Heinrich Sturm
Born(1920-06-12)12 June 1920
Dieburg, Hesse
Died22 December 1944(1944-12-22) (aged 24)
Csór, Hungary
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branchBalkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
RankHauptmann (captain)
Commands held4./JG 52, 5./JG 52
Battles/warsWorld War II
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Heinrich Sturm (12 June 1920 – 22 December 1944) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator during World War II, a fighter ace credited with 158 enemy aircraft shot down in an unknown number of combat missions. All of his aerial victories were claimed over the Eastern Front.

Born in Dieburg, Sturm joined the military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany and was trained as a fighter pilot. He was then posted to Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) in the summer 1941. JG 52 was based on the central sector of the Eastern Front, where he claimed his first aerial victory on 16 October 1941. In September 1943, he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of the 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 52. Sturm was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 26 March 1944 and severely wounded by bomb shrapnel on 16 April. Following his convalescence, he returned to JG 52, taking command of 5. Staffel. Sturm was killed in a takeoff accident on 22 December 1944 in Csór, Hungary.

Career

Sturm was born on 12 June 1920 in Dieburg in the Province of Hesse-Nassau as part of the Weimar Republic.[1] Following fighter pilot training,[Note 1] he was posted to 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd fighter wing) with the rank of Feldwebel (Sergeant) in the summer of 1941.[3] At the time, JG 52 was based on the Eastern Front, supporting Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. His commanding officer in 6. Staffel was Oberleutnant Rudolf Resch, a squadron subordinated to II. Gruppe (2nd group) of JG 52 headed by Hauptmann Erich Woitke.[4]

On 2 October, German forces launched Operation Typhoon, the failed strategic offensive to capture Moscow. In support of this offensive, the Gruppe had moved to an airfield west of Kalinin, present-day Tver, on 16 October.[5] Two days later, Sturm claimed his first three aerial victory when he shot down a Petlyakov Pe-2 bomber.[6] Sturm then returned to Germany, where he served as an instructor at a fighter pilot school and attended the Kriegsschule.[1]

Eastern Front

Following his return to the Eastern Front, he was assigned to the Gruppenstab (headquarters unit) II. Gruppe of JG 52. On 1 January 1943, he was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant).[1] Sturm claimed his first aerial victory with the Gruppenstab, and tenth in total, on 13 February when he shot down a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter south of Novorossiysk.[7] At the time, II. Gruppe was based at Slavyansk-na-Kubani and fighting over the Kuban bridgehead following the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad.[8] The commanding officer of II. Gruppe was Hauptmann Johannes Steinhoff.[9] On 13 March, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Anapa where it remained until 5 July. On 24 March, Steinhoff left the Gruppe and was replaced by Hauptmann Helmut Kühle.[10]

Sturm claimed three LaGG-3 fighters shot down on 15 April near Abinskaya, taking his total to 22 aerial victories.[11] Five days later he became an "ace-in-a-day" for the first time, bringing his total to 30. That day, he shot down a Lavochkin La-5 fighter on mission before noon, and three Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft and a further La-5 fighter near Gelendzhik in the afternoon.[12] He reached his 40th aerial victory on 6 June when he shot down two La-5 fighters.[13] On 23 July, Sturm was awarded the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold).[14]

Squadron leader and death

II./JG 52 insignia

On 1 August 1943, Sturm was appointed acting Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 52. He replaced Leutnant Helmut Lipfert in this capacity who was transferred to the 6. Staffel (4th squadron) of JG 52. Sturm later officially became the Staffelkapitän of 4. Staffel on 1 September, succeeding Hauptmann Gerhard Barkhorn who was given command of II. Gruppe.[15] That day, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Karlivka where they fought in the aftermath of the Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation, also referred to as the fourth Battle of Kharkov.[16] Here, Sturm claimed his first aerial victory as Staffelkapitän when he shot down a La-5 fighter.[17] In November, the Red Army launched the Kerch–Eltigen operation leading to the Crimean offensive in early 1944. On 2 November, II. Gruppe was moved to Baherove where elements of the Gruppe remained until 19 March 1944.[18] On 5 November, Sturm again became an "ace-in-a-day" when he shot down an Il-2 ground attack aircraft and five Yakovlev Yak-1 fighters over the Soviet bridge heads. The following day, he claimed six further victories, five Yak-1 fighters and a Bell P-39 Airacobra, making him yet again an "ace-in-a-day".[19]

