian Polity. McGraw Hill. p. 42.5. ISBN 9789352603633.
  13. 1 2 "About ECI". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  14. ↑ "The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952 (Act No. 31 of 1952)" (PDF). Election Commission of India. 14 March 1952. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  15. ↑ "Part XV of the Constitution of India - Elections - Article 324" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  16. ↑ "The Representation of the People Act, 1951" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2015. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  17. ↑ "A Constitutional Body". Election Commission of India.
  18. ↑ "Lok Sabha Results 1967". Election Commission of India.
  19. ↑ "Election results - Full statistical reports". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 22 January 2014.
  20. ↑ As turncoats grab headlines, a look back at the original ‘Aaya Ram, Gaya Ram’, The Print, 19 May 2018.
  21. 1 2 "The Local Government System in India" (PDF). Commonwealth Local Government Forum.
  22. ↑ The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992
  23. ↑ The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992
  24. ↑ NIDM, p. 4.
  25. ↑ Municipal taxes will be sanctioned to the weak bodies of the state, Dainik Jagran news Archived 19 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, 11 January 2018.
  26. ↑ Haryana electoral data in brief, Election Commission of Haryana, retrieved 17 October 2019.
  27. ↑ Haryana Assembly Election 2019, Narnaul profile: Marking first win in 2014, BJP likely to fight hard to retain constituency, First Post, 17 October 2019.
  28. ↑ "Population by religion community - 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
  29. ↑ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  30. ↑ "Bagri". Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  31. ↑ "Revised Land and Revenue Settlement of Hisar District 9006-9011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  32. ↑ Gusain 2000, p. 14.
  33. ↑ "Mina - South Asian people". Archived from the original on 4 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  34. ↑ Moonis Raza (1993). Social structure and regional development: a social geography perspective : essays in honour of Professor Moonis Raza. Rawat Publications Original from-the University of California. p. 166. ISBN 9788170331827.
  35. 1 2 Haryana assembly elections: BJP counts on strategy, Times of India, 6 October 2019.
  36. ↑ Singh, Jai Pal; Khan, Mumtaz (1999). "Hindu Cosmology and the Orientation and Segregation of Social Groups in Villages in Northwestern India". Geografiska Annaler. B (Human Geography). Wiley on behalf of the Swedish Society for Anthropology and Geography. 81 (1): 27–28. doi:10.1111/j.0435-3684.1999.00046.x. JSTOR 491040.
  37. ↑ Haynes, Edward S. (1978). "Imperial Impact on Rajputana: The Case of Alwar, 1775-1850". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 12 (3): 423–424. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00006223. JSTOR 312228. S2CID 145559962. (subscription required)
  38. ↑ "Gurgaon MP's exit to change political equation in south Haryana". Hindustan Times. 24 September 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2014.
  39. ↑ BJP on a strong footing in northern districts, Hindustan Times, 30 March 2016.
  40. ↑ Pioneer, The. "Karnal: Brahmin belt of Haryana to see straight BJP-Cong contest". The Pioneer. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  41. ↑ Meet the muslims who consider themselves descendants of arjuna, Scroll.in, 30 March 2016.
  42. ↑ Mewat The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 17, p. 313.
  43. ↑ Mewati language, Glottolog bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages.
  44. 1 2 Only 9 women make it to Haryana assembly, 23 in Maharashtra, Economic Times, 25 October 2019.
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