National identity card
Examples of European standard ID cards issued in Finland and Norway. ID cards issued in EFTA countries do not feature the EU flag.
TypeIdentity card
Issued byEuropean Union Member states of the European Economic Area
First issued2 August 2021 (new EU-standard)
In circulation53 million (2023, new EU-standard)[1]
~200 million (total)[2]
Valid in EU[3] and EFTA[4]
AndorraMonacoSan MarinoVatican City European microstates
 Albania[5]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina[6]
Faroe IslandsFaroe Islands
France French Overseas Territories
Georgia (country)Georgia (excl. Abkhazia/South Ossetia)

GibraltarGibraltar (British overseas territory)
 Kosovo[7]
 Moldova[8]
 Montenegro[9]
 Montserrat (max. 14 days)
 North Macedonia[10]
 Northern Cyprus[11]
 Serbia[12]

Various other countries and territories depending on the country of issue
EligibilityCitizens of the European Economic Area
ExpirationNew cards: Maximum 10 years

Non-MRZ: 2 Aug 2026

Non-EU standard: 2 Aug 2031
SizeID-1

National identity cards are issued to their citizens by the governments of most European Economic Area (EEA) member states, the exceptions are Denmark and Ireland. Ireland however issues a passport card which is a valid document in the EEA and Switzerland.[13] Denmark issues simpler identity cards that are not valid as travel documents.[14][15] From 2 August 2021, new identity cards are harmonized as a common identity card model replaced the various formats already in use. There are approximately 200 million national identity cards in use in the EU/EEA, including 53 million of the new EU-standard cards.[1] They are compulsory in 14 EU countries, voluntary in 9 countries and in 8 countries they are semi-compulsory (some form of identification required). Where the card is compulsory, in some member countries it is required to be carried at all times, while in other countries the mere possession of the card is sufficient.[16]

Citizens holding a national identity card, which states citizenship of an EEA member state or Switzerland, can use it as an identity document within their home country, and as a travel document to exercise the right of free movement in the EEA and Switzerland.[17]: Articles 4 and 5 [18][19] However, identity cards that do not state citizenship of an EEA member state or Switzerland, including national identity cards issued to residents who are not citizens, are not valid as travel documents within the EEA and Switzerland.[20][21][22]

Use

Travel document

  EU member, national ID card issued
  EFTA member, national ID card issued
  EU member, passport card issued (Ireland)
  EU member, no national ID card issued (Denmark)
  Accepts EU/EFTA national ID cards
  Accepts some EU/EFTA national ID cards (or under certain conditions)

As an alternative to presenting a passport, EEA and Swiss citizens are entitled to use a valid national identity card as a stand-alone travel document to exercise their right of free movement in the European Economic Area and Switzerland.[17]: Articles 4 and 5 [18][19] National identity card ownership in most EU countries and Switzerland is much more widespread than passport ownership.[23]

When travelling within the Nordic Passport Union, no identity documentation is legally required by Nordic citizens. When travelling within the Common Travel Area, other valid identity documentation (such as a driving licence) is often sufficient for Irish and British citizens.[24]

At present, Denmark and Iceland do not issue identity cards that are valid as travel documents in the EEA member states and Switzerland.[25] Strictly speaking, it is not necessary for an EEA or Swiss citizen to possess a valid national identity card or passport to enter the EEA and Switzerland. In theory, if an EEA or Swiss citizen can prove their nationality by any other means (e.g. by presenting an expired national identity card or passport, or a citizenship certificate), they must be permitted to enter the EEA and Switzerland. An EEA or Swiss citizen who is unable to demonstrate their nationality satisfactorily must, nonetheless, be given 'every reasonable opportunity' to obtain the necessary documents or to have them delivered within a reasonable period of time.[17]: Article 5(4) [26][27]

Additionally, EEA and Swiss citizens can enter the following countries and territories outside the EEA and Switzerland on the basis of their national identity cards alone, without the need to present a passport to the border authorities:

Turkey allows citizens of Belgium, Bulgaria,[45] France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland. Egypt allows citizens of Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and Portugal to enter using a national identity card for short-term visits.[46][47] Tunisia allows nationals of the European Union (except Cyprus) and Switzerland to enter using a national identity card if travelling on an organized tour.[48] Anguilla, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Guernsey and Jersey allow nationals of France to enter using a national ID card, while Dominica de facto also allows nationals of (at least) Germany and Sweden to enter with a national ID card (as of March 2016). Gambia allows nationals of Belgium to enter using a national ID card.[49] The United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies allows EU, EEA and Swiss citizens to use national identity cards if they are part of a group of children from a school in France or if they comply with specific requirements established after Brexit (though to enter at the land border Ireland-Northern Ireland, no specific document requirements apply).[50][51][52][53] Greenland allows Nordic citizens to use any identification document containing a photo, while citizens from the rest of EU/EFTA must carry a passport.[54]

Swedish national law did not recognise the card as a valid travel document outside the Schengen Area,[55] in direct violation of European law, until July 2015, when travel to non-Schengen countries in the EU (but not outside, even if the destination country accepts the ID card) was permitted.[56] Similarly, Finnish citizens cannot leave Finland directly for a non-EU/EFTA country with only their ID cards.[57]