On 13 December, Sturm claimed his last aerial victory of 1943 when he shot down a Curtiss P-40 Warhawk fighter east of Eltingen, present-day part of Kerch.[20] On 28 February 1944, 4. and 5. Staffel was ordered to Grammatikowo located near Sovietskyi.[21] Sturm was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) on 26 March 1944. On 8 April, Sturm claimed eight aerial victories, including 100th in total, his last "ace-in-a-day" achievement.[22][23] He was the 66th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[24] A few weeks later on 16 April, he was wounded badly by bomb debris in an attack on the airfield at Chersonesus at Sevastopol on the Crimea.[25] In consequence, command of 4. Staffel was passed on to Leutnant Hans Waldmann.[26][27]

In August 1944, he returned to JG 52 and took over command of 5. Staffel (5th squadron) on 1 September.[26] He replaced Otto Fönnekold, who was killed in action on 31 August.[28] On 22 December 1944, he claimed his last two aerial victories. Taking off for another sortie from Csór that day, one of his Bf 109 G-6/U4 (Werknummer 442036—factory number) aircraft's landing gear struts hit a truck, killing him in the accident.[29][30] The following day, command of 5. Staffel was given to Leutnant Peter Düttmann.[26]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Sturm was credited with 158 aerial victories.[31] Spick lists Sturm with 157 aerial victories claimed in an unknown number of combat missions, all of them on the Eastern Front.[32] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and state that he is attributed with 158 aerial victories, all of which claimed on the Eastern Front. The archives revealed records for 123 of these claims. However, there are 52 additional claims attributed to II. Gruppe of JG 52 in the timeframe November to December 1944 that have no names associated to them. The authors assume that many of these claims belong to Sturm.[33]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 19424". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[34]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Sturm an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Barbas, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[35]
Operation Barbarossa — June – December 1941
1 18 October 1941 13:27 Pe-2[6]
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[35]
Eastern Front — 7 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
2 28 May 1942 18:35 Il-2[36] 6 8 December 1942 08:21 Boston PQ 19424[37]
3 30 June 1942 09:22 LaGG-3[38] 7 8 December 1942 17:15?[Note 2] Il-2 PQ 29652[37]
4 28 August 1942 I-180 (Yak-7) 11:12 PQ 49172[40]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Pitomnik		 8 17 December 1942 07:47 LaGG-3 PQ 49772[41]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Aksal
5 30 October 1942 09:23 Yak-1 PQ 95823[42]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Lazarevskoye		 9 17 December 1942 13:20?[Note 3] Il-2 PQ 3976[41]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[39]
Eastern Front — 4 February – 1 August 1943
10 13 February 1943 15:17 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Novorossiysk[43] 26♠ 20 April 1943 11:10 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 75461, 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Datscho[44]
southwest of Kabardinka
11 23 February 1943 06:38 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 75211[45]
southeast of Gostagajewskaja		 27♠ 20 April 1943 16:10 LaGG-3?[Note 4] PQ 34 Ost 75462[44]
Black Sea, 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Gelendzhik
12 23 February 1943 06:42 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 7525[45] 28♠ 20 April 1943 16:13 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 34 Ost 75464, 6 km (3.7 mi) west of Gelendzhik[44]
Black Sea, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Kabardinka
13 5 March 1943 09:17 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 8656, Flamanskaja[45] 29♠ 20 April 1943 16:14 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 34 Ost 85371[44]
vicinity of Gelendzhik
14 5 March 1943 09:21 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 8662[45] 30♠ 20 April 1943 16:19?[Note 6] La-5 PQ 34 Ost 75462, over of Kabardinka[44]
15 10 March 1943 14:10 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 8515[45]
20 km (12 mi) north of Novocherkassk		 31 21 April 1943 11:02 MiG-3 PQ 34 Ost 75462[44]
16 10 March 1943 14:15 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 8516[45]
20 km (12 mi) north of Novocherkassk		 32 21 April 1943 11:20 MiG-3 PQ 34 Ost 75464[44]
Black Sea, 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Kabardinka
17 12 March 1943 11:25 U-2 PQ 34 Ost 85234[45]
vicinity of Cholmskaja		 33 23 April 1943 07:20 Pe-2 PQ 34 Ost 85561[44]
Black Sea, south of Gelendzhik
18 22 March 1943 13:45 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 86393[46]
south of Nowo-Nikplajewskaja		 34 9 May 1943 16:28 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 75264, 6 km (3.7 mi) south of Krymskaja[47]
