The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (Chinese: 和平共处五项原则; pinyin: Hépíng gòngchǔ wǔ xiàng yuánzé) are the Chinese government's foreign relations principles first mentioned in the 1954 Sino-Indian Agreement. Also known as Panchsheel, these principles were subsequently adopted in a number of resolutions and statements, including the preamble to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China.[1]

Principles

The Five Principles, as stated in the Sino–Indian Agreement 1954, are:

  1. mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty,
  2. mutual non aggression,
  3. mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs,
  4. equality and co-operation for mutual benefit, and
  5. peaceful co-existence

These principles are a strict interpretation of the Westphalian norms of state sovereignty.[2]

History

The Panchsheel agreement served as one of the most important relation build between India and China to further the economic and security cooperation. An underlying assumption of the Five Principles was that newly independent states after decolonization would be able to develop a new and more principled approach to international relations.

According to V. V. Paranjpe, an Indian diplomat and expert on China, the principles of Panchsheel were first publicly formulated by Zhou Enlai — "While receiving the Indian delegation to the Tibetan trade talks on Dec. 31, 1953 [...] he enunciated them as "five principles governing China's relations with foreign countries."[3] Then in a joint statement in Delhi on 18 June 1954,[3] the principles were emphasized by the Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Premier Zhou Enlai in a broadcast speech made at the time of the Asian Prime Ministers Conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka just a few days after the signing of the Sino-Indian treaty in Beijing. Nehru went so far as to say: "If these principles were recognized in the mutual relations of all countries, then indeed there would hardly be any conflict and certainly no war."[4] It has been suggested that the five principles had partly originated as the five principles of the Indonesian state. In June 1945 Sukarno, the Indonesian nationalist leader, had proclaimed five general principles, or pancasila, on which future institutions were to be founded. Indonesia became independent in 1949.[5]

The five principles were incorporated in modified form in a statement of Ten Principles of Peaceful Coexistence[6] (known as Dasasila Bandung) issued in April 1955 at the historic Asian-African Conference in Bandung, Indonesia, which did more than any other meeting to form the idea that post-colonial states had something special to offer the world. "A resolution on peaceful co-existence jointly presented by India, Yugoslavia and Sweden was unanimously adopted in 1957 by the United Nations General Assembly".[7] The Five Principles as they had been adopted in Colombo and elsewhere formed the basis of the Non-Aligned Movement, established in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1961.[8]

China has often emphasized its close association with the Five Principles.[9] It had put them forward, as the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, at the start of negotiations that took place in Delhi from December 1953 to April 1954 between the Delegation of the PRC Government and the Delegation of the Indian Government on the relations between the two countries with respect to the disputed territories of Aksai Chin and what China calls South Tibet and India Arunachal Pradesh. The 28 April 1954 agreement mentioned above was set to last for eight years.[10] When it lapsed, relations were already souring, the provision for renewal of the agreement was not taken up, and the Sino-Indian War broke out between the two sides.

In 1979, when Atal Bihari Vajpayee, then India's Foreign Minister and future Prime Minister, went to China, the word Panchsheel, found its way into the conversation during talks with the Chinese.[11] On the 50th anniversary of the treaty, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, said that "a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence" should be built.[12] Also in 2004, Premier Wen Jiabao said,[1]

It is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has established and developed diplomatic relations with 165 countries and carried out trade, economic, scientific, technological and cultural exchanges and cooperation with over 200 countries and regions. It is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has, through peace negotiations, resolved the boundary issues with most neighbors and maintained peace and stability in its surrounding areas. And it is on the basis of the Five Principles that China has provided economic and technical aid with no political strings attached [...]

