Consulate of Malta in Schaan

Liechtenstein's foreign economic policy has been dominated by its customs union with Switzerland (and with Austria-Hungary until World War I). This union also led to its independent membership in the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) in 1991. Unlike Switzerland however (where citizens rejected membership in a referendum), Liechtenstein is part of the European Economic Area.

Liechtenstein was admitted to the United Nations in 1990. It is not a member of most specialized agencies of the United Nations, with the exceptions of the International Telecommunication Union, the Universal Postal Union and the World Intellectual Property Organization.

Liechtenstein has resorted two times to international dispute settlement by the International Court of Justice, in the Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) case against Guatemala in the 1950s and in a case concerning art property of the Liechtenstein family against Germany in 2005. It lost in both cases.

Liechtenstein maintains resident embassies in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Holy See, Switzerland and the United States, along with a number of missions to international organisations. Under a 1919 agreement between Liechtenstein and Switzerland, ambassadors of Switzerland are authorised to represent Liechtenstein in countries and in diplomatic situations unless Liechtenstein opts to send its own ambassador.[1]

By 2017, Liechtenstein had diplomatic relations with 114 United Nations members.[2]

Relations with individual countries

International dispute with Czechoslovakia, Czech Republic and Slovakia

The country has an international dispute with Czech Republic and Slovakia concerning the estates of its princely family in those countries. After World War II, Czechoslovakia, as it then was, acting to seize what it considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in the Czech regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The expropriations (which were the subject of an unsuccessful court case brought by Liechtenstein in the German courts and the International Court of Justice) included over 1,600 km² (which is ten times the size of Liechtenstein) of agricultural and forest land mostly in Moravia, also including several family castles and palaces. An offer from the Czech Republic to return the palaces and castles (without the surrounding land) was rejected by Liechtenstein.[3]

Liechtenstein recognised and established diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic on 13 July 2009[4][5][6] and with Slovakia on 9 December 2009.[7] Liechtenstein's ruling prince, Hans-Adam II, has announced that the principality will take no further legal action to recover the appropriated assets.[3]