east of Nowo-Bakanskoja
19 22 March 1943 13:55 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 86454[46]
south of Dneprowskaja		 35 30 May 1943 07:46 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 34 Ost 75352[48]
Black Sea, south of Anapa
20 15 April 1943 12:05 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85142, 3 km (1.9 mi) northwest of Abinskaya[44]
southeast of Krymsk		 36 31 May 1943 17:39 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 76894, east of Kijewskoje[48]
21 15 April 1943 15:17 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85181[44]
northeast of Usun		 37 3 June 1943 17:47 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 76893, 8 km (5.0 mi) southeast of Kijewskoje[48]
south of Bakanskij
22 15 April 1943 15:20?[Note 7] LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85184[44]
southeast of Tscherkassowski		 38 3 June 1943 18:09?[Note 8] La-5 PQ 34 Ost 76773, southwestern edge of Kijewskoje[48]
northeast of Krymsk
23 16 April 1943 16:13 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 85273[44]
vicinity of Dneprowskaja		 39 3 June 1943 18:11 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 75232, 6 km (3.7 mi) southeast of Kijewskoje[48]
north of Krymsk
24 17 April 1943 11:05 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 86452[44]
8 km (5.0 mi) south of Novorossiysk		 40 6 June 1943 07:36 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 76894, east of Kijewskoje[48]
25 17 April 1943 11:10 LaGG-3 PQ 34 Ost 85371, 3 km (1.9 mi) southwest of Gelendzhik[44] 41 6 June 1943 07:37 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5]
?[Note 9]		 PQ 34 Ost 76894, east of Kijewskoje[48]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[49]
Eastern Front — September – 31 December 1943
42?[Note 10] 1 September 1943 13:32 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 41812[50]
25 km (16 mi) north of Busk		 63♠ 5 November 1943 07:22 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66731, south of Eltigen[51]
43 1 September 1943 16:36 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 60322[50]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Merefa		 64♠ 5 November 1943 07:30 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66732[51]
vicinity of Tobetschik
44 5 September 1943 08:01 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51874[50]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Bohodukhiv		 65♠ 5 November 1943 11:47 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66671, east of Kerch[52]
45 5 September 1943 08:02 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 51873[50]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Bohodukhiv		 66♠ 5 November 1943 12:07 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66672[52]
east of Kerch
46 6 September 1943 06:20 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 41483[53]
30 km (19 mi) south-westsouth of Lebedin		 67♠ 5 November 1943 15:00 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66641, northwest of Bakssy[52]
east of Bulganak
47 6 September 1943 15:20 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 60184[53]
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Merefa		 68♠ 6 November 1943 07:35 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66564[52]
vicinity of Kerch
48 7 September 1943 05:45 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 60334[53]
25 km (16 mi) east of Taranovka		 69♠ 6 November 1943 07:45 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen[52]
vicinity of Tobetschik
49 2 October 1943 17:07 P-39 PQ 34 Ost 58683[54]
5 km (3.1 mi) north of Bolschoj Tokmak		 70♠ 6 November 1943 11:05 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66841[52]
Kerch Strait, southwest of Tamanj
50 13 October 1943 15:41 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 10154[54]
20 km (12 mi) south of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi		 71♠ 6 November 1943 11:45 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66813[52]
Kerch Strait, vicinity of Kap Tusla
51 13 October 1943 15:42 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 10161[54]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi		 72♠ 6 November 1943 11:47 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66813[52]
Kerch Strait, vicinity of Kap Tusla
52 13 October 1943 15:45 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 10133[54]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi		 73♠ 6 November 1943 15:10 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 6653[52]
53 15 October 1943 05:49 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 10131, 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Traktomirow[54]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi		 74 30 November 1943 12:03 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66732, east of Eltigen[55]
vicinity of Tobetschik
