The foreign policy of Denmark is based on its identity as a sovereign state in Europe, the Arctic and the North Atlantic. As such its primary foreign policy focus is on its relations with other nations as a sovereign state compromising the three constituent countries: Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Denmark has long had good relations with other nations. It has been involved in coordinating Western assistance to the Baltic states (Estonia,[1] Latvia, and Lithuania).[2] The country is a strong supporter of international peacekeeping. Danish forces were heavily engaged in the former Yugoslavia in the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR), with IFOR,[3] and now SFOR.[4] Denmark also strongly supported American operations in Afghanistan and has contributed both monetarily and materially to the ISAF.[5] These initiatives are a part of the "active foreign policy" of Denmark. Instead of the traditional adaptative foreign policy of The unity of the Realm, Kingdom of Denmark is today pursuing an active foreign policy, where human rights, democracy and other crucial values are to be defended actively. In recent years, Greenland and the Faroe Islands have been guaranteed a say in foreign policy issues, such as fishing, whaling and geopolitical concerns.
Following World War II, Denmark ended its two-hundred-year-long policy of neutrality. Denmark has been a member of NATO since its founding in 1949, and membership in NATO remains highly popular.[6] There were several serious confrontations between the U.S. and Denmark on security policy in the so-called "footnote era" (1982–88), when an alternative parliamentary majority forced the government to adopt specific national positions on nuclear and arms control issues. The alternative majority in these issues was because the Social liberal Party (Radikale Venstre) supported the governing majority in economic policy issues, but was against certain NATO policies and voted with the left in these issues. The conservative led Centre-right government accepted this variety of "minority parliamentarism", that is, without making it a question of the government's parliamentary survival.[6] With the end of the Cold War, Denmark has been supportive of U.S. policy objectives in the Alliance.
Danes have a reputation as "reluctant" Europeans. When they rejected ratification of the Maastricht Treaty on 2 June 1992, they put the EC's plans for the European Union on hold.[7] In December 1992, the rest of the EC agreed to exempt Denmark from certain aspects of the European Union, including a common security and defense policy, a common currency, EU citizenship, and certain aspects of legal cooperation. The Amsterdam Treaty was approved in the referendum of 28 May 1998. In the autumn of 2000, Danish citizens rejected membership of the Euro currency group in a referendum. The Lisbon treaty was ratified by the Danish parliament alone.[8] It was not considered a surrendering of national sovereignty, which would have implied the holding of a referendum according to article 20 of the constitution.[9]
History
In 1807 Denmark was neutral but Britain bombarded Copenhagen and seized the Danish Navy, Denmark became an ally of Napoleon. After Napoleon was profoundly defeated in Russia in 1812, the Allies repeatedly offered King Frederick VI a proposal to change sides and break with Napoleon. The king refused. Therefore, at the peace of Kiel in 1814, Denmark was forced to cede Norway to Sweden. Denmark thus became one of the chief losers of the Napoleonic Wars. Danish historiography portrayed King Frederick VI as stubborn and incompetent, and motivated by a blind loyalty to Napoleon. A more recent Danish historiographical approach emphasizes the Danish state was multi-territorial, and included the semi – separate Kingdom of Norway. It was dependent for food on grain imports controlled by Napoleon, and worried about Swedish ambitions. From the king's perspective, these factors called for an alliance with Napoleon. Furthermore, the king expected the war would end in a negotiated international conference, with Napoleon playing a powerful role that included saving Norway for Denmark.[10][11]
1900–1945
The Danish government responded to the First World War by declaring neutrality 1914–1918. It maintained that status until 1945 and accordingly adjusted trade; humanitarianism; diplomacy; and attitudes. The war thus reshaped economic relations and shifting domestic power balances.[12]
1990–
Since the end of the Cold War, Denmark has become more supportive of U.S. foreign policy. Denmark supported the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003 and contributed assets to the invasion.[13][14] Denmark also participated in the Afghanistan War.[13] Denmark increased its participation in military and peacekeeping operations compared to the pre-Cold War period.[13] Whereas Denmark only participated in 13 military operations from 1945 to 1989, Denmark participated in 76 military operations between 1990 and 2018.[13]
International disputes
- North Pole. Denmark is trying to prove that the North Pole is geographically connected to Greenland. If such proof is established, the Kingdom will claim the North Pole.[15]
Settled international disputes
- Hans Island. An island located between Greenland and Canadian Arctic islands. Unresolved boundary disputed between Canada and Denmark (The state of Denmark is responsible for Greenland's foreign relations). This dispute flared up again in July 2005 following the visit of a Canadian minister to the disputed island.[16] On 14 June 2022 both countries agreed to split the disputed island in half. In accordance with the Greenland home rule treaty, Denmark handles certain foreign affairs, such as border disputes, on behalf of the entire Danish Realm.
