Palestine genocide allegations
Part of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Graffiti in Hebron calling for the gassing of Arabs, alongside a tag for the terrorist group the Jewish Defense League
Location Palestine
Date15 May 1948 (1948-05-15) – present
TargetPalestinians
Attack type
airstrikes, famine, massacre, forced displacement, raids, murder, others
Deaths
  • unknown killed before January 1, 2008
  • 6,735 Palestinians killed from January 1, 2008 to October 6, 2023[1]
  • 22,313+ killed since 7 October 2023[lower-alpha 1]
Victims
  • Almost 2 million people displaced within the Gaza Strip from 7 October 2023 to 19 December 2023[3]
  • 1,900,000 internally displaced persons in the Gaza Strip since 7 October 2023[4]
MotiveAnti-Palestinianism, desire to expand into the West Bank (including the Jordan Valley), Islamophobia
Accused Israel

The State of Israel has been accused of inciting or carrying out genocide against Palestinians during the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This accusation has been linked to the conceptualization of Israel as a settler colonial state.[5][6] Those who believe Israel's actions constitute genocide typically point to the phenomena of anti-Palestinianism, Islamophobia, anti-Arab racism in Israeli society, and they cite the Nakba, the Sabra and Shatila massacre, the blockade of the Gaza Strip, the 2014 Gaza War and the 2023 Israel–Hamas war as instances of genocide.[7][8]

International law and genocide scholars have accused Israeli officials of using dehumanizing language.[9] During the 2023 Israel-Hamas war, Israeli historian of the Holocaust Omer Bartov warned that statements made by top Israeli officials "could easily be construed as indicating a genocidal intent".[10]

On December 29, 2023, South Africa filed a case against Israel at the International Court of Justice, alleging that Israel's conduct in Gaza amounted to genocide.[11][12] South Africa asked the ICJ to issue provisional measures, including ordering Israel to halt its military campaign in Gaza.[11] The Israeli government agreed to defend itself at the ICJ proceedings, though denouncing South Africa's actions as "disgraceful" and accusing it of abetting "the modern heirs of the Nazis".[13] South Africa's case has been supported by a number of countries.[14][15]

Israel, the United States, and some organizations and law and genocide scholars have rejected the assertion that Israel is engaging in genocide.[16][17] While some scholars describe Palestinians as victims of genocide, others argue they are not victims of genocide, but rather of ethnic cleansing,[18] politicide, spaciocide, cultural genocide or similar; still others argue that none of these have occurred.[19] Critics of the accusation sometimes argue that the charge that Israel is committing genocide is an assertion commonly made by anti-Zionists with the aim of demonizing Israel.[20]

History

20th century

Nakba

In 2010, historians Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov debated whether the 1948 Nakba should be regarded as a genocide, with Shaw arguing that it could and with Bartov disagreeing.[21][22][23] The former Deputy Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain, Daud Abdullah, has stated that "Given the declared intent of the Zionist leaders, this wholesale destruction and depopulation of Palestinian villages fit[s] easily with the definition of genocide as cited in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide."[24][7] Several scholars have written that Palestinians suffered ethnic cleansing during the Nakba, but that they did not consider the event to have been genocide.[lower-alpha 2]

Complicity in the Sabra and Shatila massacre

Memorial for the dead killed in the massacre in Sabra, South Beirut

In September 1982, between 460 to 3,500 civilians—mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shia Muslims—were killed in Beirut's Sabra neighborhood and in the adjacent Shatila refugee camp during the Lebanese Civil War. The killings were carried out by the Lebanese Forces, one of the main Christian militias in Lebanon at the time. Between the evening of 16 September and the morning of 18 September, the Lebanese militia carried out the killings while the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) had the Palestinian camp surrounded.[25] The IDF had ordered the militia to clear out the fighters of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) from Sabra and Shatila as part of a larger Israeli maneuver into western Beirut. As the massacre unfolded, the IDF received reports of atrocities being committed, but did not take any action to stop it.[26]

On 16 December 1982, the United Nations General Assembly condemned the Sabra and Shatila massacre and declared it to be an act of genocide.[27] The voting record[28][29][30] on section D of Resolution 37/123 was: yes: 123; no: 0; abstentions: 22; non-voting: 12. The delegate for Canada stated: "The term genocide cannot, in our view, be applied to this particular inhuman act".[30] The delegate of Singapore – voting 'yes' – added: "My delegation regrets the use of the term 'an act of genocide' ... [as] the term 'genocide' is used to mean acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group." Canada and Singapore questioned whether the General Assembly was competent to determine whether such an event would constitute genocide.[30] The Soviet Union, by contrast, asserted that: "The word for what Israel is doing on Lebanese soil is genocide. Its purpose is to destroy the Palestinians as a nation."[31] The Nicaragua delegate asserted: "It is difficult to believe that a people that suffered so much from the Nazi policy of extermination in the middle of the twentieth century would use the same fascist, genocidal arguments and methods against other peoples."[31] The United States commented that "While the criminality of the massacre was beyond question, it was a serious and reckless misuse of language to label this tragedy genocide as defined in the 1948 Convention".[30] William Schabas, director of the Irish Centre for Human Rights at the National University of Ireland,[32] stated: "the term genocide ... had obviously been chosen to embarrass Israel rather than out of any concern with legal precision".[30]

That same year an independent commission headed by Seán MacBride investigated reported violations of International Law by Israel and four of its six members concluded that "the deliberate destruction of the national and cultural rights and identity of the Palestinian people amount[ed] to genocide".[33] In its conclusion, the commission recommended "that a competent international body be designed or established to clarify the conception of genocide in relation to Israeli policies and practices toward the Palestinian people".[34] David Hirst believes that while the decision of the U.N. General Assembly could still be called biased, it was harder to say the same about the McBride Commission, as well as about individuals around the world, especially Jews, who shared the opinion of its four members.[35]

The massacre was also investigated by the Israeli Kahan Commission. The commission concluded that although no Israelis were directly involved in the killings, a number of Israeli government ministers and military were indirectly responsible. They should have taken into account the sentiments of their Lebanese allies after their leader Bachir Gemayel had been assassinated along with 26 other Phalangists in a bomb attack 2 days earlier,[36] and also have taken decisive action to stop the killings when the first information was received.[37] The commission's findings were reluctantly accepted by the Israeli government, amid violent, rival, pro- and anti-government protests.[38]

21st century

Blockade of Gaza

In 2005 and again in 2007, Israel imposed a blockade with the support of the Egyptian government on the movement of goods and people in and out of the Gaza Strip. Israeli New Historian Ilan Pappé has argued that genocide "is the only appropriate way to describe what the Israeli army is doing in the Gaza Strip".[39][40] And in his 2017 book, Ten Myths About Israel, Pappé wrote "Israel’s claim that its actions since 2006 have been part of a self-defensive war against terror. I will venture to call … an incremental genocide of the people of Gaza."[41] In an article written in 2023 in the International Journal of Human Rights, Mohammed Nijim voiced his belief “that Israeli policies that were enacted after the introduction of the Blockade of the Gaza Strip amount[ed] to slow-motion genocide".[42]