54 15 October 1943 15:17 Yak-1 PQ 35 Ost 10124[54]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Pereiaslav-Khmelnytskyi		 75 30 November 1943 12:07 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66592[55]
south of Kerch
55 22 October 1943 15:09 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 34 Ost 39321[51]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Alexandrija		 76 2 December 1943 07:19 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 6673, 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Eltigen[55]
56 22 October 1943 15:14 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 39324[51]
10 km (6.2 mi) east of Alexandrija		 77 2 December 1943 07:25 Il-2 1 km (0.62 mi) southeast of Tobetschik[55]
57 26 October 1943 07:35 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 57142[51]
20 km (12 mi) west of Melitopol		 78 2 December 1943 07:29 Il-2 3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Ortmaeti[55]
58 29 October 1943 11:07 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 47182[51]
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Ivanovka		 79 5 December 1943 07:43 Yak-9 south of Kossa Tusla[56]
59 2 November 1943 13:30 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 66813[51]
Kerch Strait, vicinity of Kap Tusla		 80 9 December 1943 11:15 Il-2 southeast of Kossa Tusla[56]
60 4 November 1943 09:07 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 34 Ost 66641, northwest of Bakssy[51]
east of Bulganak		 81 11 December 1943 11:40 P-39 east of Kamysch-Burun[56]
61 4 November 1943 14:17 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 6653[51] 82 13 December 1943 09:46 P-40 east of Eltigen[56]
62♠ 5 November 1943 07:15 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 34 Ost 66813[51]
Kerch Strait, vicinity of Kap Tusla
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[57]
Eastern Front — 1 January – April 1944
83 12 January 1944 06:55 Boston Adshim-Uschkai[58]
vicinity of Kap Tarchan		 95 7 April 1944 17:12?[Note 11] Yak-1 PQ 55242[60]
84 12 January 1944 06:57 P-39 PQ 66533[58]
vicinity of Bagerowo		 96♠ 8 April 1944 11:25 Il-2 PQ 37891[60]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Perekop
85 12 January 1944 08:40 P-39 PQ 6563[58]
vicinity of Grammatikowo		 97♠ 8 April 1944 11:27 Yak-1 vicinity of An-Najman[60]
86 12 January 1944 11:30 P-39 PQ 66561[58]
vicinity of Malyj		 98♠ 8 April 1944 13:35 Yak-1 PQ 37814[60]
10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Perekop
87 7 February 1944 06:18 Yak-1 Cape Khroni[61] 99♠ 8 April 1944 13:40 Il-2 vicinity of An-Najman[60]
88?[Note 12] 8 February 1944 10:08 Yak-9 east of Bulganek 100♠ 8 April 1944 15:45 Yak-7 PQ 37894[60]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Perekop
89 10 February 1944 15:12?[Note 13] Yak-9 vicinity of Bulganek[61]
east of Bulganek		 101♠ 8 April 1944 17:31 P-39 PQ 46114[62]
east of Tomoschewka
90 15 February 1944 06:08 P-39 PQ 66671[63]
east of Kerch		 102♠ 8 April 1944 17:44 Yak-1 vicinity of An-Najman[62]
91 14 March 1944 15:35 Yak-7 PQ 47751[64]
30 km (19 mi) south of Dornburg		 103♠ 8 April 1944 17:47 Yak-1 PQ 36232[62]
25 km (16 mi) southeast of Perekop
92 26 March 1944 16:00?[Note 14] Yak-1 PQ 47843[64]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Genitschek		 104 10 April 1944 08:16 Yak-7 Tomaschewka[62]
93 6 April 1944 13:39 Yak-1 PQ 47771[60]
south of Gromovka		 105 13 April 1944 08:22 Yak-7 vicinity of Sevastopol[62]
15 km (9.3 mi) east of Sevastopol
94 7 April 1944 17:10?[Note 15] Il-2 PQ 55132[60]
vicinity of Feodosia		 106 13 April 1944 13:30 Yak-7 vicinity of An-Najman[62]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[65]
Eastern Front — September 1944
107 24 September 1944 09:22 Ju 87 PQ 37445[66]
10 km (6.2 mi) west-northwest of Turda		 109 24 September 1944 11:45 La-5 PQ 37318[66]
40 km (25 mi) east-southeast of Klausenburg
108 24 September 1944 11:40 Il-2 PQ 37453[66]
10 km (6.2 mi) north of Turda		 110 25 September 1944 13:37 Hs 129 PQ 37487[66]
vicinity of Turda
– 5. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[65]
Eastern Front — October – December 1944
111 18 October 1944 15:29 Yak-7 PQ 18617[67]
north of Miki Peres		 118 31 October 1944 15:28 Il-2 PQ 97243[67]
west of Kecskemét
112 20 October 1944 07:59 La-5 PQ 08841[67]
30 km (19 mi) east of Szolnok		 119 2 November 1944 11:35 Yak-9 PQ 98811[67]
30 km (19 mi) north-northwest of Nagykőrös
113 29 October 1944 14:35 La-5 PQ 08735[67]
25 km (16 mi) northeast of Szolnok		 120 23 November 1944 11:21 Il-2 PQ 98454[68]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Gyöngyös
114 29 October 1944 14:36 Il-2 PQ 08754[67]
vicinity of Szolnok		 121 23 November 1944 11:22 Il-2 PQ 98455[68]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Gyöngyös
115 31 October 1944 15:18 La-5 PQ 97222[67]
north of Kecskemét		 122 22 December 1944
—
 unknown vicinity of Csór[68]
116 31 October 1944 15:23 Il-2 PQ 97256[67]
vicinity of Kecskemét		 122 22 December 1944
—
 unknown vicinity of Csór[68]
117 31 October 1944 15:26 La-5 PQ 97224[67]
north of Kecskemét