Additional checks for some citizens

At the external border crossing points of the Schengen Area, if a traveller presents a travel document without a machine readable zone and the border guard has 'doubt about his/her identity', the traveller may be requested to undergo a more in-depth 'second line' check.[26] In practice, this means that Greek citizens who present an old-format Greek identity card and Italian citizens who present an Italian paper identity card could be subject to additional checks and delay when entering/leaving the Schengen Area.[58]

With effect from 7 April 2017, it is mandatory for border guards in the Schengen Area to check on a systematic basis the travel documents of all EEA and Swiss citizens crossing external borders against relevant databases.[59] Until 7 April 2017, border guards in the Schengen Area were only obliged to perform a 'rapid' and 'straightforward' visual check for signs of falsification and tampering, and were not obliged to use technical devices – such as document scanners, UV light and magnifiers – when EEA and Swiss citizens presented their passports or national identity cards at external border checkpoints.[60] They were not legally obliged to check the passports/national identity cards of EEA and Swiss citizens against a database of lost/stolen/invalidated travel documents (and, if they did so, they could only perform a 'rapid' and 'straightforward' database check, and could only check to see if the traveller was on a database containing persons of interest on a strictly 'non-systematic' basis where such a threat was 'genuine', 'present' and 'sufficiently serious').[60]

According to statistics published by Frontex, in 2015 the top 6 EU member states whose national identity cards were falsified and detected at external border crossing points of the Schengen Area were Italy, Spain, Belgium, Greece, France and Romania.[61] These countries remained the top 6 in 2016.[62]

Identification document

Identity documentation requirements for citizens
  National identity card required
  Some form of identity documentation required
  Identity documentation optional
Usage in own country

There are varying rules on domestic usage of identity documents. Some countries demand the usage of the national identity card or a passport. Other countries allow usage of other documents like driver's licences.

In some countries, e.g. Austria, Finland, Sweden and Iceland national identity cards are fully voluntary and not needed by everyone, as identity documents like driving licences are accepted domestically. In these countries only a minority have a national identity card, since a majority have a passport and a driving licence and don't need more identity documents. This is also true for Ireland where those who have a passport and a driving licence have less need for the passport card. The passport card can be used for travel to 31 countries in the European Union, European Economic Area including Switzerland.[63]

However, even in those EEA countries that impose a national identity card requirement on their citizens (above certain age), it is generally not required to carry the identity cards at all times.

Usage outside own country

EEA and Swiss citizens exercising their right of free movement in another EEA member state or Switzerland are entitled to use their national identity card as an identification document when dealing not just with government authorities, but also with private sector service providers. For example, where a supermarket in the Netherlands refuses to accept a German national identity card as proof of age when a German citizen attempts to purchase an age-restricted product and insists on the production of a Dutch-issued passport or driving licence or other identity document, the supermarket would, in effect, be discriminating against this individual on this basis of their nationality in the provision of a service, thereby contravening the prohibition in Art 20(2) of Directive 2006/123/EC of discriminatory treatment relating to the nationality of a service recipient in the conditions of access to a service which are made available to the public at large by a service provider.[64] In those EEA countries whose citizens are required by law to obtain a national identity card, only a minority have a passport, since it is not needed for travelling across much of Europe.

Usage in third countries

National identity cards are often accepted in other parts of the world for unofficial identification purposes (such as age verification in commercial establishments that serve or sell alcohol, or checking in at hotels) and sometimes for official purposes such as proof of identity and nationality to authorities (especially machine-readable cards).

As of 1 July 2021, EEA (except Irish) passports and identity cards are no longer accepted to prove the right to rent in the United Kingdom, so EEA citizens are required to provide evidence of lawful immigration status.[65]

Electronic identity cards (eID)

A total of 17 EU countries issue eIDs on their national identity cards, with some being mandatory, others upon request from their user. 14 EU countries issue national identity cards with an electronic identity (eID) function through an EMV (contact chip). Some EU countries have a RFID/NFC integration that allows the same eID functions by contactless, without an EMV chip, such as Belgium, Germany, Italy and The Netherlands. The regulation dictates that the eID functions must be logically or physically separate from the ICAO biometric function of the card. [1]

Digital signature applications can be used which, upon activation, enables the bearer to authenticate the card using their confidential PIN.[66] Consequently they can authenticate documents to satisfy any third party that the document's not been altered after being digitally signed, as well as to identify the identity card holder. This application uses a registered certificate in conjunction with public/private key pairs so these enhanced cards do not necessarily have to participate in online transactions.[67] This can be achieved by using an EMV smartcard reader paired with a computer, or by NFC (by mobile phone or PC) for the contactless variants.