2014 Gaza War

The 2014 Gaza War, also referred to as Operation Protective Edge, was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip.[7] Al-Haq, a Palestinian Human Rights organization, concluded in a report that serious violations of international law were committed in the course of the 2014 Israeli offensive against Gaza. The organization, along with other Palestinian human rights organizations the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights and Addameer, submitted a legal file to the International Criminal Court encouraging it to begin an investigation and prosecution into the crimes against humanity and war crimes committed during the course of Israel’s 2014 Gaza offensive. The crime of genocide was referenced as an Israeli crime by these groups.[7] Additionally, dozens of Holocaust survivors, along with hundreds of descendants of Holocaust survivors and victims, accused Israel of "genocide" for the deaths of more than 2,000 Palestinians in Gaza during the 2014 Gaza War.[7]

2021 Israel–Palestine crisis

During the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, a video circulated on social media showing Israelis celebrating at the Western Wall, whilst a tree near the Al-Aqsa Mosque burns in the background. A large crowd of Israeli Jews gathered around a fire near the mosque on 10 May, chanting yimakh shemam, a Hebrew curse meaning "may their names be erased". IfNotNow co-founder and B'Tselem USA director Simone Zimmerman criticized them as exhibiting "genocidal animus towards Palestinians — emboldened and unfiltered".[43][44] The Intercept described the video as "unsettling" and an example of "ultranationalist frenzy". Ayman Odeh, a member of the Knesset for the Joint List, said the video was "shocking".[44]

In an opinion survey of American Jews, commissioned by the Jewish Electorate Institute following the 2021 crisis, 22 percent agreed that "Israel is committing genocide against the Palestinians,"[45] and Arno Rosenfeld of The Forward argued that the poll may have underestimated the percentage of American Jews who have a critical view of Israel.[46] Conversely, the accusation of genocide during this period was rejected as "ridiculous" and "baseless" by several Jewish and Israeli human rights lawyers, including some who had accused Israel of apartheid.[17]

2023 Israel–Hamas war

Pro-Palestine march in Bristol, United Kingdom, 4 November 2023

After Israel began the bombing of Gaza, in response to Hamas attacks, some Palestinians immediately expressed concern that this violence would be used to justify genocide against Palestinians by Israel.[47] According to Time, there is currently disagreement among scholars as to whether Israel's actions can be described as a genocide against the Palestinians.[48] On 15 October, TWAILR published a statement signed by over 800 legal scholars expressing "alarm about the possibility of the crime of genocide being perpetrated by Israeli forces against Palestinians in the Gaza Strip" and calling on UN bodies, including the UN Office on Genocide Prevention and the Responsibility to Protect, as well as the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to "immediately intervene, to carry out the necessary investigations, and invoke the necessary warning procedures to protect the Palestinian population from genocide."[49][50][51]

On 19 October 2023, 100 civil society organizations and six genocide scholars sent a letter to Karim Khan, Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, calling on him to issue arrest warrants to Israeli officials for cases already before the prosecutor; to investigate the new crimes committed in the Palestinian territories, including incitement to genocide, since 7 October; to issue a preventative statement against war crimes; and to remind all states of their obligations under international law. The letter noted that Israeli officials, in their statements, had indicated "clear intent to commit war crimes, crimes against humanity and incitement to commit genocide, using dehumanizing language to describe Palestinians." The six specialist genocide scholars that signed the document were Raz Segal, Barry Trachtenberg, Robert McNeil, Damien Short, Taner Akçam and Victoria Sanford.[52] The same day, lawyers at the Center for Constitutional Rights stated that Israel's tactics were "calculated to destroy the Palestinian population in Gaza", and warned the Biden administration that “U.S. officials can be held responsible for their failure to prevent Israel’s unfolding genocide, as well as for their complicity, by encouraging it and materially supporting it."[53] On 1 November, the Defence for Children International accused the United States of complicity with Israel's "crime of genocide."[54]

On 2 November, a group of UN special rapporteurs stated, "We remain convinced that the Palestinian people are at grave risk of genocide."[55][50] On 4 November, Pedro Arrojo, UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights to Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation, said that based on article 7 of the Rome Statute, which counts "deprivation of access to food or medicine, among others" as a form of extermination, "even if there is no clear intention, the data show that the war is heading towards genocide".[56] Three Palestinian rights groups Al-Haq, Al Mezan, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights have filed a lawsuit with the International Criminal Court (ICC), urging the body to investigate Israel for "apartheid" as well as "genocide" and issue arrest warrants for Israeli leaders.[57]

Pro-Palestinian protester in Columbus, Ohio, United States, 18 October 2023

Ernesto Verdeja, a professor at the University of Notre Dame, told Time on 14 November, that Israel's actions in Gaza were gravitating towards a "genocidal campaign", noting that "the response when you have a security crisis…can be one of ceasefire, negotiation, or it can be genocide."[48] Victoria Sanford, professor of City University of New York, compared events in Gaza to the 1960–1996 killing and disappearance of 200,000 Mayans in Guatemala, today known as the Guatemalan genocide.[58] David Simon, director for genocide studies at Yale University, stated that it was possible that a court could find the IDF guilty of committing an act of genocide, but added that "it's certainly not textbook in that connecting the intent to destroy ethnic group as such is difficult."[58] Yale's Ben Kiernan opined that events did "not meet the very high threshold that is required to meet the legal definition of genocide."[58]

Protester holding "End Palestinian Genocide" sign in London in October 2023.

On 16 November, A group of United Nations experts said there was "evidence of increasing genocidal incitement" against Palestinians.[59][60] The Jewish Voice for Peace stated: "The Israeli government has declared a genocidal war on the people of Gaza. As an organization that works for a future where Palestinians and Israelis and all people live in equality and freedom, we call on all people of conscience to stop imminent genocide of Palestinians."[61] On 13 December, FIDH stated Israel's actions in Gaza constituted an unfolding genocide.[62]

On 29 December, South Africa filed a case against Israel at the International Court of Justice, alleging that Israel's conduct amounted to genocide.[11][12] South Africa asked the ICJ to issue provisional measures, including ordering Israel to halt its military campaign in Gaza.[11] The Israeli government assented to participate in the ICJ proceedings, though denouncing South Africa's case as "racist" and calling Palestinians "the modern heirs of the Nazis".[13] South Africa's case has been supported by Malaysia, Turkey,[63] Bolivia,[64] Venezuela,[65] Namibia, Brazil,[66] and the OIC.[67] Some Israeli politicians, including Ofer Cassif, have also expressed support for the case against Israel.[68]

Forcible population transfer

Israel's evacuation order was characterized as a forcible population transfer by Jan Egeland, the Norwegian former diplomat involved with the Oslo Accord.[69] A "forcible transfer" is the forced relocation of a civilian population as part of an organized offense against it and is considered a crime against humanity by the International Criminal Court.[70] In an interview with the BBC, Egeland stated, "There are hundreds of thousands of people fleeing for their life — [that is] not something that should be called an evacuation. It is a forcible transfer of people from all of northern Gaza, which according to the Geneva convention is a war crime."[69] UN Special rapporteur Francesca Albanese warned of a mass ethnic cleansing in Gaza.[71] Raz Segal, an Israeli historian and director of the Holocaust and Genocide Studies program at Stockton University, termed it a "textbook case of genocide."[72] A leaked policy paper from the Israeli Ministry of Intelligence, a junior ministry that conducts research but does not set policy, suggested a permanent expulsion of the population of Gaza into Egypt, which has been described as an endorsement of ethnic cleansing; the Israeli government downplayed the report as a hypothetical "concept paper".[73][74] Transfer is a topic of discussion and disagreement within Israel’s government with some expressly calling for permanent expulsion of Palestinians from Gaza.[75]