Awards

Notes

  1. ↑ Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.[2]
  2. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:15.[39]
  3. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:30.[39]
  4. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as Ilyushin Il-2 mit Heckschütze, with rear gunner.[39]
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  6. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:17.[39]
  7. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 15:15.[39]
  8. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 18:06.[39]
  9. ↑ According to Barbas claimed as Lavochkin La-5.[13]
  10. ↑ This claim is not listed by Barbas.[17]
  11. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:12.[59]
  12. ↑ Barbas attributed this claim to an unknown pilot and not to Sturm.[61]
  13. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 15:52.[59]
  14. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 16:06.[59]
  15. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:10.[59]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 Obermaier 1989, p. 212.
  2. ↑ Bergström, Antipov & Sundin 2003, p. 17.
  3. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 122.
  4. ↑ Prien et al. 2003, p. 37.
  5. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 81.
  6. 1 2 Prien et al. 2003, p. 46.
  7. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 341.
  8. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 124.
  9. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 285.
  10. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 125.
  11. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 343.
  12. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 344.
  13. 1 2 Barbas 2005, p. 347.
  14. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 288.
  15. ↑ Prien et al. 2012, pp. 374.
  16. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 132.
  17. 1 2 Barbas 2005, p. 351.
  18. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 152.
  19. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 354.
  20. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 357.
  21. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 155.
  22. ↑ Barbas 2005, pp. 362–363.
  23. ↑ Bergström 2008, p. 47.
  24. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 244.
  25. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 319.
  26. 1 2 3 Barbas 2005, p. 286.
  27. ↑ Schreier 1990, p. 189.
  28. ↑ Weal 2004, p. 112.
  29. ↑ Weal 2001, p. 81.
  30. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 323.
  31. ↑ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  32. ↑ Spick 1996, p. 229.
  33. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1293–1295.
  34. ↑ Planquadrat.
  35. 1 2 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1440.
  36. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 482.
  37. 1 2 Prien et al. 2006, p. 496.
  38. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 484.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1293.
  40. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 489.
  41. 1 2 Prien et al. 2006, p. 497.
  42. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 492.
  43. ↑ Prien et al. 2012, p. 378.
  44. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Prien et al. 2012, p. 381.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prien et al. 2012, p. 379.
  46. 1 2 Prien et al. 2012, p. 380.
  47. ↑ Prien et al. 2012, p. 383.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prien et al. 2012, p. 384.
  49. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1293–1294.
  50. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2012, p. 388.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Prien et al. 2012, p. 391.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Prien et al. 2012, p. 392.
  53. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2012, p. 389.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2012, p. 390.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 Prien et al. 2012, p. 393.
  56. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2012, p. 394.
  57. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1294–1295.
  58. 1 2 3 4 Barbas 2005, p. 358.
  59. 1 2 3 4 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1294.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Barbas 2005, p. 362.
  61. 1 2 3 Barbas 2005, p. 359.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Barbas 2005, p. 363.
  63. ↑ Barbas 2005, p. 360.
  64. 1 2 Barbas 2005, p. 361.
  65. 1 2 Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1295.
  66. 1 2 3 4 Barbas 2005, p. 368.
  67. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Barbas 2005, p. 369.
  68. 1 2 3 4 Barbas 2005, p. 370.
  69. ↑ Patzwall 2008, p. 202.
  70. ↑ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 467.
  71. ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 734.
  72. ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 417.

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