Friedrich Obleser
Obleser during his service in the Bundeswehr
Born(1923-02-21)21 February 1923
Pottenstein, Austria
Died5 June 2004(2004-06-05) (aged 81)
Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, Germany
Allegiance
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Bundeswehrkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
Years of service1940–1945, 1956–1983
Rank
UnitJG 52
Commands held
Battles/warsWorld War II
Awards
Inspector of the Air Force
In office
1978–1983
Preceded byGerhard Limberg
Succeeded byEberhard Eimler

Friedrich-Erich Obleser (21 February 1923 – 5 June 2004) was a German general in the Bundeswehr. During World War II, he served as a fighter pilot in the Luftwaffe. A fighter ace, Obleser was credited with 120 aerial victories and was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II. For his post-war service in the German Air Force, he received the Grand Cross with Star of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Early life and career

Obleser was born on 21 February 1923 in Pottenstein in the district of Baden in Lower Austria in Austria.[1] In 1940, he volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe.[2] Following flight training,[Note 1] Obleser was assigned to 8. Staffel (8th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), a squadron of III. Gruppe of JG 52.[1]

World War II

World War II in Europe had begun on Friday 1 September 1939 when German forces invaded Poland. In January 1943, Obleser arrived with 8. Staffel under command of Hauptmann Günther Rall at the Gigant airfield which was located in the vicinity of Salsk. At the time, the Red Army had launched Operation Koltso, the final phase of the Battle of Stalingrad. Rall made Obleser his wingman and also appointed him as technical officer of the Staffel, a position which was responsible for the overall readiness of the equipment and aircraft.[4] Obleser flew his first combat mission on 12 January 1943 on the Eastern Front.[1] There, he claimed his first aerial victory on 28 March over a Bell P-39 Airacobra.[5] On 28 May 1943, Obleser was wounded when his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-4 (Werknummer 19284—factory number) was hit by anti-aircraft artillery resulting in a forced landing at Varenikovskaya.[6] Following his convalescence, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 8. Staffel of JG 52 on 6 July 1943, succeeding Rall who took command of III. Gruppe.[7] Obleser received the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 8 November 1943 and the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) six days later.[8]

Obleser was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 23 March 1944 following his 80th aerial victory.[9] At one point he questioned the aerial victory claims made by Erich Hartmann. Hartmann asked Rall to have Obleser transferred to be Hartmann's wingman for a while. Obleser became a witness on some of Hartmann's claims and no longer questioned Hartmann's claims.[10] On 21 July 1944, Obleser was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 87th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[11]

On 12 December, III. Gruppe moved to an airfield at Zagórze, located 36 kilometers (22 miles) west of Kraków. The Gruppe flew relatively few missions at the time. Obleser toyed around with a Panzerfaust, a recoil-less anti-tank weapon, in an attempt to increase its firing range. On 30 December, Obleser was severely wounded when a Panzerfaust exploded in his hand.[12] He did not see any further action before the end of the war in May 1945.[13] He was temporarily replaced by Leutnant Karl Gratz until Leutnant Viktor Petermann officially succeeded Obleser on 7 January 1945 as commander of 10. Staffel.[7]

Later life

After Obleser was released from US captivity, he worked as a commissioner of a recycling company, which predominantly had to dismantle and dispose of bomber aircraft. He then became head of an industrial application department in the private industry. In 1956, Obleser continued his military career, joining the German Air Force of West Germany as a Hauptmann. Following multiple assignments to various fighter units, Obleser was appointed wing commander of Jagdgeschwader 72 in Leck, later known as Jagdbombergeschwader 43, and then commander of Jagdbombergeschwader 31 "Boelcke". Obleser then held the position of system officer for the multirole combat aircraft (MRCA) within the German Air Staff. He then was appointed general manager of the NATO MRCA Management Agency.[2]

Obleser then served as chief of the Air Force Office (Luftwaffenamt) and commanding general of the Air Force Support Command (Luftwaffenunterstützungskommando). From 1 October 1978 until his retirement on 31 March 1983, he held the position of Inspector of the Air Force in the Bundeswehr, achieving the rank of Generalleutnant.[2]

In June 1981, the Federal Minister of Defence Hans Apel threatened Obleser with early retirement following Obleser's report to the Defense Committee of the German Bundestag (Verteidigungsausschuss des Deutschen Bundestages). Obleser had stated that, due to the latest defense budget cut, the German Air Force could only partially fulfill its obligations. Apel had viewed Obleser's statement as lack of loyalty towards his superiors. Earlier in March 1981, although skeptical of the proposal, Obleser had approved two budget cuts suggested by Inspector General of the Bundeswehr Jürgen Brandt.[14]