Discourse

Conceptions of genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people[lower-alpha 3] in whole or in part. According to Yair Auron, from 1948 to 2008, "researchers" did not analyze the Israel–Palestine conflict in terms of the concept of genocide, but discussion subsequently began. In 2017 Auron stated that he expected increasing discourse over time regarding the concept of a Palestinian genocide.[76]

Raphael Lemkin

The term 'genocide' was coined in 1944 by a Jewish Polish legal scholar, Raphael Lemkin, who wrote[lower-alpha 4] that "the term does not necessarily signify mass killings".[7]

More often [genocide] refers to a coordinated plan aimed at destruction of the essential foundations of the life of national groups so that these groups wither and die like plants that have suffered a blight. The end may be accomplished by the forced disintegration of political and social institutions, of the culture of the people, of their language, their national feelings and their religion. It may be accomplished by wiping out all basis of personal security, liberty, health and dignity. When these means fail the machine gun can always be utilized as a last resort. Genocide is directed against a national group as an entity and the attack on individuals is only secondary to the annihilation of the national group to which they belong.[7]

Genocide Convention

In 1948, the United Nations Genocide Convention defined genocide as any of five "acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group". The five acts were: killing members of the group, causing them serious bodily or mental harm, imposing living conditions intended to destroy the group, preventing births, and forcibly transferring children out of the group. Victims must be targeted because of their real or perceived membership of a group, not randomly.[77][78]

In December 2023, South Africa became the first country to file a suit against Israel at the International Court of Justice, accusing the state of committing genocide in Gaza in violation of the Genocide Convention.[79][80][81] South Africa stated that “acts and omissions by Israel… are genocidal in character, as they are committed with the requisite specific intent… to destroy Palestinians in Gaza as a part of the broader Palestinian national, racial and ethnical group”.[80] Genocidal actions listed in the suit included the mass killing of Palestinians in Gaza, the destruction of their homes, their expulsion and displacement, as well as the Israeli blockade on food, water and medical aid to the region. Additionally, South Africa noted the Israeli imposition of measures preventing Palestinian births through the destruction of essential health services vital for the survival of pregnant women and their babies. The suit read that all of such actions were "intended to bring about their [Palestinians] destruction as a group".[79] South Africa also asserts that statements made by Israeli officials, such as Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, have displayed “genocidal intent”.[79] Several human rights organisations and other nations have supported South Africa in their suit.[63][14][82]

Academic discourse

In 2010, political science professor Martin Shaw argued that the elimination of the majority of Palestinian Arab society in Israel in 1948 constituted genocide.[76] Shaw opined that the scope of genocide is not restricted to human annihilation, instead he recommends an "international historical perspective" that focuses on the aims of genocide and defines "genocidal violence" as widespread destructive measures aimed at civilians.[83] With the broadened definition of genocide, Shaw contends that the 1948 Nakba was partially genocidal with regard to Palestinian society: with "specific genocidal thrusts developed situationally and incrementally, through local as well as national decisions ... a partly decentered, networked genocide, developing in interaction with the Palestinian and Arab enemy, in the context of war".[83]

Haifa Rashed and Damien Short have voiced their belief that Lemkin's original concept of genocide can be used to analyze "the historical and continuing, cultural and physical, destructive social and political relations involved in the Israel/Palestine conflict".[84] In a separate publication, Rashed, Short, and John Docker argued that the conflict did not receive enough attention in the field of genocide studies, as the academic "field fears Zionist intimidation and ad hominem attack".[85] The trio raised the possible argument of the ongoing "Zionist project as a structural settler-colonial genocide against the Palestinian people".[85] The trio stated: "Discriminatory land and planning policies" could be viewed using the lens of a government repressing "minority rights" of Palestinian Israelis, but this "does not preclude individual victims experiencing this as genocidal".[85] Historian Lawrence Davidson, in his book about cultural genocide, included a chapter about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[86]

In the context of the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel, the Israeli counterattacks, and the imposed complete blockade, which included the denial of water and food to the civilian population, Israeli historian Raz Segal described it as a "textbook case of genocide" and connected it to the Nakba, the expulsion of Palestinians during the establishment of Israel in 1948.[87]

Michael Sfard, an Israeli human rights lawyer who argued on behalf of Yesh Din that Israel is committing the crime of apartheid, wrote in 2020 that Israel's policy against the Palestinians "doesn't even begin to meet the threshold of what genocide is" and that the accusation "cheapens the very important and grave concept of genocide".[88][89]

British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore, arguing that the Israeli occupation of the West Bank was "harsh, unjust, and oppressive", and that over 100 Palestinians were killed by Israeli settlers in both 2022 and 2023, stated that he did not consider it to be a genocide.[90]

Omer Bartov wrote in November 2023 that he believes that "there is no proof that genocide is currently taking place in Gaza", noting the distinctions between ethnic cleansing and genocide. However he called for "stop[ping] Israel from letting its actions become a genocide" and said that "[...] we may be watching an ethnic cleansing operation that could quickly devolve into genocide".[10]

Historians Norman J. W. Goda & Jeffrey C. Herf have rejected the accusation. In October 2023 they criticized historians Omer Bartov and Raz Segal for their statements on the matter.[91]

Ronit Lentin wrote in 2010 that the 1948 Nakba was not "genocide", but ethnic cleansing or "spaciocide".[92] Derek Penslar, a professor of Israel Studies at the University of Oxford, opined in 2013 that Palestinians suffered "ethnic cleansing" during the Nakba, but "not a genocide", as Penslar said that the latter "means that you wipe out a people".[85][93] Earlier, historian Ilan Pappé in 2006 and genocide scholar Mark Levene in 2007 both stated that the Nakba in 1948 was "ethnic cleansing", without stating that it was "genocide", with Levene stating that Pappé's research on the Nakba "demands the attention of readers and researchers engaged with the subject of genocide and its suboptimal variants", with the Nakba being "of ongoing relevance – just as much as the Armenian genocide".[85] Pappé, however, would in 2006 and 2007 describe the killings of Palestinians by Israel in Gaza during 2006 as "genocide".[40][94] Pappé in 2009 described the 2009 Gaza War as "genocide", decrying that the "genocidal operations" are being treated as "unconnected to anything that happened in the past and not associated with any ideology or system".[92] Pappé in 2013 cited a speech by Israel's Prime Minister Shimon Peres that year as having failed to recognize the existence of Palestinians in the history of Israel, which to Pappé "is the point where ethnic cleansing becomes genocidal. When you are eliminated from the history book and the discourse of the top politicians".[85][95]

Ian Lustick in 2006 described the Nakba as "the expulsion of Palestinians from their homes and refusal to allow them to return", and stated that "It was a tragic and unjust and opportunistically accelerated unfolding of the logic of circumstances, not a genocidal campaign."[96] Patrick Wolfe, in a 2006 article analysing the relationship and differences between settler colonialism and genocide, discussed the example of Palestinians who "threw rocks [at Israelis] and died for their efforts", and further described Palestinians as becoming "more and more dispensable", with Gaza and the West Bank becoming increasingly like Indian reservations or even the like the Warsaw Ghetto.[97]