Europe
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania | 29 May 1970[17] | See Albania–Denmark relations
|
Andorra | 4 May 1994[20] |
|
Armenia | 14 January 1992[23] | See Armenia–Denmark relations |
Austria | May 1621[26] | See Austria–Denmark relations
|
Azerbaijan | 2 April 1992[29] | See Azerbaijan–Denmark relations |
Belarus | 4 February 1992[32][33] | See Belarus–Denmark relations |
Belgium | 25 February 1837[36] | See Belgium–Denmark relations
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2 June 1992[39] | See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Denmark relations |
Bulgaria | 17 April 1931[42] | See Bulgaria–Denmark relations
|
Croatia | 1 February 1992[45] | See Croatia–Denmark relations
|
Cyprus | 2 November 1960[48] | See Cyprus–Denmark relations
|
Czech Republic | 1 January 1993[51] | See Czech Republic–Denmark relations
|
Estonia | 5 February 1921[note 1][54] | See Denmark–Estonia relations
|
Finland | 18 February 1918[58] | See Denmark–Finland relations
|
France | 8 July 1498[61][62] | See Denmark–France relations
|
Georgia | 1 July 1992[65] | See Denmark–Georgia relations |
Germany | 11 June 1951[68][69] | See Denmark–Germany relations
|
Greece | 29 July 1863[72] | See Denmark–Greece relations
|
Holy See | 2 August 1982[75] |
|
Hungary | 10 May 1948[77] | See Denmark–Hungary relations
|
Iceland | 16 August 1920[80][81] | See Denmark–Iceland relations |
Ireland | January 1962[84] | See Denmark–Ireland relations |
Italy | 2 September 1861[87] | See Denmark–Italy relations |
Kosovo | 6 March 2008[91] | See Denmark–Kosovo relations
|
Latvia | 7 February 1921[note 2][94] | See Denmark–Latvia relations
|
Liechtenstein | 1992[97] |
|
Lithuania | 18 July 1923[note 3][99] | See Denmark–Lithuania relations
|
Luxembourg | 19 June 1879[103] |
|
Malta | 26 March 1969[106] |
|
Moldova | 20 January 1992[108] | See Denmark–Moldova relations |
Monaco | 4 March 1930[110] 16 July 2011[111] |
|
Montenegro | 15 June 2006[113] | See Denmark–Montenegro relations |
Netherlands | 31 March 1605[115] | See Denmark–Netherlands relations
|
North Macedonia | 8 April 1993[118] | See Denmark–North Macedonia relations |
Norway | 7 November 1905[120] | See Denmark–Norway relations |
Poland | 7 July 1945[123] | See Denmark–Poland relations
|
Portugal | 18 March 1641[126] | See Denmark–Portugal relations
|
Romania | 13 April 1917[129] | See Denmark–Romania relations
|
Russia | 8 November 1493[132] | See Denmark–Russia relations
|
San Marino | 3 November 1992[135] |
|
Serbia | 19 October 1917[137] | See Denmark–Serbia relations |
Slovakia | 1 January 1993[141] | See Denmark–Slovakia relations
|
Slovenia | 20 January 1992[144] | See Denmark–Slovenia relations
|
Spain | 3 February 1641[147][148] | See Denmark–Spain relations
|
Sweden | 6 June 1523[151] | See Denmark–Sweden relations
|
Switzerland | 10 February 1875[153] | See Denmark–Switzerland relations
|
Ukraine | 12 February 1992[156] | See Denmark–Ukraine relations |
United Kingdom | 2 May 1490[159] | See Denmark–United Kingdom relations |
Americas
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Antigua and Barbuda | 28 October 1985[162] |
|
Argentina | 20 January 1841[164] | See Argentina–Denmark relations
|
Bahamas | June 1991[167] | |
Barbados | 20 August 1979[169] | |
Belize | 15 November 1991[171] |
|
Bolivia | See Bolivia–Denmark relations | |
Brazil | 26 April 1828[175][176] | See Brazil–Denmark relations |
Canada | 5 December 1945[179] | See Canada–Denmark relations |
Chile | 4 February 1899[182] | See Chile–Denmark relations |
Colombia | 18 May 1935[185] | |
Costa Rica | 26 September 1956[187] |
|
Cuba | 29 June 1911[189] | |
Dominica | 20 February 2019[192] |
|
Dominican Republic | 17 December 1851[194] | |
Ecuador | June 1841[196] | |
El Salvador | 9 July 1958[198] |
|
Grenada | 6 November 2018[200] | |
Guatemala | 30 April 1880[202] |
|
Guyana | 16 November 1979[203] | |
Haiti | 1984[205] | |
Honduras | 22 March 1945[207] |
|
Jamaica | 14 October 1974[209] | |
Mexico | 19 July 1827[211] | See Denmark–Mexico relations
|
Nicaragua | November 1967[214] | See Denmark–Nicaragua relations |
Panama | 30 June 1937[217] |
|
Paraguay | 18 July 1903[218] |
|
Peru | 18 May 1848[220] | |
Saint Kitts and Nevis | None[222] |