In February 2020, the Czech Constitutional court in Brno rejected a case made by Liechtenstein to get the Czech government to change their classification of the Liechtenstein dynasty as German under the Benes Decrees.[8] On 19 August 2020, an inter-state application under the European Convention on Human Rights was made by Liechtenstein to the European Court of Human Rights against the Czech Republic.[9]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Liechtenstein maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1   Switzerland March 1919[10]
2  Austria 24 May 1919[11]
3  China 14 September 1950[12]
—  Holy See 28 August 1985[13]
4  Estonia 4 September 1991[14]
5  Spain 29 November 1991[15]
6  Azerbaijan 21 January 1992[16]
7  Slovenia 31 January 1992[17]
8  Germany January 1992[18]
9  Israel January 1992[19]
10  Croatia 4 February 1992[20]
11  Ukraine 6 February 1992[21]
12  Belarus 10 February 1992[22]
13  Portugal February 1992[23]
14  Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 May 1992[24]
15  United Kingdom May 1992[25]
16  Georgia 10 June 1992[26]
17  Poland 25 June 1992[27]
18  Finland 26 June 1992[28]
19  France 27 August 1992[29]
20  Turkey 2 October 1992[30]
21  Denmark 1992[31]
22  Iceland 1992[32]
23  South Korea 2 March 1993[33]
24  Brazil 29 April 1993[34]
25  Albania 23 April 1993[35]
26  Hungary 18 September 1993[36]
27  North Macedonia 31 December 1993[37]
28  India 1993[38]
29  South Africa 1993[39]
30  Russia 30 January 1994[40]
31  Bulgaria 26 April 1994[41]
32  Mexico 1 July 1994[42]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1994[43]
33  Andorra 1 September 1995[44]
34  Philippines 24 November 1995[45]
35  Italy 11 December 1995[46]
36  Monaco 16 February 1996[47]
37  Canada 12 March 1996[48]
38  Japan June 1996[49]
39  Peru 5 July 1996[50]
40  Belgium 25 September 1996[51]
41  Latvia 3 December 1996[52]
42  United States 10 February 1997[53]
43  Cuba 11 June 1997[54]
44  Thailand 14 August 1997[55]
45  Romania 12 December 1997[56]
46  Australia 1997[57]
47  Mongolia 18 March 1998[58]
48  Iran 14 August 1998[59]
49  Indonesia 12 November 1998[60]
50  Kyrgyzstan 16 September 1999[61]
51  Uruguay 30 September 1999[62]
52  Costa Rica 12 January 2000[63]
53  Lebanon 9 June 2000[62]
54  Greece 4 October 2000[62]
55  Netherlands 6 November 2000[62]
56  Luxembourg 6 November 2000[62]
57  Lithuania 27 March 2001[64]
58  Moldova 14 August 2001[65]
59  Colombia 24 October 2001[66]
60  Sweden 24 October 2001[62]
61  Ireland 24 October 2001[62]
62  Cyprus 3 April 2002[62]
63  North Korea 2 May 2002[67]
64  Argentina 14 August 2002[62]
65  Norway 9 January 2003[62]
66  Serbia 4 April 2003[68]
67  Malta 12 May 2003[69]
68  Morocco 14 August 2003[70]
69  Pakistan 14 August 2003[70]
70  Ecuador 3 October 2003[70]
71  Laos 8 January 2004[71]
72  Malaysia July 2004[72]
74  Chile 16 April 2004[70]
75  Venezuela 13 August 2004[70]
76  Bahrain 1 April 2005[73]
77  Egypt 17 October 2005[70]
78  Algeria 21 October 2005[74]
79  Kazakhstan 31 January 2007[75]
80  Montenegro 26 March 2007[76]
81  Paraguay 2007[77]
82  Saudi Arabia 2007[78]
83  Tajikistan 28 January 2008[79]
84  Armenia 7 May 2008[80]
85  Kuwait 16 June 2008[81]
86  Vietnam 2 July 2008[82]
87  Niger 17 December 2008[83]
88  United Arab Emirates 22 October 2009[84]
89  Czech Republic 8 September 2009[85]
90  Slovakia 9 December 2009[86]
91  Singapore 19 April 2010[84]
92  Saint Kitts and Nevis 2010[87]
93  Maldives 21 January 2011[88]
94  Cambodia 8 June 2011[89]
95  San Marino 21 October 2011[90]
96  Brunei 15 November 2011[91]
97  Nigeria 2011[92]
98  Panama 3 January 2012[93]
99  Tuvalu 1 June 2012[94]
—  Kosovo 28 June 2012[95]
100  Solomon Islands 2012[96]
101  Nicaragua 23 February 2013[97]
102  New Zealand 2013[98]
103  Qatar 2013[98]
104  Trinidad and Tobago 31 January 2014[84]
105  Ivory Coast 14 March 2014[84]
106  Fiji 30 July 2014[84]
107  Guinea 11 December 2015[99][100]
108  Guatemala 22 December 2015[101]
109  El Salvador 2015[99]
110  Rwanda 10 November 2016[102][103]
111  Sudan 2016[102]
112  Mauritius 12 May 2017[84]
113  Tunisia 12 May 2017[103]
114    Nepal 24 November 2017[84]
115  Antigua and Barbuda 25 September 2018[84]
116  Afghanistan 26 October 2018[104]
117  Benin 2018[105]
118  Equatorial Guinea 2018[105]
119  Chad 26 June 2019[106]
120  Marshall Islands 24 September 2019[107]
121  Dominican Republic 29 September 2019[108]
122  Ghana 19 December 2019[84]
123  Sri Lanka 5 March 2021[84]
124  Angola 23 June 2021[109][106]
125  Namibia 22 September 2021[109][110]
126  Bolivia 17 November 2021[111]
127  Senegal 2021[109]
128  Kenya 29 April 2022[106]
129  Jamaica 18 September 2023[84]
130  Saint Lucia 20 September 2023[84]
131  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Unknown

Bilateral relations

Americas

Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Mexico1 July 1994[112]
Honorary Consulate of Mexico in Liechtenstein
  • Liechtenstein does not have an embassy accredited to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.
  • On 13 December 2023, Liechtenstein foreign minister Dominique Hasler met her Mexican counterpart Alicia Bárcena Ibarra in the first official Liechtenstein visit to Mexico.[113]
 United States 10 February 1997[114] See Liechtenstein–United States relations
  • Liechtenstein has an embassy in Washington, D.C.
  • United States is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland.

Asia

Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Hong Kong See Hong Kong–Liechtenstein relations
  • Signed a tax treaty in 2010.[115]
  • Have a free trade agreement.[116]
 India1993[117]See India–Liechtenstein relations
 Japan June 1996[49] See Japan–Liechtenstein relations
  • Japan has an honorary consulate in Schaan.
  • The two countries signed a tax treaty in 2012.[118]
 Turkey 2 October 1992[119]
  • Turkey established diplomatic relations with Liechtenstein only in 1992 because Switzerland[120] had taken responsibility for Liechtenstein's foreign relations until early 1990s.[121]
  • Turkey is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.[122][123]