Nur Masalha in 2012 argued that the Nakba was both "politicide" ("dissolution of the Palestinian people's existence as a legitimate social, political and economic entity") and "cultural genocide" ("destruction and elimination of the cultural pattern of a group, including language, local traditions, ... monuments, place names, landscape, historical records ... in brief, the shrines of the soul of a nation"), with strategies for "de-Arabisation of the land" including new Hebrew names for places replacing Palestinian names, and planting forests over destroyed Palestinian villages.[98]

Yair Auron in 2017 analyzed the 1948 Nakba using the definition of genocide from the 1948 United Nations Genocide Convention (as any other definition would result in "complete chaos" according to Auron), concluding that "Israel committed ethnic cleansing but not a genocide", thus arguing that the underlying aim of the Nakba was not to kill Palestinians, but to "get rid of them, and in doing so, [the Israelis] commit massacres", noting the expulsion of people from over 400 villages.[76] According to Auron, ethnic cleansing is one of the "elements of genocide", though "not an act of genocide".[76] Auron differentiates massacres in genocides as being "part of the comprehensive plan", while massacres in ethnic cleansing are "localized and usually stem from hatred or vengeance".[76] Auron noted that the claim that the 1948 Nakba was genocide has been increasingly advanced by Palestinians, and is also promoted by some European and North American scholars.[76]

Auron argues that there are four main factors why he did not consider 1948 as a genocide against Palestinians: (1) the Arabs initiated the war, resulting in Israel experiencing "critical existential combat" for several weeks; (2) Israel had no "intention of annihilating" a social group; (3) generally, perpetrators of genocide have at least near-absolute force superiority, which Israel did not have; (4) despite "slurs", there was no "racist ideology" towards Palestinians, exemplified by Israeli groups like Hashomer living similarly to Bedouins.[76]

Bashir Bashir and Amos Goldberg in 2018 described the Nakba as part of "the same modern and global history of genocide and ethnic cleansing" as the Holocaust; although the events differed in "degree of murderousness", they shared a "common global framework of violence created by strong nationalism combined with imperial and colonial ideology and policies", with the Nakba involving the attempt to "de-Arabize and ethnic-cleanse Palestine".[99] Meanwhile, Alon Confino in 2018 contrasted the "genocide" of the Holocaust with the "ethnic cleansing" of the Nakba, describing the latter as aimed at "removing, not annihilating, an ethnic group".[99] Jerome Slater in 2020 described the Nakba as "ethnic cleansing" due to the "forced expulsions" of Palestinians, but also said that "no genocide" occurred due to around 150,000 Palestinians remaining in Israel at the end of the war, who "were allowed to remain there".[100]

Cary Nelson in 2019 stated that the notion of Israel having "engaged in genocide" was "unwarranted slander", and suggested that some people repeat it out of ignorance, just as those who repeated the blood libel about Jews poisoning the wells in Europe did. Nelson further described the accusation of Israel having "genocidal designs on Palestinians" as "false", and the accusation of Israel committing "incremental genocide" in Gaza as "malicious". Nelson described a phenomenon where academics "say publicly that Israel is a settler-colonialist, genocidal, racist, and apartheid state"; Nelson recommends that these allegations should be presented to higher education students "as debatable", instead of being "commonly" presented as facts.[101]

In a 2019 interview, Benny Morris stated that in his view, what happened to Palestinians in 1948 was not a genocide.[102] Morris had written in an earlier 2016 opinion article that the events of 1948 also did not amount to an ethnic cleansing.[103]

Marouf Hasian, Jr. in 2020 stated the Nakba exemplified a situation where "empowered decisions-makers are reluctant to call some historical incidents colonial genocides", while "many Palestinian and other Arab writers" have compared the Nakba to "colonial genocides".[104] Hasian describes that some "Israelis worry that al-Nakba consciousness-raising threatens state legitimacy", while "many Israeli supporters" do not consider the Nakba as any form of genocide, instead arguing that there was "spontaneous Arab Palestinian fleeing that was based on calls from neighboring Arab nations".[104] Hasian concludes that "public deliberation, and political events" caused "so many" people to attempt to separate the 1948 Nakba from "the 'real' genocides".[104] Hasian further highlighted how restrictive "Auschwitz-centered, or Lemkin-like ways" of defining genocide was preventing consideration of the Nakba as genocide.[104]

Stephen Sedley, writing in the London Review of Books, discussed a trip organized by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office to Hebron to observe the Israeli army's treatment of Palestinian children, and wrote about how one of the first things they saw was graffiti on the door of a deserted Palestinian shop that said "Gas the Arabs". He remarked "Nobody, evidently, has a monopoly of genocidal abuse."[105]

Both Israel and Palestine frequently accuse the other of planning a scheme of genocide.[106]

There has been longstanding legal discourse on whether a case can be made that Israel has violated the Genocide Convention, with American human rights lawyer Francis Boyle, the professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, first suggesting that such a case should be brought to bear in 1998.[39][107][108] Boyle's argument is that Israel has "ruthlessly implemented a systematic and comprehensive military, political, and economic campaign with the intent to destroy in substantial part the national, ethnic, racial and different religious (Muslim & Christian) group" of Palestinians.[85]

The Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Tribunal, a 'citizens' tribunal', in 2013 found Israel guilty of genocide for actions taken over the previous 67 years, agreeing with the prosecution that the "harsh conditions of life were deliberately inflicted to destroy" Palestinians.[85]

Stuart N. Brotman, American government policymaker; tenured university professor; and lawyer, suggested that when genocide is mentioned, the qualification should follow. “There is no current basis under international law to validate the claim that Israel’s response to the October 7 attack is ‘genocide.’ Rather, if genocide has occurred here, international law indicates that it should be attributed instead to Hamas.”[109]

Since 2021, there has been an ongoing investigation of war crimes in Israel, Gaza, and the West Bank conducted by the International Criminal Court (ICC).[110] On November 9, Al Haq, Al Mezan Center for Human Rights, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, filed a lawsuit with the ICC, calling for the inclusion of Israeli crimes against humanity, namely apartheid and genocide, in their ongoing investigation and for the arrest of Benyamin Netanyahu, Isaac Herzog, Yoav Gallant and others suspected of committing these crimes.[48][111]

On 9 November 2023, three Palestinian civil rights groups filed a lawsuit against Israel with the International Criminal Court.[112] The groups charged Israel with war crimes, apartheid, and genocide, calling for the ICC to issue arrest warrants for significant Israeli officials.[112] On November 13, Defence for Children International, Al-Haq, and Palestinians living in Gaza and the United States, represented by the Center for Constitutional Rights, filed a lawsuit against Joe Biden, Antony Blinken, and Lloyd Austin for failure to prevent genocide, citing Israel's "mass killings," targeting of schools and hospitals, collective punishment, use of chemical weapons, forced expulsion, and blockage of food, water, electricity and other basic needs.[113][114][115] The lawsuit seeks to enact an emergency order to end diplomatic and military aid to Israel for their international crimes.[116][113] On November 22, Euro-Med Monitor urged the United Nations to constitute Israel's actions in Gaza as genocide, investigate crimes against humanity, and take action to prevent any more death or destruction.[117] On December 22, Paula Gaviria Betancur, Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons (IDPs) warned that Israel's military operation in Gaza aimed to "deport the majority of the civilian population en masse" thus "repeating a long history of mass forced displacement of Palestinians by Israel".[118]

On 29 December, South Africa filed a case with the International Court of Justice accusing Israel of genocidal acts in Gaza.[119]

Political discourse

"Stop the genocide, free Palestine" rally in Helsinki, Finland 21 October 2023.