Obleser died of natural causes on 5 June 2004 in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid, at 81 years of age.[13]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Obleser was credited with 120 aerial victories.[15] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that Obleser was credited with 112 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front.[16] In addition to these claims, Obleser claimed nine undocumented aerial victories over United States Army Air Forces aircraft, two heavy bombers and seven fighter aircraft.[13]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 34 Ost 86724". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[17]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Obleser an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Barbas, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[18]
Eastern Front — 4 February – 31 December 1943
1 28 March 1943 05:37 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 86724[5]
vicinity of Tichonowskij		 42 22 August 1943 08:23 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 88283, southwest of Kuybyshev[19]
1 km (0.62 mi) south of Jalisawehino
2 11 April 1943 15:55 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 85153[5]
vicinity of Nowo Nekrassowskij		 43 22 August 1943 18:00 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 88284[19]
10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Jalisawehino
3 20 April 1943 07:04 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85192[20]
vicinity of Erdol		 44 24 August 1943 12:44 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 88282, west of Kuibyschewo[19]
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Jalisawehino
4 21 April 1943 10:57 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 75452[20]
8 km (5.0 mi) south of Novorossiysk		 45 24 August 1943 15:13 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 88252, Marinowka[19]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Kuteinikowo
 ?[Note 3] 21 April 1943 11:05 Il-2 8 km (5.0 mi) south of Novorossiysk[13] 46 26 August 1943 06:49 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 88273[19]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-southwest of Jalisawehino
5 21 April 1943 11:06 Yak-1?[Note 4] PQ 34 Ost 75[20]
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Novorossiysk		 47 29 August 1943 06:24 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 88343[19]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Kuteinikowo
6 24 April 1943 16:48 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 75 444[20]
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Novorossiysk		 48 5 September 1943 17:15 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 79484[21]
25 km (16 mi) north-northeast of Grischino
7 24 April 1943 16:53 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 75461[20]
Black Sea, 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Kabardinka		 49 14 September 1943 09:25 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 69413[21]
20 km (12 mi) east of Polohy
8?[Note 5] 27 April 1943 14:18 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 76713[20] 50 18 September 1943 07:30 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 69711[21]
30 km (19 mi) north-northwest of Pokrowskoje
9 27 April 1943 16:03 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 75713[20]
over sea, south of Gelendzhik		 51 18 September 1943 13:40 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 68373[21]
15 km (9.3 mi) west-northwest of Polohy
10 27 April 1943 16:20 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85112[20]
north of Mertschanskaja		 52♠ 19 September 1943 05:25 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 59444[21]
20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Pavlohrad
11 30 April 1943 14:50 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85113, east of Krymskaja[22]
east of Krymsk		 53♠ 19 September 1943 08:07 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 59524[21]
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Dnepropetrovsk
12 3 May 1943 05:08 I-153?[Note 6] PQ 34 Ost 76854[22]
east of Varenikovskaya		 54♠ 19 September 1943 08:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 59553[21]
25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Dnepropetrovsk
13 3 May 1943 05:12 I-153[Note 6] PQ 34 Ost 76862[22]
vicinity of Imeni Dimitrowo		 55♠ 19 September 1943 15:07 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 59583[21]
25 km (16 mi) east of Dnepropetrovsk
14 4 May 1943 15:55 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85313[22]
southeast of Schapssugskaja		 56♠ 19 September 1943 15:26 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 59641[21]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Pavlohrad
15 5 May 1943 07:22?[Note 7] LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85174, southwest of Abinskaja[22]
vicinity of Nowenjkij		 57 21 September 1943 13:40 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 59383[21]
south-southeast of Dnepropetrovsk
16 5 May 1943 07:38?[Note 7] LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85161[22]
west of Eriwanskaja		 58 23 September 1943 14:07 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 58993[21]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Zaporizhia
17 6 May 1943 05:15 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 75241[22]
vicinity of Neberdshajewskaja		 59 25 September 1943 15:03 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 58672[21]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak
18 8 May 1943 16:05 Spitfire PQ 34 Ost 85113, east of Krymskaja[23]
east of Krymsk		 60 25 September 1943 15:05 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 58673[21]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak
19 9 May 1943 07:20 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 75262[23]
south of Krymsk		 61 26 September 1943 06:51 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 58673[24]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak
20 11 May 1943 06:29 LaGG PQ 34 Ost 85152, north of Abinskaja[23]
east of Sorin		 62 26 September 1943 07:10 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 58331[24]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Zaporizhia
21 11 May 1943 06:40 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 86112[23]
north of Mertschanskaja		 63 27 September 1943 14:15 LaGG PQ 34 Ost 58192[24]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Zaporizhia
22 22 May 1943 09:25 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85563[23]
over sea, south of Gelendzhik		 64 29 September 1943 14:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 58672, Bolschoj Tokmak[24]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak
23 26 May 1943 13:19 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 76861[23]
north of Kessjetowa		 65 30 September 1943 11:23 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 58564, northeast of Michailowka[24]
vicinity of Kalinowka
24 26 May 1943 16:05 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 76894[23]
vicinity of Kijewakoje		 66 1 October 1943 06:50 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 58674[24]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak
25 27 May 1943 06:35 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85113, east of Krymskaja[23]