|
Saint Lucia | 20 December 1982[224] |
|
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 19 September 1985[226] |
|
Suriname | 27 November 1980[228] |
|
Trinidad and Tobago | 23 May 1972[231] |
|
United States | 12 October 1801[233] | See Denmark–United States relations |
Uruguay | 28 February 1842[238] | |
Venezuela | 26 March 1835[240] | See Denmark–Venezuela relations
|
Middle East
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Bahrain | 10 August 1974[242] | |
Egypt | 1920[244] | See Denmark–Egypt relations |
Iran | 3 February 1922[246] | See Denmark–Iran relations
|
Iraq | 13 January 1960[249][250] | See Denmark–Iraq relations |
Israel | 12 July 1950[253] | See Denmark–Israel relations |
Jordan | 7 December 1961[256][257] | |
Kuwait | 25 April 1964[259] | |
Lebanon | 1946[261] | |
Oman | 9 July 1979[264] |
|
State of Palestine | None | See Denmark–Palestine relations |
Qatar | 15 December 1974[268] | |
Saudi Arabia | 1 February 1975[270][271] | |
Syria | 1950[274] | See Denmark–Syria relations |
Turkey[note 4] | 26 January 1925[276] | See Denmark–Turkey relations |
United Arab Emirates | 18 January 1975[280] | See Denmark–United Arab Emirates relations |
Yemen |
Asia
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | 26 January 1966[284] | See Afghanistan–Denmark relations |
Bangladesh | 4 February 1972[286] | See Bangladesh–Denmark relations |
Bhutan | 13 August 1985[288] | See Bhutan–Denmark relations |
Brunei | 6 February 1990[290] |
|
Cambodia | 9 October 1967[292] | See Cambodia–Denmark relations |
China | 11 May 1950[294] | See People's Republic of China–Denmark relations |
East Timor | 12 February 2003[297] | |
India | September 1949[300][301] | See Denmark–India relations |
Indonesia | 15 February 1950[304][305] | See Denmark–Indonesia relations |
Japan | 16 December 1867[308] | See Denmark–Japan relations
|
Kazakhstan | 7 May 1992[311] | See Denmark–Kazakhstan relations |
Kyrgyzstan | 8 May 1992[313] |
|
Laos | 1 November 1956[315] | |
Malaysia | 31 August 1957[318] | See Denmark–Malaysia relations
|
Maldives | 8 November 1982[320] | |
Mongolia | 5 August 1968[322] |
|
Myanmar | 22 April 1955[324] | See Burma–Denmark relations |
Nepal | 15 December 1967[326] | See Denmark–Nepal relations |
North Korea | 17 July 1973[329] | See Denmark–North Korea relations |
Pakistan | October 1949[331] | See Denmark–Pakistan relations
|
Philippines | 28 September 1946[335] | See Denmark–Philippines relations |
Singapore | 28 September 1965[337] | |
South Korea | 11 March 1959[339] | See Denmark–South Korea relations
|
Sri Lanka | 5 January 1953[343] | See Denmark–Sri Lanka relations |
Tajikistan | 21 January 1992[345] |
|
Taiwan | None | See Denmark–Taiwan relations |
Thailand | 21 May 1858[349] | See Denmark–Thailand relations |
Turkmenistan | 21 January 1992[352] |
|
Uzbekistan | 25 January 1992[354] | |
Vietnam | 25 November 1971[357] | See Denmark–Vietnam relations |
Africa
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Algeria | 3 September 1963[360] | |
Angola | 17 September 1976[363] | |
Benin | 15 December 1964[365] | See Benin–Denmark relations |
Botswana | 24 September 1971[368] | |
Burkina Faso | 21 January 1981[370] | See Burkina Faso–Denmark relations
|
Burundi | 25 June 1965[373] | |
Cameroon | 1960[375] | |
Cape Verde | 29 May 2019[377] |
|
Central African Republic | 1984[379] | |
Chad |
| |
Comoros | 1 December 1982[382] |
|
Republic of the Congo | 10 June 1967[384] |
|
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 3 August 1962[386] |
|
Djibouti | 10 December 2002[388] |
|
Equatorial Guinea | 7 November 2014[390] |
|
Eritrea | 28 September 1993[392][393] | See Denmark–Eritrea relations
Eritrea was a Danish programme country from 1993 to 1996, and again from 1999 to 2001. In 1996, Denmark assisted 112 million DKK to the agriculture sector, and 80 million DKK to the education sector.[394] Relations between Eritrea and Denmark have been bad, since Denmark decided to suspend development cooperation with Eritrea in January 2002, and completely closed its embassy in Eritrea in June 2002.[395]
|
Eswatini | ||
Ethiopia | 5 April 1967[398] | See Denmark–Ethiopia relations
|
Gabon | 2 April 1973[400] |
|
Gambia | January 1979[402] | |
