George Washington
The original sculpture in Richmond, Virginia
ArtistJean-Antoine Houdon
Year1785–1792
MediumCarrara marble
LocationVirginia State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
OwnerCommonwealth of Virginia

George Washington is a statue by the French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon from the late 18th century. Based on a life mask and other measurements of George Washington taken by Houdon, it is considered one of the most accurate depictions of the subject. The original sculpture is located in the rotunda of the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond, Virginia, and it has been copied extensively, with one copy standing in the United States Capitol Rotunda.

The date given for the sculpture varies. It was commissioned by the Virginia General Assembly in 1784, begun in 1785, signed "1788", completed in 1791 or 1792, and delivered in 1796.[1][2][3]

Description

The original statue is carved from Carrara marble, weighing 18 tons. It depicts a standing life-sized Washington. In his right hand is a cane, his left arm rests on a fasces on which is slung his cape and sword, and at the back is a plow.[4][5] He is shown wearing his military uniform, as Washington wished to be depicted in contemporary attire, rather than that of antiquity popular in Neo-classical sculpture.[6][7]

With its selection of objects both civilian (the plow and cane) and military (the fasces, sword, and uniform), the statue has been interpreted as invoking the imagery and ideal of an Ancient Roman dictator, Cincinnatus, with whom Washington has been compared in his decision to retire from public life following the Revolutionary War.[1][2][3] Washington was elected president of The Society of the Cincinnati in 1783. At the time of the statue's commission, Washington had not yet served in the Constitutional Convention and would not become President of the United States until 1789.

Chief Justice John Marshall, a contemporary of Washington's said of the work, "Nothing in bronze or stone could be a more perfect image than this statue of the living Washington."[8]

Houdon original

During the design process, Houdon produced this plaster bust of Washington in 1786. He later revised it before making the final statue. (National Portrait Gallery)

In 1784, the Virginia General Assembly commissioned a statue of George Washington "to be of the finest marble and the best workmanship," necessitating a European craftsman. The Governor of Virginia gave the responsibility of selecting the artist to Thomas Jefferson, then ambassador to France, who together with Benjamin Franklin recommended that Jean-Antoine Houdon, the most famous sculptor of the day, execute the work.[4]

Unsatisfied to work from a drawing of Washington by Charles Willson Peale sent for the project, and lured by a potential commission for an equestrian monument by the Congress of the Confederation, Houdon agreed to travel to the United States to work directly from Washington.[4] His voyage was conditional on his life being insured for the trip, asking "that ten thousand livres be paid to his family should he die during the voyage".[9][10][11] On July 28, 1785, (or, July 22, 1785 [12]) Houdon sailed with Benjamin Franklin and "two of his workmen" [12] from Southampton, England, arriving in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on September 14.[13]

In early October 1785, Houdon along with three assistants stayed at Washington's plantation Mount Vernon, taking detailed measurements of Washington's arms, legs, hands and chest and making a life mask of his face.[14] By December, Houdon had returned to France.[15]

Though inscribed with the date "1788", it was completed in France in 1791 or 1792 (depending on the source). It was finally delivered to Richmond in 1796 and placed in the rotunda on May 14, 1796. Various explanations for the delay in its delivery have been given, including the French Revolution[16] and untimely payments to Houdon, though most sources agree that the continued construction of the new Virginia State Capitol prevented its installation until the time it arrived.[17]

The equestrian monument that originally attracted Houdon to America was never commissioned. The 1783 resolution authorizing such a statue would eventually be fulfilled in 1860 when Clark Mills's equestrian statue of George Washington was installed at Washington Circle.

In the early 21st century the statue, together with the life mask and bust created by Houdon during the design process, were used as part of a forensic reconstruction of George Washington at various ages undertaken by Mount Vernon.[18]

Copies

Beginning in the 19th century, numerous copies of the statue have been made in bronze and plaster, with molds often made directly from the original.[2]

Hubard casts

Following the destruction of a statue of Washington created by Antonio Canova when the North Carolina State House burned in 1831, there was a fear that a similar fate might befall Houdon's statue.[4] During the 1850s, the Virginia General Assembly authorized the casting of 11 bronze copies of the monument. Six bronzes were produced by the foundry of Richmond artist William James Hubard. Known casts from the Hubard foundry are located at:

A plaster cast by Hubard, once located in the U.S. Capitol, was moved in 1950 to the Smithsonian American Art Museum,[27] and in 2007 transferred to the Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation in Virginia.[28]

Gorham casts

In the early 20th century (1908 or 1909), the Commonwealth of Virginia commissioned a new cast to be added to the National Statuary Hall Collection. It is now one of six state statues located in the United States Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.[5][29]

In 1910 an act of the general Assembly of Virginia stated, "That the permission and authority of the State of Virginia be .... granted to the Gorham Manufacturing Company .... to make further copies or reproductions of the Houdon statue of George Washington from the molds now in possession of said company... belonging to the State of Virginia, for any National, State, Territorial, County of Municipal Government ...... for any university, college, school, library, art gallery, or other educational institution: for any patriotic society ..... related to the history and achievements of George Washington." Each copy was to be stamped with the great seal of Virginia and the phrase, "Copied from the original by Houdon..." Gorham was to pay the state $500 for every statue made.[30] The Virginia legislature banned future taking of molds, and so the subsequent casts were made from existing molds.[2]

The known locations of the Gorham casts include:

Further copies were produced for the bicentennial of Washington's birth, and are located in:

Other casts

Since the Gorham castings, a few additional ones have been made:

In addition to bronze castings, an unknown number of plaster casts were made, including one from 1932 on display in the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis, Indiana,[59] and one in George Washington Hall of the University of Mary Washington in Fredericksburg, Virginia of unknown make, dating to the 1930s.[60]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Visitor's Guide: Capitol Building". Virginia General Assembly. Archived from the original on November 13, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Tracy L. Kamerer and Scott W. Nolley (Autumn 2003). "Rediscovering an American Icon: Houdon's Washington". Colonial Williamsburg Journal. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  3. 1 2 "George Washington, marble statue". Shaping the Constitution. Library of Virginia. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Hart, Charles Henry; Edward Biddle (1911). Memoirs of the life and works of Jean Antoine Houdon : the sculptor of Voltaire and of Washington. Philadelphia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. 1 2 3 The presentation by the people of Virginia of a copy of Houdon's statue of George Washington to the people of the Republic of France. Richmond, Virginia: Report of the Commissioners. 1912.
  6. ↑ "Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790), 18th century (1778)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  7. ↑ Hart, Charles Henry; Edward Biddle (1911). Memoirs of the life and works of Jean Antoine Houdon : the sculptor of Voltaire and of Washington. Philadelphia. pp. 208–209.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ↑ Whittemore, Frances Davis, ‘’George Washington in Sculpture’’, Marshall Jones Company, Boston, 1933 p. 26
  9. ↑ Day, William A. (1922). Houdon's Washington.
  10. ↑ Hart, Charles Henry; Edward Biddle (1911). Memoirs of the life and works of Jean Antoine Houdon : the sculptor of Voltaire and of Washington. Philadelphia. p. 190.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ↑ Chinard, Gilbert, editor, ‘’Houdon in America’’, Arno Press, New York, 1979 p. xv
  12. 1 2 Chinard, Gilbert, editor, ‘’Houdon in America’’, Arno Press, New York, 1979 p. viii
  13. ↑ Hart, Charles Henry; Edward Biddle (1911). Memoirs of the life and works of Jean Antoine Houdon : the sculptor of Voltaire and of Washington. Philadelphia. p. 198.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ↑ Hart, Charles Henry; Edward Biddle (1911). Memoirs of the life and works of Jean Antoine Houdon : the sculptor of Voltaire and of Washington. Philadelphia. p. 200.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ↑ Hart, Charles Henry; Edward Biddle (1911). Memoirs of the life and works of Jean Antoine Houdon : the sculptor of Voltaire and of Washington. Philadelphia. p. 206.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  16. ↑ Wilson, Richard Guy (2002). Buildings of Virginia: Tidewater and Piedmont. Oxford University Press. p. 177.
  17. ↑ Hart, Charles Henry; Edward Biddle (1911). Memoirs of the life and works of Jean Antoine Houdon : the sculptor of Voltaire and of Washington. Philadelphia. pp. 212–218.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ↑ "The Forensic Reconstruction of George Washington" (PDF). Discover the Real George Washington. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 4, 2012. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  19. ↑ "George Washington, (sculpture), IAS 55140005". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  20. ↑ "Control number 75006503". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  21. ↑ "George Washington (Statue)". Historical Marker Database. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Control number 76006401". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  23. ↑ McCue, George, Photographs by David Finn and Amy Binder, ‘’Sculpture City: St. Louis, Sculpture in the “Gateway to the West”’’ Hudson Hills Press NY and Laumeier Sculpture Park, St. Louis, 1988 p. 178