Iranian foreign minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian on 13 October 2023 labelled the siege and the cutting off of essentials as "seeking a genocide of all people in Gaza".[120] On 15 October, Pakistani foreign minister Jalil Abbas Jilani directly called Israel's airstrikes and blockade on Gaza a genocide.[121] On 28 October, Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas described the Gazan conflict as a "war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces",[122] and on 5 November, following a meeting with Antony Blinken repeated: "I have no words to describe the genocide and destruction suffered by our Palestinian people in Gaza at the hands of Israel’s war machine, with no regard for the principles of international law."[123] Nicolás Maduro, the President of Venezuela since 2013, said in October 2023 that he interpreted a statement from the United Nations as a warning "about the genocide that has begun against the Palestinian people in Gaza," adding that "We have witnessed in the past massacres and brutal atrocities against the Palestinian people".[124]

Palestinian-American US congresswoman Rashida Tlaib pleaded for a cease-fire at a rally on 18 October, saying: "We are literally still watching people commit genocide and killing a vast majority just like this, and we still stand by and say nothing."[125] Her remarks at the rally led the Republican caucus within congress to draw up a resolution, sponsored by Marjorie Taylor Greene, to censure Tlaib.[125] On 4 November, Tlaib released a video in which she directly accused President Biden of supporting "the genocide of the Palestinian people".[126][50]

Pro-Palestine demonstator at a subway station in Toronto, Canada, 12 November 2023

Craig Mokhiber, a director in the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, resigned over what he called the "text-book case of genocide" in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war. He criticized the OHCHR, the US and Western media for their positions on the conflict and noted: "Once again, we are seeing a genocide unfolding before our eyes, and the Organization that we serve appears powerless to stop it."[127][50] A day after Colombia withdrew its ambassador from Israel, President Gustavo Petro posted on X in Spanish: “It's called genocide, they do it to remove the Palestinian people from Gaza and take it over. The head of the state who carries out this genocide is a criminal against humanity. Their allies cannot talk about democracy."[128][129] On 20 October, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan called for a ceasefire in the context of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, stating that Israel's attack on Gaza amounted to a genocide.[130] Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas, and Syrian Foreign Minister Faisal Mekdad also classified Israel's actions in Gaza as genocide.[131][132][133]

It was reported on 23 October 2023 that Israel's Ambassador to the Philippines, Ilan Fluss, denied that there was a genocide against Palestinians and said that all of Israel's attacks were aimed at Hamas members, further opining that Israel was "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected", including "informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure".[134] South Africa, alongside its recall of its diplomatic mission to Israel, criticized Israel's ambassador for disparaging those "opposing the atrocities and genocide of the Israeli government".[135] South African President Cyril Ramaphosa accused Israel of war crimes and acts "tantamount to genocide" in Gaza.[136]

In a Washington Post analysis in November 2023, journalist Ishaan Tharoor noted that: "In protests around the world, in the corridors of the United Nations and in the angry chambers of social media, one word is getting louder and louder: genocide."[137] The analysis noted how the invocation of the language of genocide had been made by the governments of Brazil, Colombia and South Africa, by UN special rapporteurs, and by genocide scholars, and that, while "Israeli and U.S. officials may scoff at the suggestion", the specter of the terms looms over the war in Gaza.[137] The same month, Jeremy Corbyn, former leader of the UK Labour Party called for the International Criminal Court to investigate the crime of genocide in Gaza.[138]

The Honduran ministry of foreign affairs stated on 3 November that "Honduras energetically condemns the genocide and serious violations of international humanitarian law that the civilian Palestinian population is suffering in the Gaza Strip".[139]

On 6 November, Iraqi Prime Minister Mohammed Al Sudani labelled the month-long Israel-Gaza war a "genocide" against the Palestinian people, noting: "Anyone who wants to contain this conflict and to prevent its spillover in the region should exert pressure on the authorities of the occupation to stop this aggression and the devastating and systematic killing". The same day, Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi stated: "These horrible crimes against humanity are a genocide, which is carried out by the Zionist regime with the support of the United States and certain European countries."[140]

On 16 November, UN experts reported that "grave violations" committed by Israeli forces against the Palestinians of Gaza "point to a genocide in the making" and cited evidence including "increasing genocidal incitement, overt intent to 'destroy the Palestinian people under occupation', loud calls for a 'second Nakba' in Gaza and the rest of the occupied Palestinian territory, and the use of powerful weaponry with inherently indiscriminate impacts, resulting in a colossal death toll and destruction of life-sustaining infrastructure."[141]

On 21 November, Kurdistan Communities Union chair Cemîl Bayik said the "Israeli state and government have to immediately change their current approach and stop their attacks. They must abandon their policies of war, genocide and massacre."[142] He added that the "Palestinian people have been resisting occupation and genocide for decades, struggling for freedom and liberation."[143]

US national security advisor John Kirby said that the use of the term "genocide" regarding Israeli action is "inappropriate". In addition Kirby asserted "What Hamas wants, make no mistake about it, is genocide," explaining. "They want to wipe Israel off the map. They have said so, publicly on more than one occasion. "They have said they are not going to stop".[144][145]

Cultural discourse

Statements of genocidal intent have long been a feature of the Israeli cultural landscape, not least in the chant or slogan of "Death to Arabs" – a regular invocation at far-right Israeli protests and marches, such at the annual march marking "Jerusalem Day".[53][146][147]

Writer Jazmine Hughes resigned from The New York Times Magazine after signing an open letter that said "Israel’s war against Gaza is an attempt to conduct genocide against the Palestinian people"[148][149] Musician Macklemore at a 4 November rally in Washington said "In the last three weeks, I've gone back and I've done some research and I'm teachable, I don't know enough, but I know enough that this is a genocide."[150]

Authors and feminist scholars Angela Davis and Zillah Eisenstein are among nearly 150 signatories of an open letter which reads "We will not be silent when the bells of genocide ring. Silence is complicity."[151]

In November 2023, it was reported that Mexican actress Melissa Barrera had been fired from her lead role in the upcoming sequel Scream VII due to social media posts in support of Palestine, in which she described Israel's actions in the Israel–Hamas war as "genocide and ethnic cleansing".[152]

Olly Alexander, who will represent the United Kingdom at the Eurovision Song Contest 2024,[153] signed a letter by LGBT association Voices4London, which accused Israel of committing genocide against the Palestinians.[154] The Israeli government and the Campaign Against Antisemitism (CAA) condemned his views and asked the BBC not to allow him to perform at the Eurovision Song Contest 2024. The BBC rejected Israel's request to cut ties with Alexander over his political views.[155]

Rhetoric

From Israeli officials

Protester in Berlin on November 4, 2023 holding a "Stop the Genocide in Gaza" sign.