Ghana | 28 September 1961[404] | See Denmark–Ghana relations |
Guinea | 1 December 1961[407] | |
Guinea-Bissau | 8 November 1991[409] | |
Ivory Coast | 14 June 1963[360] | |
Kenya | 23 October 1964[413] | See Denmark–Kenya relations |
Lesotho | 1970[415] | |
Liberia | 31 December 1861[417][418] 11 July 1963[419] |
|
Libya | 18 April 1968[421] | See Denmark–Libya relations
|
Madagascar | January 1964[423] |
|
Malawi | 22 February 1966[425] |
|
Mali |
From 2006 to 2011, Denmark assisted Mali with 800 million DKK for poverty reduction.[428] | |
Mauritania | 19 April 1975[429] | |
Mauritius | 2 March 1973[431] |
|
Morocco | 29 November 1957[433][434] | See Denmark–Morocco relations |
Mozambique | 25 June 1975[437] | See Denmark–Mozambique relations |
Namibia | 1990[438] | |
Niger | 25 May 1965[441] |
|
Nigeria | October 1960[443] | See Foreign relations of Nigeria |
Rwanda | 2 April 1963[444] | |
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic | None |
|
São Tomé and Príncipe | 20 February 2019[448] | |
Senegal | 16 May 1961[407] | |
Seychelles | 1979[451] |
|
Sierra Leone | 22 January 1973[453] | |
Somalia | 9 July 1960[455] | See Denmark–Somalia relations |
South Africa | 1947[457] | See Denmark–South Africa relations |
South Sudan | 4 May 2012[459] | |
Sudan | 8 May 1958[460] | See Denmark–Sudan relations |
Tanzania | 8 December 1964[463] | See Denmark–Tanzania relations |
Tunisia | 1959[464] | See Foreign relations of Tunisia |
Togo | 21 June 1968[465] |
|
Uganda | 26 January 1965[467] |
|
Zambia | 10 February 1965[469] | See Denmark–Zambia relations |
Zimbabwe | 18 April 1980[470] | See Foreign relations of Zimbabwe |
Oceania
Country | Formal relations began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | 12 September 1947[471][472] | See Australia–Denmark relations |
Cook Islands | None[473] |
|
Fiji | 1 December 1997[475] |
Further details Denmark–Fiji relations refers to the current and historical relations between Denmark and Fiji. Denmark is represented in Fiji through its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.[476] Fiji is represented in Denmark through its High Commission in London.[21][477] Denmark has an honorary consulate[478] and a consulate[476] in Suva, the capital of Fiji. The current Fijian ambassador to Denmark is Solo Mara.[479] In 1971, an abolition of visas agreement was signed between Denmark and Fiji.[480] In October 1974, Denmark and Fiji signed an avoidance of double taxation agreement.[481] In November 2003, the Danish ambassador to Fiji Geert Aagaard Andersen said that Denmark supports the European Union's decision to resume development cooperation with Fiji and that Denmark is pleased with the reestablishing democracy progress in Fiji. Trade between Denmark and Fiji showed a potential increase he said.[482] For the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference meeting in Copenhagen, the Fijian Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama stressed that:
In July 2011, Danish export to Fiji amounted approximately 1 million DKK while Fijian export were about 100.000 DKK.[484] |
Kiribati |
| |
Marshall Islands | 17 September 1992[486] |
|
Micronesia, Federated States of | 29 August 2018[487] |
|
Nauru | None[488] |
|
New Zealand | 12 September 1947[472] | See Denmark–New Zealand relations |
Palau | 30 November 2018[490] |
|
Papua New Guinea | February 1978[491] | |
Samoa | None[493] |
|
Solomon Islands | None[495] |
|
Tonga | 1981[496] |
|
Tuvalu | None[498] |
|
Vanuatu | 25 October 2018[500] |
|
See also
- Politics of Denmark
- History of Denmark
- Denmark–Soviet Union relations
- Politics of Denmark
- Denmark and the European Union
- Scandinavian defense union
- List of diplomatic missions of Denmark
- List of diplomatic missions in Denmark
- Visa requirements for Danish citizens
- Foreign relations of Greenland
- List of ambassadors of Denmark
References
- ↑ Danish embassy in Tallinn, Estonia. "Danish – Estonian Defence Cooperation". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Danish embassy in Riga, Latvia. "Danish – Latvian Defence Cooperation". Archived from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Clark, A.L. (1996). Bosnia: What Every American Should Know. New York: Berkley Books.