Common design and security features

European Union standards from 2006

On 13 July 2005, the Justice and Home Affairs Council called on all European Union member states to adopt common designs and security features for national identity cards by December 2005, with detailed standards being laid out as soon as possible thereafter.[68]

On 4 December 2006, all European Union member states agreed to adopt the following common designs and minimum security standards for national identity cards that were in the draft resolution of 15 November 2006:[69][70]

Material

The card can be made with paper core that is laminated on both sides or made entirely of a synthetic substrate.

Biographical data

The data on the card shall contain at least: name, birth date, nationality, a photo, signature, card number, and end date of validity.[71] Some cards contain more information such as height, eye colour, start date of validity, sex, issue place or province, and birthplace.

Machine readable data

The biographical data on the card is to be machine readable and follow the ICAO specification for machine-readable travel documents.

The EU Regulation revising the Schengen Borders Code (which entered into force on 7 April 2017 and introduced systematic checks of the travel documents of EU, EEA and Swiss citizens against relevant databases when entering and leaving the Schengen Area) states that all member states should phase out travel documents (including national identity cards) which are not machine-readable.[72]

ICAO biometric identity cards

All EEA electronic identity cards should comply with the ISO/IEC standard 14443. Effectively this means that all these cards should implement electromagnetic coupling between the card and the card reader and, if the specifications are followed, are only capable of being read from proximities of less than 0.1 metres.[73]

They are not the same as the RFID tags often seen in stores and attached to livestock. Neither will they work at the relatively large distances typically seen at US toll booths or automated border crossing channels.[74]

The same ICAO specifications adopted by nearly all European passport booklets (Basic Access Control - BAC) means that miscreants should not be able to read these cards[75] unless they also have physical access to the card.[76] BAC authentication keys derive from the three lines of data printed in the MRZ on the obverse of each TD1 format identity card that begins "A", "C", or "I".[77]

According to the ISO 14443 standard, wireless communication with the card reader can not start until the identity card's chip has transmitted a unique identifier. Theoretically an ingenious attacker who has managed to secrete multiple reading devices in a distributed array (eg in arrival hall furniture) could distinguish bearers of MROTDs without having access to the relevant chip files. In concert with other information, this attacker might then be able to produce profiles specific to a particular card and, consequently its bearer. Defence is a trivial task when most electronic cards make new and randomised UIDs during every session [NH08] to preserve a level of privacy more comparable with contact cards than commercial RFID tags.[66]

New European Union standards from 2019

Regulation 2019/1157
European Union regulation
Text with EEA relevance
TitleRegulation (EU) 2019/1157 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right of free movement
Made byEuropean Parliament and Council
Made underArt. 21(2) TFEU
Journal referenceL 188, pp. 67–78
History
Date made20 June 2019
Came into force10 July 2019
Applies from2 August 2021
Preparative texts
Commission proposal17 April 2018
Current legislation

A new common format of electronic identity document is intended to replace and harmonize the various identity card models currently in use across the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA).[lower-alpha 1] In accordance with its own laws, any Member State of the Union shall issue an identity card complying with the requirements of Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right of free movement, and articles 3/4/5 state that:[16]

  • Identity cards shall be produced in ID-1 format and shall contain a machine-readable zone (MRZ).
  • Security standards shall be based on ICAO Document 9303.
  • The document shall bear the title 'Identity card' in the official language and in at least one other official language of the institutions of the Union.
  • It shall contain the two-letter country code of the Member State issuing the card, printed in negative in a blue rectangle and encircled by 12 yellow stars (EU Flag) on the front side. (Requirement of the EU flag does not apply in Norway, Iceland and Liechenstein)[80]
  • It shall include a highly secure storage medium which shall contain a facial image of the holder of the card and two fingerprints in interoperable digital formats. The storage medium shall have sufficient capacity and capability to guarantee the integrity, the authenticity and the confidentiality of the data. The data stored shall be accessible in contactless form and secured as provided for in Implementing Decision (European Union) C(2018) 7767.[81]
  • Identity cards shall have a minimum period of validity of 5 years and a maximum period of validity of 10 years. But Member States may provide for a period of validity of less than 5 years for minors and more than 10 years for persons aged 70 and above.
  • Identity cards which do not meet the new requirements shall cease to be valid at their expiry or by 3 August 2031.
  • Identity cards which do not meet the minimum security standards or which do not include a functional MRZ shall cease to be valid at their expiry or by 3 August 2026.
  • Identity cards of persons aged 70 and above at 2 August 2021, which meet the minimum security standards and which have a functional MRZ shall cease to be valid at their expiry.

Article 16 states that this Regulation shall apply from 2 August 2021.

For several member countries the new requirements do not mean that the design or features of the existing cards change much, since they mostly fulfil the requirements already. For some this means a large redesign. A visible change for all countries is the country code inside the EU flag.

