1948 flag

National Flag of the Union of Burma
(4 January 1948 – 3 January 1974).
Proportion 5:9; civil and state flag.

The National Flag of the Union of Burma was designed by Maung Win and adopted by the Constituent Assembly of the Union of Burma in August 1947.^[6] It was hoisted for the first time at 4:25 AM on 4 January 1948 when Burma gained independence. The flag consisted of a red field defaced with a blue canton. The blue canton was charged with one large white star surrounded by five smaller stars between its rays. The big white star in the canton and the red field honour the Resistance Flag and indicate the anti-fascist struggle. The four small white stars between the rays of the big white star symbolize the unity of various ethnic races of the republican union founded as a result of the resistance. The red represents courage, determination and unity. The blue canton means the nature of the sky, having deep meanings, the fresh and clear mind, and the light emitted in the night sky. The usage of stars is for the nature of the stars: never stopping, never cancelling the chosen path, always moving forward, being a guide for travellers, and existing since the beginning of the world indicating that Burma is with its rightful glory as an independent republic on the earth, while the colour white represents purity, righteousness and steadfastness.^[7] This flag has a ratio of 5:9 in which the canton has a ratio of 21⁄2:4.^{[8]: 8 [9]} On 3 January 1974, it was replaced by the State Flag of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma.^[10]

1974 flag

State Flag of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (3 January 1974 – 18 September 1988) and the Union of Myanmar (18 September 1988 – 21 October 2010).
Proportion 5:9; civil and state flag and state ensign.

The State Flag^[11] adopted on 3 January 1974^[10] upon the coming into force of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma has a similar ratio and background colours as the previous flag but with different charge in the canton. The colour representations are also different: white is for purity and virtue, red for bravery and decisiveness, blue for peacefulness and steadfastness. It depicts 14 equal-sized white stars encircling a pinion with 14 cogs and ear of paddy with 34 grains superimposed on it (each star on each cog of the pinion) in a blue canton against a red field. The paddy represents peasants while the pinion represents workers; the combination symbolizes the peasants and workers as the foundation social classes for building the State. The 14 equal-sized white stars represent the equality and unity of the 14 members (7 states and 7 divisions) of the Union.^[12][13]

The 14-star flag was hung upside down during the 8888 Uprising of 1988 by demonstrators as a sign of protest against the military government. Despite its association with the period of military rule under Ne Win and later the State Peace and Development Council, the 1974 flag is used by demonstrators in the 2021 Myanmar protests, alongside the 1948 flag.^[14][15][16]

Current flag

When hanging or depicting vertically, the yellow must be on left and the star must point to left.

^[17][18]

Previous flags

1948 flag

When hanging or depicting vertically, the blue canton must be in the upper hoist, and the stars in the canton must point to the left.

^[7]

The Tricolours

In 1930, the Dobama Asiayone adopted a tricolour (Burmese: သုံးရောင်ခြယ်, lit. 'three colour painted') of yellow, green and red.^[7] In 1935, a peacock was added in the centre of the tricolour.^[19] In 1938, the leftists from Dobama Asiayone replaced the peacock with a hammer and sickle.^[20] Both of the tricolours were widely used by anti-colonialists during British rule. The peacock flag was also used by the Burma Independence Army and the State of Burma adopted it as the national flag from 1943 to 1945. In 1943, a stylized version of the peacock was introduced. This version was used by the Burma Defense Army (with the peacock in red) and as a variant of the national flag by the State of Burma (with the peacock in gold). There are two songs with the same name, "သုံးရောင်ခြယ်သီချင်း" (meaning: "Tricolour Song"), composed by two different composers about the meaning behind the Tricolour symbolism and the hope of Burmese people.^[19]

The Tricolours,
chronological order from left to right;
flags of Dobama Asiayone (1930, 1935, 1938),
flag of Burma Independence Army (1942),
flags of the State of Burma (1943 original and stylized),
flag of Burma Defence Army (1943)

In these tricolours, the color yellow symbolizes the Sasana (Buddhism) and education, green represents staple grains, crops, minerals and jewelry, red signifies bravery or courage, and the peacock represents the Konbaung.^[19] The hammer and sickle represent workers and peasants, respectively.

The Resistance Flag

The Resistance Flag (1945)

In 1945, when the Burma National Army changed sides and fought together with local resistance forces against the Japanese. A new flag, with a red field charged with a white star in the upper hoist, was adopted as the "Resistance Flag."^[7]

Influences

The tricolours and the resistance flag have been depicted as "national flags" together with the pre-colonial and post-independence national flags.^{[21][22][23][24]} The resistance flag is referred and honoured by the 1948–1974 flag,^[7] while all the tricolours are referred and honoured by the current flag.^[1][5]

1947 proposals

In 1947, the Constituent Assembly of the Union of Burma formed a preparatory committee for State flag, State seal and State anthem. That committee held a flag design contest, and the flag designed by Maung Win won the first prize.^[6] There was a dispute at the committee's meeting in August 1947 whether or not the peacock should be added further to the proposed State flag; but after long discussions, the committee decided that the peacock should be rejected.^[8]

• 
  Flag designed by Maung Win, which won the first prize at the flag design contest (1947)

2006–2007 proposals

A new design for the national flag was proposed on 10 November 2006 during a constitutional convention. The new flag would have consisted of three equally sized green, yellow, and red horizontal stripes, with a white star in the hoist end of the green stripe.^[25]

In September 2007, another new design was proposed with a larger white star in the middle and with the stripes in a different order, namely: yellow, green, and red.^[25] The proposal was a version of Burmese Tricolour with the white star.

The flag proposed in September 2007 was included in the new constitution, and was accepted with the 2008 referendum.^[4]

• 
  2006 proposal
• 
  2007 proposal

2019 proposals

The ruling National League for Democracy (NLD) proposed a series of constitutional amendments in July 2019, including one to change the national flag. Four political parties, the NLD, SNLD, ZCD and NUP proposed four new designs for the flag.^[26] The NLD proposed changing the national flag as they do not believe that the flag adopted in 2010 has the full support of the people of Myanmar.^[27] Their proposed flag was based on the flag adopted by the country at independence and consisted of a red field with a blue canton in the upper hoist. Within the blue canton is a large white star representing the union which is surrounded by 14 smaller white stars representing the states and regions of the country.^[28]

• 
  The NLD's proposal
• 
  The SNLD's proposal
• 
  The ZCD's proposal
• 
  The NUP's proposal