Coalition accord

The coalition accord contained, among other things, more agreements about accelerating the Netherlands' climate ambitions (55% CO₂ reduction in 2030), changes to daycare costs, preparation for new nuclear power plants, creation of road pricing (not toll) starting in 2030, accelerated nitrogen reduction (−50% in 2030), more regulation of the rental sector, equalizing pay between grade school and high school teachers, a return of the basic scholarship for students, increase over time of legal minimum wage by 7.5% and more defense spending.^[14]

Colonial past

In February 2022, the cabinet offered its apologies to Indonesia for the systematic and extreme violence by Dutch soldiers during the Indonesian war of independence and the subsequent turning of a blind eye by all previous administrations. The apologies were also extended to any other groups in the Netherlands who had had to learn to live with the consequences of these decisions, such as veterans.^[15]

In December 2022, the cabinet offered their apologies for the Dutch history of slavery, in particular the trans-Atlantic slave trade, on behalf of itself and all its institutional predecessors, denouncing the slave trade as a crime against humanity. In the National Archives, the prime minister also offered the apology in Sranan Tongo, Papiamento, Dutch and English. For the first time, the cabinet recognized that the slave trade had had lasting consequences in the Netherlands, a kind of institutional racism. It proposed a fund of €200 million for measures surrounding "awareness, engagement and impact".^[16]

Child welfare scandal

Approximately 26,000 single parents were accused of fraud by the Dutch tax and customs administration, which, for some, resulted in their children being taken out of their custody, even if they had not committed fraud. This had been brewing for many years, but only gained national attention during Rutte III, and led to that government's resignation in 2021.^[17] While a special department was created to rectify this mistake, the problem has not been resolved.^[18]

This has resulted in people feeling like no real change has happened between governments as the process of rectification has ground to a standstill and there is seemingly no end in sight.^[19]

Governance culture

Mark Rutte has been in the news many times for maintaining a closed governing culture.^[20] During parliamentary hearings surrounding the welfare scandal, there was mention of a "Rutte-doctrine", a policy of keeping as much information away from the public as possible.^[20] After the fall of the cabinet, it has been characterized by CDA parliamentary leader Pieter Heerma as "irresponsibly harsh" and "bordering on reckless politics".^[21]

Some of the promises made in the coalition accord were to "improve the information provided to the House of Representatives", modernizing the archival law and to make information available to the public more quickly.^[20]

Public inquiry by the newspaper de Volkskrant led to them suing the government over a freedom of information request. During the process, it came to light that prime minister Mark Rutte had been wiping the majority of SMS text messages he received on his private phone for years, in violation of the archival legislation.^[22] His excuse was that his phone memory filled up too quickly. This was not considered a plausible excuse by members of the House.^[20]

Student loan system

The Netherlands has a long history of subsidizing students to take higher education, but a significant change to the system in 2015 (Rutte II) ended the basic scholarship (basisbeurs), introducing instead a borrowing system; this was projected to save the government a billion euro per year.^[23]

Rutte IV reintroduced the basic scholarship, stating that the high student debts reduce quality of life, make students more hesitant to pursue higher education and reduce the chance for equal opportunities.^[24] There were also additional compensation for students who studied under the borrowing framework.^[24]

Natural gas extraction and earthquakes

The Netherlands has a history of extracting gas from natural gas fields and does not experience natural destructive earthquakes according to the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute,^[25] however, the extraction of natural gas above the Groningen gas field has caused several man-made earthquakes which severely damaged people's properties.^[26][27] The damage to the locals and concerns around climate change have been an ongoing concern and led to a parliamentary audit on the government's decisions surrounding the Groningen gas field, the largest natural gas field in Europe.

Earthquakes caused by gas extraction have been noted elsewhere in the Netherlands as well.^[28] Earthquakes due to gas extraction have been happening since 1986,^[28] but have only grown severe since the 2000s.

The gas extraction in Groningen has been scaling down since 2018, and is planned to stop in October 2023.^[29] This was a point of contention given the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the subsequent European ban on gas imports from Russia.