Identity cards not meeting the new requirements shall cease to be valid at their expiry or by 3 August 2031, whichever comes sooner. Identity cards which do not meet the minimum security standards or which do not include a functional machine-readable zone shall cease to be valid by 3 August 2026. Identity cards of persons aged 70 and above on 2 August 2021 which meet the minimum security standards and which have a functional MRZ shall cease to be valid at their expiry.[82] In 2019, the EU estimated that around 80 million ID cards in circulation were not machine-readable, and will therefore expire in 2026.[83]

In addition, the new EU Regulation cannot be applied to travel documents like the passport card issued by Ireland, as stated at point (14) of the introduction chapter.[16]: Point 14, introduction chapter 

Implementation throughout the member states is ongoing with various timetables on a per-country basis. Cyprus began issuing identity cards conforming to the harmonised requirements as early as August 2020, becoming the first country to implement the new standard, followed by Malta the same month.[84][13][85]

Non-compliant identity cards

In July 2023, the European Commission decided to open an infringement procedure against Bulgaria, Greece and Portugal as they had not updated their ID cards to EU standards.[86] Greece has since released its updated ID card, which appeared in September 2023.[87]

Therefore, as of January 2024, only Bulgarian and Portuguese ID cards are still non-compliant with EU standards. Both Bulgaria[88] and Portugal[89] have announced that new ID cards are due to be launched.

Nevertheless, in its September 2023 implementation report, the European Commission noted that some new-format national ID cards did not conform fully to the standards of Regulation 2019/1157; in particular, the layout of some cards did not conform to ICAO 9303 and their photo did not meet minimum size requirements.[1]

Liechenstein and Iceland are not yet bound by Regulation 2019/1157, as its scope has not yet been extended to cover EEA countries that are not member states of the EU. Nevertheless, Liechenstein will begin issuing biometric EU-standard ID cards in January 2024.[90] Likewise, Iceland has adopted a new law on Icelandic identity cards and new EU-standard cards are due in 2024. [91][92] The old-format Icelandic national identity card is currently being phased out, as its obscurity and lack of security features have never made it an acceptable travel document outside the Nordic countries.[93]

Danish identity cards are issued by municipalities, each having their own design, and are not accepted as valid travel documents outside Denmark. They were launched in 2017, replacing previous 'Youth Cards'.[94] Since 2018, information about the nationality of the cardholder has been included which briefly allowed the card to be used for travel to Sweden.[95] However in September 2019, Swedish authorities explicitly banned Danish municipal identity cards from being used for entry.[96] In 2021, the Danish Ministry of Interior came to the conclusion that more secure ID cards were not on the agenda due to prohibitive costs.[97]

Overview of national identity cards

Member states issue a variety of national identity cards with differing technical specifications and according to differing issuing procedures.[98]

Member state eID app Front Reverse Compulsory/optional Cost Validity Issuing authority Latest version
Austria
Austria

NFC Identity documentation is optional
  • €61.50 (applicants aged 16 or over)
  • €26.30 (children aged 2–15)
  • Free of charge (children under 2)
  • 10 years (applicants aged 12 or over)
  • 5 years (children aged 2–11)
  • 2 years (children under 2)
 2 August 2021[99]
Belgium
Belgium
 EMV National identity card compulsory for Belgian citizens aged 12 or over
  • Differs per city
  • equivalent of €11 or €17 in local currency (citizens registered abroad)
  • 6 years (for applicants aged between 12 and 18)
  • 10 years (for old style ID cards issued by Belgian consulates, or for applicants aged 18 to 75)
  • 30 years (for applicants aged over 75)
  • Municipal administration (of place of residence)
  • Consulate (citizens registered abroad)
 15 July 2021[100]
Bulgaria
Bulgaria		 No National identity card compulsory for Bulgarian citizens aged 14 or over
  • first card free (age 14-16)
  • €6.5 (age 14-18)
  • €9 (age 18-58)
  • €5.5 (age 58-70)
  • free (age >70)
  • Prices are for a 30-day issue, multiply by 2 for 3 day issue, by 5 for 8 hours.
  • No expiry (adults aged 58 or over)
  • 10 years (adults aged 18–57)
  • 4 years (children aged 14–17)
 The police on behalf of the Ministry of the Interior. 29 March 2010
Croatia
Croatia
 EMV National identity card compulsory for Croatian citizens resident in Croatia aged 18 or over
  • First card free of charge (age 0-18)
  • €13.27 (age 5-70)
  • €9.29 (age > 70)[101]
  • Price for a 10-day issue is €25.88, and €66.36 for a 3-day issue.
  • 5 years
  • 40 years (adults aged 70 or over)
 2 August 2021
Cyprus
Cyprus
 No National identity card compulsory for Cypriot citizens aged 12 or over
  • €30 (applicants aged 18 or over)
  • €20 (children under 18)
  • 10 years
  • 5 years (applicants under 18)
 12 August 2020
Czech Republic
Czech Republic
 EMV National identity card compulsory for Czech citizens over 15 years of age with permanent residency in the Czech Republic
  • Free of charge for first issue or renewal of data
  • 100 CZK for reissue for all other reasons (no chip)
  • 50 CZK (children under 15 years of age, no chip)
  • 500 CZK for all ID cards with an electronic chip for all reasons
  • 100 CZK for a temporary ID without machine readable data with 1 or 3 months validity
  • 10 years (applicants aged 15 or over)
  • 5 years (children aged under 15)
 2 August 2021
Denmark
Denmark		 No national identity card. Danish identity cards are issued by municipalities as opposed to a central agency and therefore are not usable as travel documentation outside of the Nordic countries. (See Identity document#Denmark). Identity documentation is optional (for Danish and Nordic citizens)[3] — — — —
Estonia
Estonia
 EMV National identity card compulsory for all Estonian citizens, permanent residents and EU/EEA citizens temporarily residing in Estonia aged 15 or over
  • €25 (applicants aged 15 or over) or €50 (in embassies)[103]
  • €7 (children under 15, retirees, persons with disabilities) or €10 (in embassies)
  • €45 (urgent)
 5 years Police and Border Guard Board 23 August 2021
Finland
Finland
 EMV Identity documentation is optional
  • €49-55 (regular, for all citizens)[104]
  • €33-39 (children under 18, not valid as a travel document)