east of Krymsk		 67 1 October 1943 07:20 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 58133[24]
20 km (12 mi) northeast of Zaporizhia
26 28 May 1943 12:12 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 76894[25]
vicinity of Kijewakoje		 68 1 October 1943 12:25 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 58561[24]
vicinity of Kalinowka
27 3 August 1943 08:45 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 35 Ost 61293[26]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Prochorowka		 69 3 October 1943 08:23 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 58153[24]
northeast of Zaporizhia
28 3 August 1943 18:39 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 61194[26]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Krasnyi Lyman		 70 3 October 1943 16:12 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 58583[24]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Beloserka
29 4 August 1943 04:48 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 61332, northwest of Belgorod[26]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Tomarovka		 71 4 October 1943 11:45 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 58672, Bolschoj Tokmak[24]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak
30 4 August 1943 10:55 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 61154[26]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Krasnyi Lyman		 72 6 October 1943 07:10 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 58674[27]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Bolschoj-Tokmak
31 4 August 1943 15:15 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 61624[28]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Belgorod		 73 7 October 1943 07:44 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 49173[27]
55 km (34 mi) east-northeast of Myronivka
32 5 August 1943 09:43 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 61412[28]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Belgorod		 74 7 October 1943 11:10 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 49322, west of Schulgowka[27]
60 km (37 mi) west-northwest of Dnepropetrovsk
33 7 August 1943 08:46 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 51612[28]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Grayvoron		 75 7 October 1943 11:15 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 49321[27]
60 km (37 mi) west-northwest of Dnepropetrovsk
34 8 August 1943 15:00 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 61532[28]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Belgorod		 76 8 October 1943 06:40 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 49321[27]
60 km (37 mi) west-northwest of Dnepropetrovsk
35 9 August 1943 05:35 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 61652[28]
15 km (9.3 mi) northwest of Vovchansk		 77 8 October 1943 13:06 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 58683[27]
5 km (3.1 mi) north of Bolschoj-Tokmak
36 9 August 1943 05:39 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 61633[28]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Vovchansk		 78 10 October 1943 06:00 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 34 Ost 58164, east of Zaporizhia[27]
20 km (12 mi) east of Zaporizhia
37 14 August 1943 14:52 Pe-2 PQ 35 Ost 60163[29]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Kharkiv		 79 28 November 1943 14:35 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 48644[30]
20 km (12 mi) south-southeast of Nikopol
38 19 August 1943 09:32 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 88263[29]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Marinowka		 80 7 December 1943 13:53 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] north of Nowa Praha[30]
north Nowaja Praga
39 19 August 1943 11:38 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 88254, Kalinowka[29]
vicinity of Dmitrijewka		 81 17 December 1943 13:45 Boston northeast of Losowatka[31]
northeast of Losowatka
40 19 August 1943 11:44 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 88281[29]
5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Jalisawehino		 82 19 December 1943 12:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] south of Nowo-Dnjeprowka[31]
41 21 August 1943 13:20 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 88283, southwest of Kuibyschewo[19]
1 km (0.62 mi) south of Jalisawehino
– 8. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[32]
Eastern Front — 1 January – 31 December 1944
83 7 January 1944 11:35 P-39 PQ 39763[33]
20 km (12 mi) west-southwest of Perekop		 95 15 April 1944 16:18 Il-2 PQ 35311[34]
Black Sea, 35 km (22 mi) west-northwest of Sevastopol
84 15 January 1944 10:30 Il-2 PQ 19494[33]
25 km (16 mi) west of Kirovograd		 96 17 April 1944 15:30 LaGG PQ 35451[34]
Dzhankoi
85 23 January 1944 10:30 P-39 PQ 38824[33]
45 km (28 mi) south of Apostolove		 97 27 June 1944 19:40 Pe-2 PQ 95243[35]
86 30 January 1944 12:02 LaGG PQ 19152[33]
25 km (16 mi) south-southwest of Signajewka		 98 7 July 1944 15:15 LaGG PQ 55393[35]
45 km (28 mi) east of Otopeni
87 1 February 1944 07:28 LaGG PQ 19274[33]
25 km (16 mi) south-southeast of Signajewka		 99 19 July 1944 14:45 P-39 PQ 42552[35]
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Liuboml
88 1 February 1944 10:06 LaGG PQ 19134[33]
10 km (6.2 mi) south-southwest of Signajewka		 100 21 July 1944 18:58 P-39 PQ 31876[36]
20 km (12 mi) south of Rawa Ruska
89 26 February 1944 12:02 Pe-2 PQ 19452[37]
30 km (19 mi) west-northwest of Kirovograd		 101 24 July 1944 18:28 LaGG PQ 30694[36]
5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Stryj
90 14 March 1944 15:34 LaGG PQ 70543[37]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Balakleya		 102 12 August 1944 14:04 LaGG PQ 11383[36]
25 km (16 mi) north-northwest of Mielec
91 21 March 1944 16:21 LaGG PQ 70551[37]
20 km (12 mi) north of Izium		 103 17 August 1944 12:44 P-39 PQ 11474[36]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Sandomierz
92 31 March 1944 15:53?[Note 8] LaGG PQ 51783[37]
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Brody		 104 22 August 1944 15:20 P-39 PQ 11417[36]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Sandomierz
93 4 April 1944 14:03 LaGG PQ 50674[37]
25 km (16 mi) south of Ternopol		 105 22 August 1944 15:33 LaGG PQ 11287[36]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Sandomierz
94 15 April 1944 16:15 LaGG Laspinskaya Bukhta[34]
Black Sea, 3 km (1.9 mi) south of Laspi Bight
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[38]
Eastern Front — 1 January – 31 December 1944
106 26 August 1944 10:45 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 11189[39]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów		 110 2 September 1944 14:09 LaGG PQ 11197[39]
vicinity of Opatów
107 27 August 1944 15:24 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 11319[39]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Opatów		 111 15 October 1944 10:48 LaGG PQ 20759[39]
45 km (28 mi) south of Sanok
108 31 August 1944 18:33 LaGG PQ 11321[39]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów		 112 25 October 1944 14:59 Il-2 m.H.[Note 2] PQ 25599[39]
25 km (16 mi) west-northwest of Prahovo
109 1 September 1944 11:15 Il-2 PQ 11385[39]
15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of Opatów