- ↑ Phillips, R. Cody. Bosnia-Hertsegovinia: The U.S. Army's Role in Peace Enforcement Operations 1995–2004. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. CMH Pub 70-97-1. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013.
- ↑ "Danmarks Radio – Danmark mister flest soldater i Afghanistan". Dr.dk. 15 February 2009.
- 1 2 Government of the United States. "US Department of State: Kingdom of Denmark". Retrieved 16 June 2012.
- ↑ "Maastricht-traktaten & Edinburgh-afgørelsen 18. maj 1993" (in Danish). Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "Denmark and the Treaty of Lisbon". Folketinget. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ↑ "No Danish vote on Lisbon Treaty". BBC News. BBC. 11 December 2007.
- ↑ Michael Bregnsbo, "The motives behind the foreign political decisions of Frederick VI during the Napoleonic Wars." Scandinavian Journal of History 39.3 (2014): 335–352.
- ↑ Ole Feldbæk, "Denmark in the Napoleonic Wars: A Foreign Policy Survey." Scandinavian Journal of History 26.2 (2001): 89–101.
- ↑ Karen Gram-Skjoldager, "Denmark during the First World War: Neutral policy, economy and culture." Journal of Modern European History 17.2 (2019): 234–250.
- 1 2 3 4 Mariager, Rasmus; Wivel, Anders (2021), Brady, Anne-Marie; Thorhallsson, Baldur (eds.), "From Nordic Peacekeeper to NATO Peacemaker: Denmark's Journey from Semi-neutral to Super Ally", Small States and the New Security Environment, The World of Small States, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol. 7, pp. 103–117, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51529-4_8, ISBN 978-3-030-51529-4, S2CID 229428154, retrieved 10 December 2020
- ↑ "Denmark's role in Iraq War faces new scrutiny". www.thelocal.dk. 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- ↑ "Denmark hopes to claim North Pole". BBC News. 5 October 2004.
- ↑ Memorandum on Denmark's sovereignty over Hans Island. Copenhagen: Foreign Affairs of Denmark. 1971. p. 30.
- ↑ "Bilateral relations between Albania and Denmark". Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ↑ "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Albania: Denmark" (in Albanian). Foreign Affairs of Albania. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Tirana, Albania". Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ↑ "Bilateral Relations of Andorra (Europe)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 "Diplomatic missions in Denmark". Government of Denmark. Archived from the original on 9 January 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ↑ "Andorra". Government of Denmark. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ↑ "Bilateral relations between Armenia and Denmark". Foreign Affairs of Armenia. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ↑ "Embassy of Armenia opens in Denmark". PanArmenian. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Ukraine: Armenia" (in Danish). Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ↑ Karl August Müller (1841). Fünf Bücher vom Böhmischen Kriege in den Jahren 1618 bis 1621 (in German). p. 469.
- ↑ "Austrian representatives in Denmark" (in German). Foreign Affairs of Austria. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Vienna, Austria". Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ↑ "Bilateral relations between Azerbaijan and Denmark" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ↑ "Azeri embassy in London, United Kingdom". Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
- ↑ "Danmark i Azerbaijan [Denmark in Azerbaijan]" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ↑ Government of Belarus. "Diplomatic relations between Belarus and Denmark" (PDF) (in Russian). Belarusian embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2011.
- ↑ ВЕРБАЛЬНАЯ НОТА (in Russian). Retrieved 23 December 2011.
- ↑ "Belarusian embassy in Stockholm Sweden". Belarusian embassy in Stockholm Sweden. Archived from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- 1 2 Government of Denmark. "Danish embassy in Moscow, Russia". Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Pierre Colot (1984). Historique des relations entre la Belgique et le Danemark (in French). Ministère des affaires étrangères, du commerce extérieur et de la coopération au développement. p. 30.
- ↑ Government of Belgium. "Belgian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark". Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Denmark. "Danish embassy in Brussels, Belgium" (in Danish, Dutch, and French). Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "Lista zemalja koje su priznale Bosnu i Hercegovinu i datumi uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (in Bosnian). 2010.
- ↑ Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina. "Bosnian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark" (in Bosnian and Danish). Archived from the original on 9 August 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "Bosnia-Herzegovina". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ↑ Government of Bulgaria. "Bulgarian Diplomatic Missions Abroad". Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Bulgaria. "Bulgarian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark". Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Denmark. "Danish embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark) (in Bulgarian, Danish, and English). Archived from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "Bilateral Relations of Croatia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2010.