Lower fees for online appliction and with passport.

5 years

Police

 2 August 2021
France
France
 EMV National identity card optional;[105] however, the police have extensive powers to check a person's identity in many situations, up to 4-hour detention to make the necessary verification and take a photograph.[106]
  • Free of charge
  • €25 (if the previous one cannot be presented, e.g., it was lost or stolen)

10 years[107]

 15 March 2021[107]
Germany
Germany
 NFC National identity card optional; however, a national identity card or passport is compulsory for German citizens aged 16 or over, and valid identity documentation is compulsory for other EEA citizens
  • €37.00 (applicants aged 24 or over)
  • €22.80 (applicants aged under 24)
  • 10 years (applicants aged 24 or over)
  • 6 years (applicants aged under 24)
  • City or town of residence
  • German embassy in country of residence (for German citizens living abroad)
 2 August 2021
Greece
Greece
 No National identity card compulsory for Greek citizens aged 12 or over
  • €10 for first issue and renewal (or reissue after reported stolen)
  • €10 + €9 for reissue if lost or destroyed
  • €5 for members of large family households[109]

10 years

Police

 25 September 2023[110]
Hungary
Hungary
 No National identity card optional; however, a national identity card, passport or driving licence is compulsory for all Hungarian citizens
  • Free of charge
  • 60 years (adults aged 65 or over)
  • 6 years (adults aged over 18)
  • 3 years (applicants aged 12–18)
  • 3 years from the day of next birthday, but until only the day of 12th birthday (applicants aged under 12)
 Ministry of Interior 2 August 2021
Iceland
Iceland		 No Identity documentation is optional (for Icelandic and Nordic citizens[3])
  • Free of charge for first issue
  • 5,500 ISK for reissue
 Registers Iceland (Þjóðskrá Íslands) 14 April 1965
Republic of Ireland
Ireland		 No national identity card. Ireland issues an optional passport card, only if the applicant already has a valid passport booklet, or gets one in the same application. (See Irish passport card). Identity documentation is optional — — — —
Italy
Italy
 NFC National identity card optional; however, citizens should be able to prove their identity if stopped by territorial police
  • In Italy: €16.79 + fees depending on municipality[111]
  • Abroad: €21.95 or €27.11 (if previous card was lost or stolen)[112]
  • 3 years (children aged 0–3)
  • 5 years (minors aged 3–18)
  • 10 years (adults)[113]

Note: validity must always expire on birthday[114]

 Ministry of the Interior through: 29 September 2022
Latvia
Latvia
 EMV National identity card optional; however, a national identity card or passport is compulsory for Latvian citizens aged 15 or over. Identity cards will be compulsory starting from 2023.[115]
  • €14.23
  • €7.11 (citizens under age of 20, retirees)
  • 2 years (applicants aged 0–5)
  • 5 years (applicants aged 5–20)
  • 10 years (applicants aged 20 or over)[116]
 Office of Citizenship and Migration Affairs 12 October 2021
Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein		 EMV Identity documentation is optional
  • CHF80 (adults aged 15 or over)
  • CHF30 (children under 15)
  • 10 years (adults aged 15 or over)
  • 3 years (children under 15)
 Immigration and Passport Office, Vaduz 23 June 2008
Lithuania
Lithuania
 EMV National identity card optional; however, a national identity card or passport is compulsory for Lithuanian citizens aged 16 or over, and valid identity documentation is compulsory for other EEA citizens
  • €8.6
  • 10 years (adults aged 16 or over)
  • 5 years (children under 16)
 Migration Department 17 August 2021
Luxembourg
Luxembourg
 NFC[117] National identity card compulsory for Luxembourgian citizens resident in Luxembourg aged 15 or over
  • 14€ (people aged 15 or over)
  • 10€ (children aged 4–14)
  • 5€ (children under 4)
  • 10 years (applicants aged 15 or over)
  • 5 years (children aged 4–14)
  • 2 years (children under 4)
 Ministry of the Interior 2 August 2021
Malta
Malta

No National identity card compulsory for Maltese citizens aged 18 or over
  • Free of charge for first issue or renewal of data
  • €22 for renewal if lost, stolen or destroyed
  • €16.50 for renewal if defaced
  • 10 years

August 2020[119][120]