Awards

Notes

  1. ↑ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[3]
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  3. ↑ This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[20]
  4. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin Il-2.[13]
  5. ↑ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[13]
  6. 1 2 According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk.[13]
  7. 1 2 According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 07:32.[13]
  8. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 05:53.[38]
  9. ↑ According to Scherzer on 26 March 1944.[42]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Obermaier 1989, p. 175.
  2. 1 2 3 1978–1982 Friedrich Obleser.
  3. ↑ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  4. ↑ Rall 2007, pp. 142–144.
  5. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2012, p. 478.
  6. ↑ Prien et al. 2012, p. 496.
  7. 1 2 Barbas 2010, p. 280.
  8. 1 2 Barbas 2010, p. 283.
  9. ↑ Schreier 1990, p. 177.
  10. ↑ interview by Colin Heaton Archived 2008-02-10 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  12. ↑ Barbas 2010, pp. 196, 321.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 929.
  14. ↑ Der Spiegel Volume 24/1981.
  15. ↑ Zabecki 2019, p. 330.
  16. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 929–931.
  17. ↑ Planquadrat.
  18. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 929–930.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prien et al. 2012, p. 488.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Prien et al. 2012, p. 479.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Prien et al. 2012, p. 489.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prien et al. 2012, p. 480.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Prien et al. 2012, p. 481.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Prien et al. 2012, p. 490.
  25. ↑ Prien et al. 2012, p. 482.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2012, p. 485.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prien et al. 2012, p. 491.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2012, p. 486.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2012, p. 487.
  30. 1 2 Prien et al. 2012, p. 493.
  31. 1 2 Prien et al. 2012, p. 494.
  32. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 930–931.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barbas 2010, p. 373.
  34. 1 2 3 Barbas 2010, p. 375.
  35. 1 2 3 Barbas 2010, p. 378.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barbas 2010, p. 379.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 Barbas 2010, p. 374.
  38. 1 2 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 931.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Barbas 2010, p. 380.
  40. ↑ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 335.
  41. ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 328.
  42. ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 574.
  43. ↑ Ministerialblatt 1980, p. 3.

Bibliography

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  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]; Antipov, Vlad; Sundin, Claes (2003). Graf & Grislawski – A Pair of Aces. Hamilton MT: Eagle Editions. ISBN 978-0-9721060-4-7.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 3 M–R. Walton-on-Thames, UK: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-20-2.
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