- ↑ Government of Croatia. "Croatian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Croatia). Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Denmark. "Danish embassy in Zagreb, Croatia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). Archived from the original on 8 May 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Cyprus and Denmark and Accreditation of an Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark in Nicosia" (PDF). Government of Cyprus. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ↑ Government of Cyprus. "Cypriot embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark". Minister of Foreign Affairs (Cyprus). Archived from the original on 4 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Denmark. "Danish embassy in Nicosia, Cyprus". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). Archived from the original on 25 October 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of the Czech Republic. "Bilateral relations between Czech Republic and Denmark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic) (in Czech). Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of the Czech Republic. "Czech embassy Copenhagen, Denmark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Czech Republic) (in Danish). Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Denmark. "Danish embassy in Prague, the Czech Republic". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark) (in Danish). Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- 1 2 Government of Denmark. "Denmark recognised Independent Estonia 90 years ago". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
- 1 2 Government of Estonia. "Relations between Denmark and Estonia". Estonian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark. Archived from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Tallinn, Estonia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Estonia. "Estonian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark". Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Finland. "Bilateral relations between Denmark and Finland" (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "Finnish embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark" (in Danish). Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ↑ Government of Denmark. "Danish embassy in Helsinki, Finland". Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ texte, Société normande de géographie Auteur du (January 1911). "Bulletin de l'année... / Société normande de géographie". Rotomagus (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2019.
- ↑ August Strindberg (1992). August Strindbergs samlade verk. 30. Svensk-romanska studier (in Swedish and French). p. 139.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Paris, France" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 31 January 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "French embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark" (in French). Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "Bilateral Relations between Georgia and Denmark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Archived from the original on 5 September 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
- ↑ Government of Denmark. "Information about Georgia" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Georgia. "Georgian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Nordeuropa: Studien (3–5) (in German). Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität. 1969. p. 21.
- ↑ Lindemann, Mechthild; Taschler, Daniela; Hilfrich, Fabian (1972). Akten zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik – 1972 (in German). p. 169. ISBN 3486718150.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Berlin, Germany" (in Danish). Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Germany. "German embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark". Retrieved 22 February 2011.
- ↑ "Danske Gesandter og Gesandtskabspersonale indtil 1914" (PDF). slaegtsbibliotek.dk (in Danish). p. 262. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
- ↑ Government of Denmark. "Danish embassy in Athens, Greece". Retrieved 24 December 2011.
- ↑ "Greek embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark". Government of Greece. Archived from the original on 15 August 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
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ignored (help) - ↑ Government of Brazil. "Brazilian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
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El establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre la República del Paraguay y el Reino de Dinamarca se remonta hacia principios del XX, tiempo en que Eusebio Machain, en representación del Paraguay y Ferdinand Reventlow por Dinamarca suscribieron la "Convención de Amistad y Consular" en fecha 18 de julio de 1903.
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- ↑ "Indonesian embassy in Copenhagen, Denmark". Foreign Ministry of Indonesia. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
- ↑ Yōichi Nagashima (2003). De dansk-japanske kulturelle forbindelser 1600–1873, 1 (in Danish). p. 280.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Tokyo, Japan". Government of Japan. Archived from the original on 12 September 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
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- ↑ Government of Kyrgyzstan. "Bilateral relations between Denmark and Kyrgyzstan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kyrgyzstan). Kyrgyz embassy in Berlin. Germany. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
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Le Danemark a établi, à compter du 1" décembre, des relations diplomatiques avec la République des Comores.
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- ↑ Kenya Directory of the Diplomatic Corps of High Commissions, Embassies, Consulate-generals, Consuls, Trade Commissions, Holy See, International Organizations. Kenya Ministry of External Affairs. 1967. p. 39.
- ↑ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. "Danish embassy in Nairobi, Kenya". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
- ↑ "His majesty receives Denmark, Niger credentials". Archived from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
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- ↑ Wesley, Charles H. (October 1917). "The Struggle for the Recognition of Haiti and Liberia as Independent Republics". The Journal of Negro History. 2 (4): 378. doi:10.2307/2713395. JSTOR 2713395. S2CID 149563783.
- ↑ Thomas McCants Stewart (1928). Revised Statutes of the Republic of Liberia: Being a Revision of the Statutes from the Organization of the Government in 1848 to and Including the Acts of the Legislature of 1910–1911 : with Forms of Conveyance and Procedure (1).
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - ↑ Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift (in Danish). 1963. p. 548.
- ↑ "Liberia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender 1969 (PDF) (in Danish). 1969. p. 18.