Netherlands
Netherlands
 NFC[121] National identity card optional; however, valid identity documentation is compulsory for all persons aged 14 or over
  • €32.91 (applicants aged 17 or younger[122])
  • €64.03 (applicants aged 18 or older[122])
  • €74.05 (applicants aged 17 or younger abroad[123])
  • €105.10 (applicants aged 18 or older abroad[123])
  • 5 years (applicants aged 17 or younger)[124]
  • 10 years (applicants aged 18 or older, From 2014 onwards)[125]
  • Town hall in town of residence (European part of the Netherlands)
  • Consular section of Embassy abroad (only in countries in which the Dutch ID card is a valid travel document)
  • Dutch nationals, residing on the Dutch Caribbean islands, although also EU citizens, can only apply for a specific ID card issued by the island's authorities. These cards are not valid for travel in the EU.
 2 August 2021[126]
Norway
Norway
 NFC Identity documentation is optional
  • NOK 570 (adults and children aged 10 or older)
  • NOK 342 (children under 10)[4]
  • 5 years (adults and children aged 10 or older)
  • 3 years (children aged 5–9)
  • 2 years (children aged 0–4)[4]
 Norwegian Police Service 29 July 2021[127][128]
Poland
Poland
 NFC National identity card compulsory for Polish citizens resident in Poland aged 18 or over. Free of charge
  • 10 years (people over 12 years of age)
  • 5 years (minors under 12 years of age)
  • Municipality chosen by an applicant (application can be made in any municipality in Poland regardless of person's permanent or temporary residence)
 8 November 2021
Portugal
Portugal		 EMV National identity card (called "Citizen Card") compulsory for Portuguese citizens aged 6 or over
  • €15 (€20 delivery abroad)
  • €30 Expedited (€45 abroad)
  • Same day delivery with pick-up at IRN desk in Lisbon: €35
  • 10 years (adults aged over 25)
  • 5 years (applicants under 25)
 Notary and Registry Institute (IRN) 1 June 2009
Romania
Romania

EMV National identity card compulsory for Romanian citizens aged 14 or over with permanent residence in Romania 7 RON
  • No expiry (adults aged 55 or over)
  • 10 years (adults aged 25–54)
  • 7 years (adults aged 18–24)
  • 4 years (minors aged 14–17)
 Ministry of Internal Affairs through the Directorate for Persons Record and Databases Management 2 August 2021 (Only available in the Cluj County)

1 January 2024 (Available in the entire country)

Slovakia
Slovakia
 EMV National identity card compulsory for Slovak citizens aged 15 or over with permanent residence in Slovakia [129]
  • Free of charge (first card, renewal after expiration)
  • €16.50 (reissue of lost or stolen card, free of change if card is stolen during a robbery)
  • €4.50 (reissue for all other reasons)
  • 10 years (citizens over 15 years)
  • 5 years (citizens under 15 years)
  • 2 years (citizens under 6 years)
 Police 1 December 2022
Slovenia
Slovenia
 EMV National identity card optional; however, a form of ID with photo is compulsory for Slovenian citizens permanently resident in Slovenia aged 18 or over
  • €22.27 (children under the age of 3)
  • €24.07 (children aged 3–12)
  • €24.93 (children aged 12–18)
  • €29.53 (applicants aged 18 and over)
  • 3 years (citizens under 3 years)
  • 5 years (citizens from 3 to 18 years)
  • 10 years (citizens from 18 to 70 years)
  • No expiry (citizens over 70 years)
  • Administrative Unit
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs
 28 March 2022
Spain
Spain
 EMV National identity card compulsory for Spanish citizens aged 14 or over
  • €12 (first issued, expired, lost or damaged)
  • Free of charge (change of residency, "large family" status[130])
  • No expiry (adults over 70)
  • 10 years (adults aged 30–70)
  • 5 years (applicants under 30)

National Police Corps

 2 August 2021
Sweden
Sweden
 NFC Identity documentation is optional SEK 400
  • 5 years (adults and children aged 12 or older)
  • 3 years (children under 12 years)
 Swedish Police Authority 1 January 2022[131]
Switzerland
Switzerland		 No Identity documentation is optional
  • CHF 70 (adults)
  • CHF 35 (children)
  • 10 years (adults)
  • 5 years (children)
 Federal Office of Police through canton / municipality of residence 3 March 2023[132][133]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The legal acquis has been identified as EEA-relevant by the EU Commission, which makes it under scrutiny for incorporation into the EEA Agreement by Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway.[78] However, the legal basis rely on Article 21 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, an article which is not reflected in the EEA Agreement.[79]
  1. ↑ The British Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia has no border control to Cyprus and follows the visa policy of the Schengen Area, but requires permits for stays longer than 28 days per 12-month period.[28][29] These rules were not affected by Brexit.[30]
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 National ID cards only accepted for short-term visits, and a passport is required to take up residency.
  3. ↑ Open border with the Schengen Area due to open borders with the Nordic countries (Nordic Passport Union). Citizens of EU/EFTA countries can use an ID card.
  4. ↑ Except for Nordic citizens, national ID cards are only accepted for short-term visits, and a passport is required to take up residency
  5. ↑ Not valid for Norwegian citizens.[34][35]
  6. ↑ On 31 December 2020, Spain and UK signed an agreement to begin negotiations for Gibraltar to join the Schengen Area.[36]
  7. ↑ Only machine-readable ID cards.
  8. 1 2 3 Monaco is de facto part of the Schengen Area under an arrangement with France, while San Marino and Vatican City are enclaves of Italy with open land borders. For further information, see: Schengen Area § Status of the European microstates.
  9. ↑ Up to 14 days and only for passengers in transit to another destination. French citizens can visit Montserrat up to 6 months with their ID cards, if in possession of a return ticket to their origin country. (as stated at page 69, Section 17 of Chapter 13.01 Immigration Act)[41]
  10. ↑ Not valid for Liechtenstein citizens