In a televised speech in late October 2023, Benjamin Netanyahu said that Israelis were "committed to completely eliminating this evil [of Hamas] from the world" and added: "You must remember what Amalek has done to you, says our Holy Bible. And we do remember", referencing 1 Samuel 15:3 in the Hebrew Bible.[lower-alpha 5] Noah Lanard of Mother Jones describes these verses as among the most violent in the Bible and that they have a long history of being used by Jews on the far-right to justify killing Palestinians.[156] Amalek was "the foe that God ordered the ancient Israelites to genocide",[50] and scholars have described the verse as an instance of 'divinely mandated genocide'.[113]

In the 2023 conflict, the call by Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant for a "complete siege" and the sentiment that: "We are fighting human animals and we will act accordingly", has been called out as expressing genocidal intent.[50][157] Likewise with Ariel Kallner, a Knesset member for Likud, who said of the 2023 war: "Right now, one goal: Nakba. A Nakba that will overshadow the Nakba of 1948",[157] and Daniel Hagari, who said forces would turn Gaza into a "city of tents" and said Israel's "emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy" in the bombardment of Gaza.[50] Amichay Eliyahu, a cabinet minister, and Tally Gotliv, a Likud parliament member, have both called for Israel to use nuclear weapons on Gaza, with Gotliv stating: "It’s time for a doomsday weapon. Not flattening a neighborhood. Crushing and flattening Gaza." Galit Distel-Atbaryan posted on X that Israelis should focus on: "Erasing all of Gaza from the face of the earth" and forcing the Gazans either into Egypt or to the death.[50] It was such statements that led to Raz Segal's characterization of event in Gaza as a "textbook case of genocide", and he noted to Vox: "If this is not special intent to destroy, I don’t know what is."[50] According to analysis by Haaretz "Netanyahu is too scared of losing his base to disavow apocalyptic threats and conspiracy theories spouted by his government."[158]

On 23 October 2023, Ramzy Baroud of Arab News compared the rhetoric from Israeli officials with the language used in Rwanda ahead of the Rwandan genocide. He referenced the similarity between the refrain by the Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM) in Rwanda that Tutsis "are cockroaches. We will kill you" and a 1983 quote from former Israeli army chief of staff Rafael Eitan that Arabs are like "drugged cockroaches in a bottle".[157] Chris McGreal of The Guardian, who won an Amnesty International Media Award for his reporting of the Rwandan genocide,[159] also described the rhetoric against Palestinians as being "eerily familiar" to the rhetoric used against Tutsis.[160]

On 14 November 2023, Israel's finance minister Bezalel Smotrich stated that he welcomed "the initiative of the voluntary emigration of Gaza Arabs to countries around the world," adding that "the State of Israel will no longer be able to accept the existence of an independent entity in Gaza."[161] Critics, such as Palestinian National Initiative president Mustafa Barghouti, have likened the statement to a call for ethnic cleansing.[162] The Palestinian Authority's Ministry of Foreign affairs accused Israel of engaging in a "genocide" supported by Smotrich.[162] Likud Intelligence Minister Gila Gamliel wrote an op-ed in The Jerusalem Post saying that the international community should promote the "voluntary resettlement" of Palestinians in Gaza to sites around the globe.[163] A survey by Channel 12 showed that 44 percent of the responders said they were in favor of a renewal of Jewish settlement in Gaza.[164]

In November 2023, Israel's former justice minister, Ayelet Shaked, spoke of transforming Khan Younis into a soccer field with ‘the assistance of God and the IDF’. Shaked said Israel should take ‘take advantage of the destruction that we will wreak upon them’ in Gaza and pressure countries worldwide into accepting quotas of Gazan refugees, ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 per country.[165]

In December 2023, David Azoulay, the head of the local council of the town of Metula, speaking to Israel’s 103FM radio said the people of Gaza should be ordered to "go to the beaches" where the Israeli army would "load them up" on ships and "place them on Lebanon’s shores where there are enough refugee camps", that "the entire Gaza Strip should be emptied and levelled flat, just like in Auschwitz. Let it become a museum, showcasing the capabilities of the State of Israel and dissuading anyone from living in the Gaza Strip" and that "we should leave Gaza desolate and destroyed to serve as a museum, demonstrating the madness of the people who lived there". His statements were condemned by the Auschwitz Museum.[166]

From American officials

In the Florida legislature, Democrat Representative Angie Nixon was talking in support of a resolution she sponsored calling for "de-escalation" and a ceasefire to end the killing of Palestinians. At some point she said "We are at 10,000 dead Palestinians. How many will be enough?", Republican Representative Michelle Salzman replied instantly "All of them," Nixon interrupted her speech saying "One of my colleagues just said 'All of them.' Wow." This remark has been characterised as an open call for genocide by some commentators. Nixon and the Florida chapter of the Council on American-Islamic Relations called for her to be censured or to resign.[167][168] CAIR-Florida Executive Director Imam Abdullah Jaber said in a statement: "This chilling call for genocide by an American lawmaker is the direct result of decades of dehumanization of the Palestinian people by advocates of Israeli apartheid and their eager enablers in government and the media."[169] US Congressman Max Miller, speaking at Fox News stated that Palestine is "about to get eviscerated... to turn that into a parking lot." He has previously called on the Biden administration "to get out of Israel's way and to let Israel do what it needs to do best". He said there should be "no rules of engagement" during Israel's bombardment of Gaza.[170] Miller also questioned the accuracy of the Gaza Health Ministry's claim that 10,000 people have been killed in Gaza, saying that he believes many of those killed have been "Hamas terrorists", not innocent civilians, and said the United States doesn't "trust an entity that puts munitions in mosques, and churches and in hospitals."[171] Ahmad Abuznaid, the executive director of the US Campaign for Palestinian Rights (USPCR) said that "There is a bipartisan effort to dehumanise the Palestinian people," referring especially to President Joe Biden voicing doubt over the accuracy of the Palestinian death count and attacks on Palestinian American Congresswoman Rashida Tlaib for her criticism of Israel's military offensive.[172] In October, Florida governor Ron DeSantis said “If you look at how [people in Gaza] behave, not all of them are Hamas, but they are all anti-Semitic” and called for a “swift and lethal response.”[173] Former Rep. Michele Bachmann appearing in December in The Charlie Kirk Show stated "So, it’s time that Gaza ends. The two million people who live there – they are clever assassins. They need to be removed from that land. That land needs to be turned into a national park. And since they’re the voluntary mercenaries for Iran, they need to be dropped on the doorstep of Iran. Let Iran deal with those people." She received a round of applause from the audience, while Kirk replied "I look at Israel and Israel says we never want another person into our country that doesn’t share our values," Kirk said. "They said they don’t want refugees. They don’t want any of these people. I want American immigration policy to be like that."[174][175]

Many have argued that Palestinian plight in the face of genocide is being ignored owing to their race.[176]

Responses to the accusation

The accusation of genocide has been largely rejected by Israelis,[40][177] and contested by some scholars. Conservative American radio talk show host Dennis Prager has said that characterising the conflict as a genocide against the Palestinians is antisemitic.[178] US Representative Ritchie Torres of the Democratic Party has called the characterisation "blood libel."[179] Historian Simon Sebag Montefiore remarked that "Jews are now accused of the very crimes they themselves have suffered. Hence the constant claim of a 'genocide' when no genocide has taken place or been intended" adding that the word genocide "has now been so devalued by its metaphorical abuse that it has become meaningless."[90] Some critics argue that the charge of Israel committing genocide, whether in Gaza, the West Bank, or Lebanon, is a common assertion made by anti-Zionists, with the aim of demonizing Israel.[20]

Despite the mostly negative Israeli reaction to the accusation, some Jewish and Israeli people – including Holocaust survivors – have protested against the Israeli government, claiming that such accusations are in fact true.[180][7][61]