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- ↑ "Danemark". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Madagascar (in French). Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
- 1 2 "Madagaskar". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ "Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalender 1967" (PDF). SLÆGTSFORSKERNES BIBLIOTEK (in Danish). p. 28. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ↑ "Malawi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Bamako, Mali" (in Danish). Government of Denmark. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ "Development Cooperation". Danish embassy in Bamako, Mali. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 3 February 2011.
- ↑ Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender 1976 (PDF) (in Danish). 1976. p. 264.
- ↑ "Mauretanien". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
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- ↑ Board of Trade Journal of Tariff and Trade Notices and Miscellaneous Commercial Information (174). H.M. Stationery Office. 1958. p. 434.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Rabat, Morocco" (in Danish). Government of Denmark. Archived from the original on 1 January 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
- ↑ Ritzau, Fra (5 August 2018). "Marokkos ambassadør elsker danske fester". Kristeligt Dagblad (in Danish). Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ↑ Kalley, Jacqueline Audrey; Schoeman, Elna; Andor, Lydia Eve (1999). Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing. p. 215. ISBN 0313302472.
- ↑ Independence special. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. 1990. p. 18.
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- ↑ "Niger". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
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- ↑ "Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift". Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift: 88. 1964.
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- ↑ "Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalender 1974" (PDF). Slægtsforskernes Bibliotek (in Danish). p. 260. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
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- ↑ Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalender 1947 : Statshåndbog for Kongeriget Danmark. Universitets bogtrykkeri. 1947. p. 32.
- ↑ "Danish embassy in Pretoria, South Africa". Government of Denmark. Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
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- ↑ Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 514-526 (in French). La Documentation africaine. 1968.
- ↑ "Togo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
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- ↑ Udenrigsministeriets kalender (in Danish). Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. 1967. p. 194.
- ↑ J.H. Schultz (1980). Avis-årbogen 58 (in Danish). p. 54.
- ↑ "CPH Post Diplomancy 6 December 2018". 6 December 2018.
- 1 2 Report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Year. AtoJsOnline. 1947.
{{cite book}}
:|website=
ignored (help) - ↑ "Europe". Cook Islands Government. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
- ↑ "Danish Foreign Ministry: Cook Islands". Government of Denmark. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ "Formal Diplomatic Relations (FDR) List" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- 1 2 3 "Fiji". Government of Denmark. Archived from the original on 13 February 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
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- ↑ "Honorary Consuls in Fiji". Archived from the original on 8 June 2015. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ↑ Government of Fiji. "Mrs. Mataikabara Appointed New Foreign Secretary". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Fiji. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ↑ Government of Fiji. "Bilateral agreements" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Fiji. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ↑ "Exchange of notes constituting an agreement for the continuance inforce between Denmark and Fiji of the Convention of 27 March 1950 ..." (PDF). United Nations. 27 March 1950. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- ↑ Government of Fiji (20 November 2003). "Denmark supports EU help for Fiji". Government of Fiji. Archived from the original on 1 August 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ↑ Government of Fiji (18 November 2009). "PM Bainimarama advocates for climate change". Government of Fiji. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- ↑ Statistics Denmark. "Im- og eksport KN (Kombineret nomenklatur) efter land, im- og eksport" (in Danish). Statistics Denmark. Retrieved 21 November 2011.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Consular Services". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 16 September 2010. Retrieved 3 November 2010.
- ↑ Government of the Marshall Islands. "Countries with which the Marshall Islands has Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ↑ "Joint Communiqué on the Establishment of Diplomatic relations between the Federated States of Micronesia and the Kingdom of Denmark" (PDF). 29 August 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2018.
- ↑ "List of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the Republic of Nauru and Other Countries". Permanent Mission of Nauru to the United Nations. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
- ↑ "Nauru". Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ "It's official! Denmark is honoured to have established formal diplomatic relations with the Republic of Palau today". Retrieved 2 December 2018.
- ↑ Papua New Guinea Newsletter. Office of Information of Papua New Guinea. 1978.
- ↑ "Papua New Guinea". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 12 February 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ "Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade – Samoa. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ↑ "Samoa". Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ "Solomons And Iceland Establish Diplomatic Ties". 25 April 2007. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
- ↑ Kongelig Dansk Hof-og Statskalender 1981 (PDF) (in Danish). 1981. p. 277.
- ↑ "Tonga". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ "Country Strategy Paper and National Indicative Programme for the period 2008–2013 – Tuvalu" (PDF). European Commission – International Cooperation and Development. 2013. p. 18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2016.
- ↑ "Tuvalu". Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
- ↑ "#Denmark is honoured to finally have established formal diplomatic relations with the Republic of #Vanuatu". Retrieved 9 November 2018.