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right of free movement
  2. ↑ "UK bars more than 200 million EU citizens who have ID cards but no passports". The Independent. 1 October 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 Notifications under Article 37 of Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code). The possibility for a Member State to provide by law for an obligation to hold or carry papers and documents pursuant to Article 21(c)
  4. 1 2 3 "Forskrift om pass og nasjonalt ID-kort (pass- og ID-kortforskriften) - Lovdata". Lovdata.no. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
  5. ↑ "Who can enter Albania without a Visa" (PDF). ambasadat.gov.al.
  6. ↑ "BASIC INFORMATION ON ENTRY AND STAY OF ALIENS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA". Ministry of Security of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 27 September 2016.
  7. ↑ "Sherbimet Konsullore". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo.
  8. ↑ "Lista documentelor de călătorie emise de ţări terţe, entităţi şi autorităţi teritoriale, acceptate de Republica Moldova" [List of travel documents issued by third countries, entities and territorial authorities, accepted by the Republic of Moldova]. lex.justice.md (in Romanian). 18 September 2014.
  9. ↑ "Montengro Visa Regime: Norway". visit-montenegro.com.
  10. ↑ "Traveling to Macedonia - Visa Policy and Information". Travel Macedonia. 15 December 2021.
  11. ↑ "VISA Regulations". Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 4 March 2014.
  12. ↑ "Visa regime". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Serbia.
  13. 1 2 "Get a Passport Card". Department of Foreign Affairs.
  14. ↑ "ID card". Þjóðskrá Íslands (www.skra.is). Archived from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  15. ↑ "Legitimationskort". Borger.dk. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  16. 1 2 3 Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right of free movement
  17. 1 2 3 Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States amending Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 and repealing Directives 64/221/EEC, 68/360/EEC, 72/194/EEC, 73/148/EEC, 75/34/EEC, 75/35/EEC, 90/364/EEC, 90/365/EEC and 93/96/EEC
  18. 1 2 "APPENDIX 1 Movement of persons (Art. 20)" (PDF). Article 1.
  19. 1 2 Agreement between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Swiss Confederation, of the other, on the free movement of persons - Final Act - Joint Declarations - Information relating to the entry into force of the seven Agreements with the Swiss Confederation in the sectors free movement of persons, air and land transport, public procurement, scientific and technological cooperation, mutual recognition in relation to conformity assessment, and trade in agricultural products
  20. ↑ "How to use the identity card". Police. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  21. ↑ "Om pass og ID-kort". Politiet (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  22. ↑ "What is it? - Applying for an ID card for an adult". Police and Border Guard Board. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  23. ↑ "Commission Staff Working Document - Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the Euoprean Parliament of the Council on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right of free movement" (PDF). European Commission. 17 April 2018. p. 102. As ID cards are less bulky and usually cheaper than passports, ID card ownership is much more widespread than passport ownership and tens of millions of journeys involving entry to the EU territory are made every year using ID cards.
  24. ↑ "Common Travel Area between Ireland and the United Kingdom". Citizensinformation.ie. Citizens Information Board. 1 February 2020.
  25. ↑ Travel documents for EU nationals, europa.eu. Retrieved 30 October 2015.
  26. 1 2 Practical Handbook for Border Guards, Part II, section I, point 2.9 (C (2019) 7131)
  27. ↑ Judgment of the European Court of Justice of 17 February 2005, Case C 215/03, Salah Oulane vs. Minister voor Vreemdelingenzaken en Integratie
  28. ↑ Protocols No. 3 and 10 to the Treaty of Accession 2003, EUR-Lex, 23 September 2003.
  29. ↑ Control (entry, settlement and commercial enterprises) ordinance 1960, Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Gazette, consolidated version as of 8 October 2020.
  30. ↑ Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community2019/C 384 I/01
  31. ↑ "Vize". Archived from the original on 6 August 2012.
  32. ↑ "Passport and Visa". visitfaroeislands.com. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  33. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia". Geoconsul.gov.ge. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  34. ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia". Geoconsul.gov.ge. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  35. ↑ "Swiss citizens allowed to enter Georgia with IDs". Agenda.ge. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  36. ↑ "Brexit: Gibraltar gets UK-Spain deal to keep open border". BBC News. 31 December 2020.
  37. ↑ "Ballina - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo". Mfa-ks.net. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  38. ↑ "Dropbox - Error" (PDF). Dropbox.com. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  39. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  40. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  41. ↑ "Chapter 13.01 Immigration Act of Montserrat" (PDF). Gov.ms.
  42. ↑ "VISA Regulations - Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus". Mfa.gov.ct.tr. 4 March 2014.