During the Rutte IV cabinet, compensation was awarded to homeowners whose houses were damaged by gas extraction,^[30] but this process has generally not gone smoothly.^[31]

On 24 February 2023, a parliamentary inquiry commission determined the government owed a ereschuld("debt of honour") to residents of Groningen and proposed several remedies to alleviate this.^[32]

Nitrogen crisis

The government of the Netherlands is experiencing a crisis of ecology and of governance through the mishandling of the European measures on nitrogen that were agreed upon as early as 1991 with the agreement of the Habitats Directive. It has been recognized as a serious issue since 2019.^[33]

Nitrogen emissions are caused by a variety of essential economic activities such as construction, farming, transport and industry, but there is a science-informed and court-enforced target that the Netherlands would have to reduce nitrogen emissions in certain areas by up to 50% compared to 2019 by 2023.^[33] This has created political unrest among the industries affected, most visibly farmers, who protested and flew Dutch flags upside down and founded a new political party, the Farmer–Citizen Movement (BBB), just after the report from 2019.

Since the cabinet took charge in January 2022, courts have ruled that the policy surrounding construction was not consistent with, or insufficient to comply with, nitrogen legislation and thousands of construction projects had to be halted or cancelled to comply with nitrogen legislation.^[34][35]

The cabinet has attempted to negotiate an agreeable settlement with both small and large agrarians, but all attempts at negotiation eventually broke down.^[36][37][38] The strong incentive to negotiate is in part due to the large political gains of BBB in the 2023 provincial elections. The cabinet changed its position several times, sometimes telling different things to different parties, leading to more tension and uncertainty.^[39][40]

Energy and inflation

Rising energy prices and high inflation impacted the economy of the Netherlands during the term of the government, mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russian invasion of Ukraine and subsequent ban on fuel imports from Russia, and greedflation.^[41] The rise in energy prices prompted the government to introduce a price ceiling on energy, paying the difference on behalf of the citizens.^[42][43][44]

Housing shortage

The Netherlands has had a severe housing shortage for some time for a variety of reasons. This shortage grew significantly during the term of the cabinet from ~300,000^[45] to about 400,000 houses.^[46][47]

Asylum policy

Immigration and asylum policy has been an important political topic in the Netherlands for many years. The government has generally been unwilling to create permanent capacity for asylum seekers, choosing to instead scale capacity up or down as required, creating issues for municipalities.^[48]

In recent years, the Netherlands has received asylum seekers from Syria fleeing the Syrian civil war and from Ukraine fleeing the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Asylum applications have increased by ~33% since 2022 to over 47,000, and, according to government estimates, are expected to reach 70,000 by the end of 2023.^[49] This has exceeded the number of refugees the country was prepared for.^[50] According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, this was because capacity to house asylum seekers was scaled down after the "Turkey deal".^[51]

In 2022, the government chose to devolve responsibility for taking on an assigned number of asylum seekers to the municipalities, which would receive the responsibility to house and integrate a number of asylum seekers from the COA (central organ for housing asylum seekers).^[52][53] Municipalities were generally found either unwilling or unable to place asylum seeker housing centers (AZCs), in part due to concerns of locals such as "there are too many people" or "why can't it be somewhere else?".^[54][55]

The scaling down of housing for asylum seekers, a general housing shortage and the inability to create more housing has resulted in bad living conditions in registration centre Ter Apel,^[56][57] which resulted in the international red cross deeming it necessary to lend aid, as conditions were considered "inhuman and unsustainable".^[58][59]

The Raad voor het Openbaar Bestuur(the council for public governance) and the Adviesraad Migratie(advice council immigration) judged the crisis to be "a crisis created and maintained by the government itself".^[58]

In February 2023, the CDA proposed to institute a two-status system. This proposal was supported by the VVD but opposed by Christian Union and Democrats 66.^[60]

The proposal would have classified war refugees under a different status than other refugees. It would limit the total number of relatives who could be reunited with refugees to 200 per month,^[49] force families to wait for two years before being allowed to reunite^[49] and reduce the maximum term of residence to three years compared to the regular seven.^[60]

Disagreement about this proposal led to the government's resignation three months later, as Christian Union and Democrats 66 could not abide by the terms demanded by the VVD.^[61][10] This was a premeditated strategy, rather than chance, according to Christian Union and opposition parties.^[21]