  24. ↑ "Control number 87810007". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  25. ↑ "Control number 77002021". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  26. ↑ Public Design Commission of the City of New York. "The Art Collection". The City of New York. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  27. ↑ "Control number 08580739". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  28. ↑ "George Washington Statue by Hubard After Houdon". Jamestown-Yorktown Foundation. April 30, 2012. Archived from the original on December 26, 2019. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  29. ↑ Murdock, Myrtle Cheney, ‘’National Statuary Hall in the Nation’s Capitol, Monumental Press, Washington D.C., 1955 p80-81
  30. ↑ ‘’George Washington: Antoine Houdon, Sculptor, A brief history of the most famous sculpture created of America’s immortal patriot issued to commemorate the bicentennial of his birth 1732–1932’’, The Gorham Company, Providence, Rhode Island, 1931
  31. ↑ "George Washington Statue – Springfield, MA". Waymarking.org. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
  32. ↑ Evert, Marlyn and Vernon Gay, photographs, ‘’Discovering Pittsburgh’s Sculpture’’, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, 1983 pp355-356
  33. ↑ "Control number 64480190". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  34. ↑ Beajer and Style, ‘’Public Sculpture in Wisconsin: An Atlas of Outdoor Monuments, Memorials and Masterpieces in the Badger State’’, SOS! Wisconsin, Save Outdoor Sculpture and Fine Arts Conservation Services, Madison Wisconsin, 1999 p. 25
  35. ↑ "Control number WI000444". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  36. ↑ "Control number VA000021". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  37. ↑ "Control number 75004360". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  38. ↑ Riedy, James L., ‘’Chicago Sculpture’’, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois, 1981 p. 210
  39. ↑ "Art Institute of Chicago Presents Focus: Michael Asher". ArtDaily.org. October 3, 2005. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
  40. ↑ "George Washington, City Hall, Chicago Ill". Waymarking.com. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
  41. ↑ "Peru: Statue of Washington". Bulletin of the Pan American Union. 55: 420. July–December 1922.
  42. ↑ "Control number 75009328". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  43. ↑ Fairmount Park Art Association, ‘’Sculpture of a City: Philadelphia’s treasures in Bronze and Stone’’, Walker Publishing Co, Inc., New York, 1974 p. 28
  44. ↑ "George Washington, the Free Mason [sic] Statue, Lexington, MA". Waymarking.org. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
  45. ↑ "Control number MN000068". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  46. ↑ Harris, Moira A., ‘’Monumental Minnesota: A Guide to Outdoor Sculpture’’, Pogo Press Inc., 1992 p. 16
  47. ↑ "Vandals hit Minneapolis statues of George Washington and pioneers". Star Tribune.
  48. ↑ Treese, Lorett. "Chapter Six: Historical Accuracy vs Good Taste: Valley Forge in the 1920s and 1930s (part 3)". Valley Forge: Making and Remaking a National Symbol. National Park Service.
  49. ↑ Burnett, Jim (July 29, 2010). "Prized Statue of George Washington Has a New Home at Valley Forge National Historical Park". National Parks Traveler. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
  50. ↑ "Control number CA001147". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  51. ↑ "Control number IAS 67750004". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  52. ↑ "Control number 77002022". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  53. ↑ "Control number NY000649". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 8, 2012.
  54. ↑ "Control number DC000189". SIRIS Inventory of American Sculpture. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  55. ↑ "Houdon Statue of George Washington". The GW and Foggy Bottom Historical Encyclopedia. Special Collections Research Center, George Washington University Libraries. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  56. ↑ "Maxwell School: Facilities". The Maxwell School of Syracuse University. January 14, 2009. Retrieved February 3, 2020.
  57. ↑ The First President's First Visit, WUSTL
  58. ↑ Annual Report 2009 (PDF), Society of the Cincinnati, archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2020, retrieved July 8, 2012
  59. ↑ "George Washington". Indiana Department of Administration. IN.gov. Retrieved July 14, 2020.
  60. ↑ Nix, Melissa (February 6, 2006). "Studying statue's history: UMW's statue's origins a mystery". Free Lance-Star. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2012.

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