  43. ↑ "Министерство за надворешни работи". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  44. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". 13 January 2016.
  45. ↑ "CUMHURBAŞKANI KARARI" (PDF). Resmigazete.gov.tr. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  46. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  47. ↑ International Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement. "Egypte - Sécurité". diplomatie.gouv.fr.
  48. ↑ "Visa information - Tunisia embassy in Berlin".
  49. ↑ "Welcome to the website of the Embassy of the Gambia in Brussels and Permanent Mission to the European Union - Travel Information". Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  50. ↑ "Visiting the UK as an EU, EEA or Swiss citizen". GOV.UK. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  51. ↑ "Government of Jersey". gov.je. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  52. ↑ "Isle of Man Government - Arrival in the Isle of Man from 1 January 2021". Gov.im. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  53. ↑ "Guidance for EU nationals and employers". Gov.gg. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
  54. ↑ "To and from Greenland". Grl-rep.dk. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  55. ↑ Passlag (1978:302) (See 5§) (Swedish)
  56. ↑ "Ökade möjligheter att resa inom EU med nationellt identitetskort". Regeringen.se. 22 January 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  57. ↑ "FINLEX - Ursprungliga författningar: Statsrådets förordning om styrkande av rätten... 660/2013". Finlex.fi. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  58. ↑ "Commission Staff Working Document - Impact Assessment accompanying the document Proposal for a Regulation of the Euoprean Parliament of the Council on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right of free movement" (PDF). European Commission. 17 April 2018. p. 12. For instance Italian and Greek paper ID cards are frequently rejected at certain border checks (e.g. in UK, Germany and Spain). The fact that border control officials are not always familiar with the various identity documents in circulation can also result in more profound consequences, or at least, delays and inconvenience for citizens when exercising their right of free movement due to lengthy document checks.
  59. 1 2 Regulation (EU) 2017/458 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 amending Regulation (EU) 2016/399 as regards the reinforcement of checks against relevant databases at external borders
  60. 1 2 Article 7(2) of the Schengen Borders Code in force until 6 April 2017 (32006R0562). The amended Schengen Borders Code entered into effect on 7 April 2017.[59]: 1 
  61. ↑ See Risk Analysis for 2016 (table of statistics of fraudulent document detected, by main countries of issuance, 2015 on p. 24) by Frontex
  62. ↑ See Risk Analysis for 2017 (table of statistics of fraudulent document detected, by main countries of issuance, 2016 on p. 22) by Frontex
  63. ↑ "Passport Card Ireland". www.gov.ie. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
  64. ↑ "Parliamentary question | Answer to Question No E-004933/14 | E-004933/2014(ASW) | European Parliament". Europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
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  66. 1 2 Helmbrecht, Udo; Naumann, Ingo (2011). "8: Overview of European Electronic Identity Cards". In Fumy, Walter; Paeschke, Manfred (eds.). Handbook of eID Security: Concepts, Practical Experiences, Technologies. Vol. II. John Wiley & Sons. p. 109. ISBN 978-3-89578-379-1.
  67. ↑ Helmbrecht, Udo; Naumann, Ingo (2011). "8: Overview of European Electronic Identity Cards". In Fumy, Walter; Paeschke, Manfred (eds.). Handbook of eID Security: Concepts, Practical Experiences, Technologies. Vol. II. John Wiley & Sons. p. 110. ISBN 978-3-89578-379-1.
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  69. ↑ "Council of the European Union: Draft Resolution of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States meeting within the Council on common minimum security standards for Member States' national identity cards" (PDF). Statewatch.org.
  70. ↑ "List of texts adopted by the Council in the JHA area – 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  71. ↑ "Machine Readable Travel Documents - Part 5" (PDF). ICAO. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  72. ↑ Regulation (EU) 2017/458 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2017 amending Regulation (EU) 2016/399 as regards the reinforcement of checks against relevant databases at external borders: Recital 14 
  73. ↑ "HM Government Guide" (PDF). Gov.uk.
  74. ↑ "Grabba - MRZ Passport - Grabba". Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  75. ↑ "D3.6: Study on ID Documents: Future of IDentity in the Information Society". Fidis.net. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  76. ↑ Privacy Features of European eID Card Specifications Authors: Ingo Naumann, Giles Hogben of the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA), Technical Department P.O. Box 1309, 71001 Heraklion, Greece. This article originally appeared in the Elsevier Network Security Newsletter, August 2008, ISSN 1353-4858, pp. 9-13
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  83. ↑ "Press corner". European Commission - European Commission. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
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  132. ↑ Police, Federal Office of. "Passport and identity card". www.fedpol.admin.ch. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
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