According to sociologist David Hirsh the accusation of genocide against Israel, whether in Gaza, the West Bank, or Lebanon, is commonly made by anti-Zionists. Hirsh says that despite the lack of evidence for genocide in Gaza, critics like Pappé persist in making these allegations, which serve to demonize Israel and portray it as uniquely evil and "oversimplify the complex dynamics of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict".[20] Hirsh continues that there has never been a genocide of Palestinians, and "Israel does not have gas chambers, concentration camps, or Einsatzgruppen. The total number of casualties on both sides during the conflict is proportionate to the routine murders committed by the Nazi regime every few minutes".[20]

Zionist history professor Robert S. Wistrich wrote that the genocide accusation is "purely fictional".[181]

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken called the genocide accusation against Israel 'meritless'.[182]

Victims

Deaths

According to data from the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 6,735 Palestinians had been killed from January 1, 2008 to October 6, 2023.[1]

During the ongoing 2023 Israel–Hamas war, which began on October 7, 2023, a Reliefweb report released November 18, 2023, which labels Israel's actions in Gaza as a genocide, reported that 15,271 Palestinians in Gaza had been killed, 32,310 Palestinians had been injured, and an estimated 41,500 were unaccounted for.[183] Multiple news and academic outlets have subsequently reported on updated figures, with at least 20,000 Palestinians having been killed in Gaza, an estimated 70% of whom were women and children.[184][185] About 7,000 people are missing, likely buried under the rubble.[186] Over 52,000 have been wounded.[187][188]

Displacement

Since the beginning of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, nearly 2 million people have been displaced within the Gaza Strip.[3]

Alleged American complicity

Some commentators have accused Western media and governments of supporting genocide against Palestinians, especially those of the United States of America.[189][190] Among other journalists and scholars,[191] The Canada-based sociologist M. Muhannad Ayyash has accused the United States of complicity in the alleged genocide, in this case amidst the 2023 Israel–Hamas war in which the United States has provided significant aid to Israel.[192]

Pro-Palestine rally in Austin, Texas, United States, 12 November 2023

On 13 October 2023, journalist Eric Levitz of the The Intelligencer argued that governmental administrations of the United States, such as the Biden administration, have given approval to Israeli war crimes against Palestinians in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war, and the only military solution that can achieve Israel's security goals short of ethnic cleansing and genocide.[191] On 19 October 2023, amid the war, lawyers at the Center for Constitutional Rights voiced their belief that Israel's actions were "calculated to destroy the Palestinian population in Gaza", and warned the Biden administration that "U.S. officials… [could] be held responsible for their failure to prevent Israel’s unfolding genocide, as well as for their complicity, by encouraging it and materially supporting it."[53] On 1 November 2023, the Defence for Children International accused the United States of complicity with Israel's "crime of genocide."[193] On 4 January 2024, the United States government acknowledged it was not conducting formal assessments of whether Israel was violating international humanitarian law.[194]

In November 2023, president Joe Biden was nicknamed "Genocide Joe" by critics of his support for Israel.[195] National Security Council spokesman John Kirby, described by Israeli media outlet Ynet as "an exceptionally accomplished Israeli advocate",[196] said "Israel's trying to defend itself against a genocidal terrorist threat. So if we're going to start using that word, fine, let's use it appropriately".[195] On 13 November 2023, the New York-based Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) sued Biden for allegedly failing in his duties, defined under national and international laws, to prevent Israel committing genocide in Gaza in the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[197] The complaint alleged that Israel's "mass killings", targeting of civilian infrastructure and forced expulsions amounted to genocide.[197][198] The CCR stated: "As Israel’s closest ally and strongest supporter, being its biggest provider of military assistance by a large margin and with Israel being the largest cumulative recipient of US foreign assistance since World War II, the United States has the means available to have a deterrent effect on Israeli officials now pursuing genocidal acts against the Palestinian people in Gaza," the complaint argued.[197] In a declaration in the lawsuit, Genocide scholar William Schabas said that in his view there was a "serious risk of genocide" and that the US was "in breach of its obligation" under the 1948 Genocide Convention and international law.[198][199]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Per the Gaza Health Ministry and Government Information Office.[2]
  2. ↑ Ilan Pappé (2006),[18] Mark Levene (2007), Ronit Lentin (2010), Derek Penslar (2013), Yair Auron (2017), Alon Confino (2018), Jerome Slater (2020)
  3. ↑ Usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group.
  4. ↑ Originally published as Genocide - A Modern Crime in the April 1945 issue of Free World magazine
  5. ↑ "Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass." (1 Samuel 15:3, King James Version)