Europe

Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Germany14 January 1992See Germany–Liechtenstein relations
  • Germany is accredited to Liechtenstein from its embassy in Bern, Switzerland and maintains an honorary consulate in Vaduz.
  • Liechtenstein has an embassy in Berlin.
 Russia 30 January 1994[124] See Liechtenstein–Russia relations
  Switzerland13 August 1919See Liechtenstein–Switzerland relations
 Ukraine 6 February 1992[127] See Liechtenstein–Ukraine relations
  • The two countries have a free trade agreement.[128]

Membership in international organizations

Liechtenstein is a member of the following international organizations:

Liechtenstein was never a member of the League of Nations. Its application to join that international organisation was refused in 1920 due to its small size.[129] While included in the Schengen Area, Liechtenstein is not a member of the European Union.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Jorri Duursma, "Microstates: The Principality of Liechtenstein" in Christin Ingebritsen et al. (2006). Small States in International Relations. (University of Washington Press, Seattle) p. 89 at p. 124.
  2. ↑ "ÄUSSERES, JUSTIZ UND KULTUR" (PDF) (in German). p. 118. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
  3. 1 2 Adam, Georgina (23 June 2010). "Czech-Liechtenstein cultural détente". The Art Newspaper.
  4. ↑ "Liechtenstein and the Czech Republic establish diplomatic relations" (PDF). Government Spokesperson’s Office, the Principality of Liechtenstein. 13 July 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2009.
  5. ↑ "Navázání diplomatických styků České republiky s Knížectvím Lichtenštejnsko" (in Czech). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  6. ↑ "MINA Breaking News - Decades later, Liechtenstein and Czechs establish diplomatic ties". Archived from the original on 21 November 2009. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
  7. ↑ "Liechtenstein and the Slovak Republic establish diplomatic relations" (PDF). Government Spokesperson’s Office, the Principality of Liechtenstein. 9 December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2009.
  8. ↑ Ugwu, Veronica (26 August 2020). "Liechtenstein Takes Czech Republic to Court Over Historic Property Claims". Brno Daily. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  9. ↑ "European Court of Human Rights list of Inter-State Applications" (PDF). European Court of Human Rights. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  10. ↑ Skřivan, Aleš; Suppan, Arnold (2008). Prague Papers on History of International Relations: 2008 (in German). Institute of World History, Faculty of Arts, Charles University Prague. p. 265.
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  12. ↑ China's Foreign Affairs. World Affairs Press. 2014. p. 534.
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  109. 1 2 3 "ÄUSSERES, BILDUNG UND SPORT" (PDF) (in German). 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  110. ↑ "Namibia and Liechtenstein today signed instruments formally establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries". 9 September 2022. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
  111. ↑ "Establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre el Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia y el Principado de Liechtenstein" (in Spanish). Retrieved 8 September 2022.
  112. ↑ "México y Liechtenstein celebran XV aniversario de relaciones diplomáticas".
  113. ↑ "Dominique Hasler erstmals zu Besuch in Mexiko". Liechtensteiner Vaterland (in German). 17 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  114. ↑ "History of Diplomatic Relations".
  115. ↑ Double Taxation Relief and Exchange of Information Arrangements > All Agreement (on country / territory basis) > Liechtenstein, Hong Kong Inland Revenue Department, retrieved on 16 October 2017
  116. ↑ Hong Kong signs free-trade pact with European states, Hong Kong Economic & Trade Office New York, May-June 2011, retrieved on 16 October 2017
  117. ↑ "7th Sep 2018, Vaduz, Liechtenstein, 25th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between India & Principality of Liechtenstein".
  118. ↑ "Signing of the Tax Information Exchange Agreement between the Government of Japan and the Government of the Principality of Liechtenstein". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. 6 July 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  119. ↑ "Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein (MFA of Turkey)".
  120. ↑ Sully, Melanie A. A Contemporary History of Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. London: Routledge, 1990.
  121. ↑ Weidenholzer, Josef. Der liechtensteinische Weg: Einsichten und Aussichten. Vienna: Zimmermann und Karrer, 1999.
  122. ↑ "Relations between Turkey and Liechtenstein". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Turkey.
  123. ↑ "Consular Missions to the Principality of Liechtenstein" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Education and Sport of Principality of Liechtenstein.
  124. ↑ "Prince Alois of Liechtenstein comments on the Russian invasion of Ukraine". 28 February 2022. Retrieved 10 September 2022.
  125. ↑ Marxer, Roland (31 December 2011). "Zollanschlussvertrag". Historisches Lexikon (in German). Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  126. ↑ "Switzerland and Liechtenstein: December 2000". World Trade Organization. 6 December 2000. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
  127. ↑ "European countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  128. ↑ "European countries". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  129. ↑ Participation of the Former Yugoslav States in the UN and multilateral Treaties Archived 2010-06-13 at the Wayback Machine
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