Deng Xiaoping championed the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence stating that they should be used as the "guiding norms of international relations".[13]

In June 2014, Vice President of India Hamid Ansari was welcomed by China into the Great Hall of the People in Beijing for the commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the signing Panchsheel Treaty.[14] In 2017, Chinese leader Xi Jinping said that "China is ready to work with India to seek guidance from the five principles of Panchsheel".[15]

Other Contexts

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are Chinese political norms articulated in other contexts as well. In 1982, Hu Yaobang's report to the 12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party stated, "China adheres to an independent foreign policy and develops relationships with other countries under the guidance of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence."[16] According to the view stated by Hu in this report, "China will never be dependent on any big country or group of countries, nor will it yield to the pressure of any big country [...] The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence apply to our relations with all countries, including socialist countries."[17]

These principles are also part of the discourse in China-Pakistan relations.[18] In a speech to Pakistani parliament in 1999, Chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress Li Peng stated, "China has all along pursued an independent foreign policy of peace and established and developed relations with other countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence."[19] The principles were codified in the April 2005 Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Good Neighborly Relations signed during a visit by Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao to Pakistan.[19]

The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence are the fundamental political norms underlying the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum (CACF) and the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC).[2]

Since the 2011 NATO intervention in Libya, China has more strongly advocated for the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.[20]

China's United Nations Security Council voting behavior reflects its commitment to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.[21] From 1991 to 2020, the vast majority of China's abstentions and all of its vetoes have occurred on issues that involve territorial integrity, primarily sanctions and the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court.[21] In her analysis of China's Security Council voting behavior, Professor Dawn C. Murphy concludes, "These votes directly correspond to China's promotion of the Five Principles, especially the principles of mutual respect for territory and sovereignty and mutual noninterference in the internal affairs of other states."[21]

Commentary and criticism

Bhimrao Ambedkar said of the treaty in the Rajya Sabha "I am indeed surprised that our Hon'ble Prime Minister is taking this Panchsheel seriously [...] you must be knowing that Panchsheel is one of the significant parts of the Buddha Dharma. If Shri Mao had even an iota of faith in Panchsheel, he would have treated the Buddhists in his country in a different manner."[22] In 1958, Acharya Kriplani had said the Panchsheel was "born in sin" because it was set forth with the destruction of a nation; India had approved of ancient Tibet's destruction.[22]

In 2014, Zhao Gancheng, a Chinese scholar said that on the surface Panchsheel seemed very superficial; but under Xi Jinping Administration it has become relevant again.[14] In 2014, Ram Madhav wrote a piece in the Indian Express titled, "Moving beyond the Panchsheel deception" and said that if India and China decide to move on from the Panchsheel framework, it will benefit both countries.[23]

List of documents containing the five principles

China

  • Preamble to the Constitution of China[1]

China and Afghanistan

  • Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960[24]
  • Boundary Treaty, 1963[24]

China and Burma

  • Joint Statement, June 20, 1954[24]
  • Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960[24]
  • Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960[24]
  • Boundary Treaty, 1960[24]

China and Cambodia

  • Joint Statement, 1958[24]
  • Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Non-Aggression Agreement, 1960[24]
  • Joint Communique, 1960[24]

China and India

China and Nepal

  • Agreement on the normalisation of diplomatic relations, 1955[24]
  • Treaty between the PRC and the Kingdom of Nepal, 1956[24]
  • Agreement on Economic Assistance to Nepal, 1956[24]
  • Agreement on the Question of Boundary, 1960[24]
  • Treaty of peace and friendship, 1960[24]
  • Boundary Treaty, 1961[24]

China and Pakistan

  • Boundary Agreement, 1963 (Ten principles)[24]
  • Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Good Neighborly Relations, 2005[18]

