Diagram of an RTG used on the Cassini probe[1]
Diagram of a stack of general-purpose heat source modules as used in RTGs
Image of a plutonium RTG pellet glowing red hot.

GPHS-RTG or general-purpose heat source — radioisotope thermoelectric generator, is a specific design of the radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG) used on US space missions. The GPHS-RTG was used on Ulysses (1), Galileo (2), Cassini-Huygens (3), and New Horizons (1).[1]

The GPHS-RTG has an overall diameter of 0.422 m and a length of 1.14 m.[1] Each GPHS-RTG has a mass of about 57 kg and generates about 300 watts of electrical power at the start of mission (5.2 We/kg), using about 8.1 kg of Pu-238 which produces about 4,400 watts of thermal power.[2] The plutonium oxide fuel is in 18 GPHSs. Note that the GPHS are cuboid although they contain cylindrical plutonium based pellets.

The GPHS-RTG units used on spacecraft were not created by NASA. They were designed and built by General Electric Space Division (later part of Martin-Marietta, subsequently part of Lockheed Martin), in King of Prussia, Pennsylvania. The generators were filled with plutonium by Department of Energy laboratories in Miamisburg, Ohio and Idaho Falls, Idaho.

After the Ulysses and Galileo RTGs were fueled, their launches were postponed by four and three years respectively. As a result, the missions were slightly adapted to utilize the lower power that would be available.[3] The decay heat reduces by about 0.8% per year, so the thermoelectric converter 'ages' or degrades to some extent.

The thermoelectric elements convert the heat energy from the isotope into electricity. The GPHS-RTG use SiGe thermoelectric elements ('Unicouples') which are no longer in production.[4] Missions after 2010 requiring RTGs, such as the Mars Science Laboratory, will use the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators instead.

  • Ulysses, mission completed 2007 in heliocentric orbit (orbiting the Sun)
  • Galileo, mission completed 2003 entry into planet Jupiter
  • Cassini, mission completed 2017 entry into planet Saturn
  • New Horizons, mission ongoing departing Solar System (escape trajectory)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 G. L. Bennett, et al., Mission of Daring: The General-Purpose Heat Source Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator, AIAA 2006-4096, 4th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit (IECEC), 26–29 June 2006, San Diego, California (Accessed 8 September 2010)
  2. ↑ G. L. Bennett, Space Nuclear Power: Opening the Final Frontier, AIAA 2006-4191, 4th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit (IECEC), 26–29 June 2006, San Diego, California
  3. ↑ "Development and Use of the Galileo and Ulysses Power Sources". 1994.
  4. ↑ Ajay K. Misra, Overview of NASA Program on Development of Radioisotope Power Systems with High Specific Power, AIAA 2006-4187, 4th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit (IECEC), 26–29 June 2006, San Diego, California
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