    References

    Footnotes

    1. 1 2 "Data on casualties". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
    2. ↑ "Health Ministry In Hamas-run Gaza Says War Death Toll Hits 22,313". Barron's. 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
    3. 1 2 Graham-Harrison, Emma; Borger, Julian (19 December 2023). "Palestinian death toll in Gaza nears 20,000 with nearly 2 million people displaced". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
    4. ↑ "Israel: Starvation Used as Weapon of War in Gaza". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 10 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
    5. ↑ Rashed, Haifa; Short, Damien (2014). "Genocide and settler colonialism: can a Lemkin-inspired genocide perspective aid our understanding of the Palestinian situation?". In Hynes, Patricia; Lamb, Michele; Short, Damien; Waites, Matthew (eds.). New Directions in the Sociology of Human Rights. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315539942. ISBN 978-1-315-53994-2. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023.
    6. ↑ Short, Damien (2016). Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-84813-546-8.
    7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 The Genocide of the Palestinian People: An International Law and Human Rights Perspective (PDF) (Report). Center for Constitutional Rights. October 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
    8. ↑ Eghbariah, Rabea (22 November 2023). "The "Harvard Law Review" Refused to Run This Piece About Genocide in Gaza". The Nation. ISSN 0027-8378. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
    9. ↑ "Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza". Third World Approaches to International Law Review. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Statements of Israeli officials since 7 October 2023 suggest that beyond the killings and restriction of basic conditions for life perpetrated against Palestinians in Gaza, there are also indications that the ongoing and imminent Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip are being conducted with potentially genocidal intent. Language used by Israeli political and military figures appears to reproduce rhetoric and tropes associated with genocide and incitement to genocide. Dehumanising descriptions of Palestinians have been prevalent. Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant declared on 9 October that "we are fighting human animals and we act accordingly". He subsequently announced that Israel was moving to "a full-scale response" and that he had "removed every restriction" on Israeli forces, as well as stating: "Gaza won't return to what it was before. We will eliminate everything." On 10 October, the head of the Israeli army's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories (COGAT), Maj. Gen. Ghassan Alian, addressed a message directly to Gaza residents: "Human animals must be treated as such. There will be no electricity and no water, there will only be destruction. You wanted hell, you will get hell". The same day, Israeli army spokesperson Daniel Hagari acknowledged the wanton and intentionally destructive nature of Israel's bombing campaign in Gaza: "The emphasis is on damage and not on accuracy."
    10. 1 2 Bartov, Omer (10 November 2023). "Opinion | What I Believe as a Historian of Genocide". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
    11. 1 2 3 4 Roelf, Wendell; Sterling, Toby (29 December 2023). "South Africa files genocide case against Israel at World Court". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
    12. 1 2 "South Africa launches case at top UN court accusing Israel of genocide in Gaza". AP News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
    13. 1 2 Lazaroff, Tovah (2 Jan 2024). "Israel to defend itself at Int'l Court of Justice's genocide hearing on Gaza". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
    14. 1 2 "Jordan backs South Africa ICJ genocide file against Israel". The New Arab. 5 January 2024. Archived from the original on 6 January 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2024.
    15. ↑
    16. ↑ Magid, Jacob (7 November 2023). "White House spokesman appears to reject claim Israel committing 'genocide'". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023.
    17. 1 2 Sales, Ben (27 May 2021). "People are accusing Israel of genocide. These human rights lawyers beg to differ". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 23 March 2023. Retrieved 27 November 2023.
    18. 1 2 Pappé, Ilan (2006). The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-78074-056-0.
    19. ↑ Corn, David (3 November 2023). "During a Trip to Israel, Mike Johnson Connected With Far-Right Extremists". Mother Jones. Retrieved 2 January 2024. During the trip, Johnson observed, "You hear in the US about how the Palestinians or the Arab people are oppressed in these areas, and have these terrible lives. None of that is true. We didn't see any of it."
    20. 1 2 3 4 Hirsh, David (2015). "Anti Zionism and Antisemitism: Cosmopolitan Reflections" (PDF). The Yale Papers: Antisemitism in Comparative Perspective: 106–107. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
    21. ↑ Shaw, Martin; Bartov, Omer (2010). "The question of genocide in Palestine, 1948: an exchange between Martin Shaw and Omer Bartov". Journal of Genocide Research. 12 (3–4): 243–259. doi:10.1080/14623528.2010.529698. S2CID 71620701.
    22. ↑ Martin, Shaw (2010). "Palestine in an International Historical Perspective on Genocide". Holy Land Studies. 9 (1): 1–24. doi:10.3366/hls.2010.0001.
    23. ↑ Shaw, Martin (2013). "Palestine and Genocide: An International Historical Perspective Revisited". Holy Land Studies. 12 (1): 1–7. doi:10.3366/hls.2013.0056.
    24. ↑ Abdullah, Daud (2019). "A century of cultural genocide in Palestine". Cultural Genocide. Routledge. pp. 227–245. doi:10.4324/9781351214100-10. ISBN 978-1-351-21410-0. S2CID 199268671. Archived from the original on 19 October 2023.
    25. ↑ Fisk 2001, pp. 382–383; Quandt 2001, p. 266; Alpher 2015, p. 48; Gonzalez 2013, p. 113
    26. ↑ Malone, Linda A. (1985). "The Kahan Report, Ariel Sharon and the SabraShatilla Massacres in Lebanon: Responsibility Under International Law for Massacres of Civilian Populations". Utah Law Review: 373–433. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2013.
    27. ↑ "U.N. General Assembly, Resolution 37/123, adopted between 16 and 20 December 1982" (PDF). United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 April 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
    28. ↑ "Voting Summary U.N. General Assembly Resolution 37/123D". United Nations. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
    29. ↑ Kuper, Leo (1997). "Theoretical Issues Relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses". In Andreopoulos, George J. (ed.). Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-8122-1616-4.
    30. 1 2 3 4 5 Schabas 2000, p. 455
    31. 1 2 Schabas 2000, p. 454
    32. ↑ "Professor William A. Schabas". Irish Centre for Human Rights at the National University of Ireland. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007.
    33. ↑ Schabas 2000, p. 235.
    34. ↑ "Israel in Lebanon: Report of the International Commission to Enquire into Reported Violations of International Law by Israel during Its Invasion of the Lebanon". Journal of Palestine Studies. 12 (3): 117–133. 1983. doi:10.2307/2536156. JSTOR 2536156.
    35. ↑ Hirst, David (2010). Beware of small states: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East. Nation Books. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-571-23741-8.
    36. ↑ Schiff, Zeev; Ya'ari, Ehud (1985). Israel's Lebanon War. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0671479916.
    37. ↑ "104 Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the events at the refugee camps in Beirut- 8 February 1983". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015.
    38. ↑ Silver, Eric (1984). Begin: The Haunted Prophet. Random House. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-394-52826-7.
    39. 1 2 Lendman, Steve (2010). "Israel's Slow-Motion Genocide in Occupied Palestine". The Plight of the Palestinians. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 29–38. doi:10.1057/9780230107922_2. ISBN 978-1-349-28656-0. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023.
    40. 1 2 3 Pappé 2010, pp. 201–205.
    41. ↑ Pappé, Ilan (2017). Ten Myths About Israel. Verso Books. p. 262. ISBN 978-1786630193.
    42. ↑ Nijim, Mohammed (2023). "Genocide in Palestine: Gaza as a case study". The International Journal of Human Rights. 27 (1): 165–200. doi:10.1080/13642987.2022.2065261. eISSN 1744-053X. ISSN 1364-2987. S2CID 248334822. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
    43. ↑ Corbett, Jessica (10 May 2021). ""These Are Not 'Clashes'": Media Slammed for Coverage Amid Deadly IDF Attacks on Gaza". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
    44. 1 2 Mackey, Robert (11 May 2021). "This Is Not Fine: Why Video of an Ultranationalist Frenzy in Jerusalem Is So Unsettling". The Intercept. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
    45. ↑ JTA & Kampeas 2021.
    46. ↑ Rosenfeld, Arno (15 July 2021). "What if a quarter of Jews really do think Israel is a genocidal, apartheid state?". The Forward. Archived from the original on 11 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
    47. ↑ Mackenzie & Lubell 2023: "Israel has tightened its blockade on and bombarded Gaza for three weeks after the Islamist group Hamas' Oct. 7 assault killed 1,400 Israelis [...] Abbas ... said, "Our people in the Gaza Strip are facing a war of genocide and massacres committed by the Israeli occupation forces in full view of the entire world.""; Antonio 2023: "Israeli Ambassador to the Philippines Ilan Fluss rejected the notion that his country is committing genocide in Gaza City, where a two-week war has erupted [...] their measures were targeting Hamas members, and they were "taking all measures to avoid having civilians affected" by attacks. "We are informing civilians even before attacks: keep away from Hamas' infrastructure and Hamas' facilities," [...] Hamas attacked Israel on Oct. 7, and killed at least 1,400 people, mostly civilians."; Chacar 2023; Smith et al. 2023; Nichols 2023; Bishara 2023
    48. 1 2 3 Burga, Solcyre (13 November 2023). "Is What's Happening in Gaza a Genocide? Experts Weigh In". Time. Archived from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
    49. ↑ "Public Statement: Scholars Warn of Potential Genocide in Gaza". Third World Approaches to International Law Review. 17 October 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023.
    50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Narea, Nicole; Samuel, Sigal (13 November 2023). "How to think through allegations of genocide in Gaza". Vox. Archived from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
    51. ↑ Johnson, Jake (18 October 2023). "800+ Legal Scholars Say Israel May Be Perpetrating 'Crime of Genocide' in Gaza". Common Dreams. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
    52. ↑
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    197. 1 2 3 McGreal, Chris (13 November 2023). "US rights group sues Biden for alleged 'failure to prevent genocide' in Gaza". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
    198. 1 2 Mansoor, Sanya (21 November 2023). "Pro-Palestinian Americans Are Pushing Biden to Pivot". TIME. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
    199. ↑ Hanson, Natalie (23 November 2023). "Palestinians file lawsuit accusing Biden administration of violating Genocide Convention". Courthouse News Service. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023.

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