- ↑ "Vanuatu". Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
Notes
- ↑ Diplomatic relations between Denmark and Estonia were established on 5 February 1921 after the Estonian Declaration of Independence, but in World War II, Soviet Union annexed Estonia.[54] When Estonia declared independence from Soviet Union on 16 November 1988, Denmark re-established relations with Estonia on 24 August 1991.[55]
- ↑ Diplomatic relations were established on 7 February 1921.[94] Soviet Union occupied Latvia in 1940, and Latvia declared independence from USSR on 4 May 1990. Denmark re-established relations with Latvia on 27 August 1991.[94]
- ↑ Lithuania declared independence in 1918. Diplomatic relations were established on 18 July 1923.[99] Like Estonia and Latvia, Lithuania was occupied by Soviet Union. Latvia declared independence from USSR in 1990. Denmark re-established diplomatic relations with Lithuania on 24 August 1991.[100]
- ↑ Turkey is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia and Eastern Europe.
Further reading
- Andreasen, Uffe. "Reflections on public diplomacy after the Danish cartoon crises: From crisis management to normal public diplomacy work." Hague Journal of Diplomacy 3.2 (2008): 201–207.
- Due-Nielsen, Carsten, and Nikolaj Petersen. "Denmark's foreign policy since 1967: An introduction." in Adaptation and Activism (Copenhagen: DJØF Publishing, 1995): 11–54.
- Frederichsen, Kim. Soviet Cultural Diplomacy Towards Denmark During the Cold War, 1945–1991 (PhD. Diss. University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Cross-Cultural and Regional Studies, 2017).
- Henriksen, Anders, and Jon Rahbek-Clemmensen. "The Greenland card: Prospects for and barriers to Danish Arctic diplomacy in Washington." Danish foreign policy yearbook 1 (2017): 75–98.
- Jakobsen, Peter Viggo, Jens Ringsmose, and Håkon Lunde Saxi. "Prestige-seeking small states: Danish and Norwegian military contributions to US-led operations." European journal of international security 3.2 (2018): 256-277.
- Jakobsen, Peter Viggo, and Jens Ringsmose. "Size and reputation—why the USA has valued its ‘special relationships’ with Denmark and the UK differently since 9/11." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 13.2 (2015): 135-153.
- Kaarbo, Juliet, and Cristian Cantir. "Role conflict in recent wars: Danish and Dutch debates over Iraq and Afghanistan." Cooperation and Conflict 48.4 (2013): 465-483.
- Kronvall. Olof. "US–Scandinavian Relations Since 1940." in the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. (Oxford University Press, 2020).
- Lidegaard, Bo. Defiant Diplomacy: Henrik Kauffmann, Denmark, and the United States in World War II and the Cold War, 1939–1958. Peter Lang, 2003. Archived 26 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine ISBN 978-0-8204-6819-8.
- Petersen, Nikolaj. "Denmark and NATO 1948-1987." (1987).
- Rahbek-Clemmensen, Jon (2011). "Denmark in the Arctic: Bowing to three masters". Atlantisch Perspectief. 35 (3): 9–14. JSTOR 48580871.
- Rahbek-Clemmensen, Jon. ""An Arctic Great Power"? Recent Developments in Danish Arctic Policy." Arctic Yearbook 5 (2016): 387–399.
- Sevaldsen, Jørgen; Bo Bjørke; Claus Bjørn (2003). Britain and Denmark: political, economic and cultural relations in the 19th and 20th centuries. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 658. ISBN 87-7289-750-3. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
- Tonra, Ben. The Europeanisation of national foreign policy: Dutch, Danish and Irish foreign policy in the European Union (Routledge, 2018) online.
- Wivel, Anders, and Matthew Crandall. "Punching above their weight, but why? Explaining Denmark and Estonia in the transatlantic relationship." Journal of transatlantic studies 17.3 (2019): 392-419.
- Development co-operation review series: Denmark. 9264170707: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1999. p. 79. ISBN 978-92-64-17070-4.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (link)
Pre-1940
- Bjørnlund, Matthias (2006). "When the Cannons Talk, the Diplomats Must Be Silent": A Danish Diplomat in Constantinople during the Armenian Genocide" (PDF). Genocide Studies and Prevention. University of Toronto Press. 1 (2): 224. doi:10.3138/1567-7412-6RQ6-441Q. ISSN 1911-0359.
- Colot, Pierre (1984). History of the relations between Belgium and Denmark. Memo from Belgium ;no 193. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, External Trade and Coopération in Development. p. 47. OCLC 13448184. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
- Feldbæk, Ole. "Eighteenth‐century Danish neutrality: Its diplomacy, economics and law." Scandinavian Journal of History 8.1–4 (1983): 3–21.
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- Gram-Skjoldager, Karen. "Denmark during the First World War: Neutral policy, economy and culture." Journal of Modern European History 17.2 (2019): 234–250.
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External links
- Media related to International relations of Denmark at Wikimedia Commons