China and the Russian Federation

  • The Declaration of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on the Promotion of International Law, 25 June 2016[29]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Jiabao, Wen (28 June 2004). "Carrying Forward the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in the Promotion of Peace and Development". tr.china-embassy.org. Speech by Wen Jiabao Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China At Rally Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Archived from the original on 2021-08-19. Retrieved 2021-03-01. Enshrined in China's Constitution, the Five Principles have long been held as the cornerstone of China's independent foreign policy of peace.
  2. 1 2 Murphy, Dawn C. (2022). China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order. Stanford, California. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-5036-3060-4. OCLC 1249712936.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. 1 2 Paranjpe, V. V. (2004-06-26). "Panchsheel: The untold story". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  4. ↑ Nehru, "The Colombo Powers' Peace Efforts", broadcast from Colombo 2 May 1954, Jawaharlal Nehru's and Mr Sanju from Poojapura, Speeches, vol. 3, March 1953–August 1957 (New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, 1958), p. 253.
  5. ↑ Henri Grimal, Decolonization: The British, French, Dutch and Belgian Empires, 1919-1963, trans. Stephan de Vos, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1978, pp. 190 and 209-12.
  6. ↑ "Bandung Principles - Bandung Spirit". Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-11-14.
  7. ↑ Somnath Ghosh. India's Place in the World: From Panchsheel to RCEP Archived 2023-04-20 at the Wayback Machine. Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary Studies. Retrieved on 10 November 2020.
  8. ↑ Mohan, C. Raja (7 March 2011). "How to intervene". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  9. ↑ "Backgrounder: Five principles of peaceful coexistence". Xinhuanet. 2005-04-08. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
  10. ↑ The 8-year provision is in Article 6 of the Agreement.
  11. ↑ Trumbull, Robert (1979-02-18). "'Panchsheel' Is Revived, But . . ". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  12. ↑ "Build a new international order on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China". Embassy of China in New Delhi. 1 April 2004. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
  13. ↑ Comparative Development of India & China Economic, Technological, Sectoral & Socio-cultural Insights. SAGE Publications. 2020. p. 372.
  14. 1 2 Krishnan, Ananth (2014-06-24). "In China's new diplomacy, a revival of 'Panchsheel'". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 2023-08-10. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  15. ↑ "Modi China visit: Xi Jinping hails JL Nehru in meet with PM Modi, says willing to work with India on principles of Panchsheel". The Financial Express. 2017-09-05. Archived from the original on 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  16. ↑ Huang, Yibing (2020). An ideological history of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 3. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-4878-0425-1. OCLC 1165409653.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  17. ↑ Huang, Yibing (2020). An ideological history of the Communist Party of China. Vol. 3. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec. p. 207. ISBN 978-1-4878-0425-1. OCLC 1165409653.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. 1 2 The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2016. pp. 133–134. ISBN 978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC 939553543.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  19. 1 2 The new great game : China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform. Thomas Fingar. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 2016. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-8047-9764-1. OCLC 939553543.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  20. ↑ Murphy, Dawn C. (2022). China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order. Stanford, California. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-5036-3060-4. OCLC 1249712936.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  21. 1 2 3 Murphy, Dawn C. (2022). China's rise in the Global South : the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order. Stanford, California. p. 193. ISBN 978-1-5036-3060-4. OCLC 1249712936.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. 1 2 LL Mehrotra (2000). India’s Tibet Policy: An Appraisal And Options Archived 2023-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. pp 25, 26. Tibetan Parliamentary and Policy Research Centre. Third edition. New Delhi.
  23. ↑ Madhav, Ram (2014-06-28). "Moving beyond the Panchsheel deception". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2020-09-25.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Tzou, Byron N. (1990). China and International Law: The Boundary Disputes. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-275-93462-0.
  25. ↑ "Sino-Indian Joint Press Communique (Beijing, 23 December 1988)". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-05-22. Retrieved 2021-02-28.
  26. ↑ "China, India to Build Strategic Partnership". www.china.org.cn. Xinhua News Agency. 12 April 2005. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
  27. ↑ "Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of India and the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China for Exchanges and Cooperation in the field of Defence (May 28, 2006)". www.mea.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  28. ↑ "Joint Statement between the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China on Building a Closer Developmental Partnership (September 19, 2014)". www.mea.gov.in. Archived from the original on 2021-02-17. Retrieved 2021-03-01.
  29. ↑ "The Declaration of the People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation on the Promotion of International Law". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2022-12-30.

Further reading

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