Gonyaulax
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Alveolata
Phylum: Myzozoa
Superclass: Dinoflagellata
Class: Dinophyceae
Order: Gonyaulacales
Family: Gonyaulacaceae
Genus: Gonyaulax
Diesing, 1866
Species
  • Gonyaulax spinifera
  • Gonyaulax apiculata
  • Gonyaulax polygramma Stein 1833[1]
  • Gonyaulax fragilis (Schütt) Kofoid 1911[2]
  • Gonyaulax ellegaardiae Mertens 2015 [3]

Gonyaulax is a genus of dinoflagellates with the type species Gonyaulax spinifera (Claparède et Lachmann) Diesing. Gonyaulax belongs to red dinoflagellates and commonly causes red tides. It can produce yesotoxins: for example, strains of Gonyaulax spinifera from New Zeland are yessotoxin producers.[4]

Structure

The plate formula in the genus Gonyaulax Diesing was redefined as Po, 3', 2a, 6", 6c, 4-8s, 5'", 1p, 1"".[5]

Classification

All species are marine, except for one freshwater species, Gonyaulax apiculata.[5]

It previously included several species, which are now considered to belong to a separate genus, e.g.:[5]

Adaptations

Gonyaulax dinoflagellates can produce resting cysts that belong to the cyst-defined genus Spiniferites and other genera [6]

Effect on humans

Although some Gonyaulax species can produce yessotoxins, which can accumulate in shellfish, no harmful effects to humans have been clearly demonstrated; however abalone mortalities have been related to blooms of Gonyaulax membranaceae.[7]

Red tide

A Red tide is a discoloration of the sea water by pigmented cells like Gonyaulax spp., some of which may produce toxins. Gonyaulax spinifera has been connected to the production of yessotoxins (YTXs), a group of structurally related polyether toxins, which can accumulate in shellfish.[8]

References

  1. ↑ syn. G. schuettii Lemmermann 1899 AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax polygramma
  2. ↑ syn. Steiniella fragilis Schütt AQUASYMBIO: Gonyaulax fragilis
  3. ↑ Mertens KN, Aydin H, Uzar S, Takano Y, Yamaguchi A, Matsuoka K (2015). "Relationship between the dinoflagellate cyst Spiniferites pachydermus and Gonyaulax ellegaardiae sp. nov. from Izmir Bay, Turkey, and molecular characterization". J. Phycol. 51 (3): 560–73. doi:10.1111/jpy.12304. PMID 26986670. S2CID 24811284.
  4. ↑ Rhodes, L.A.; McNabb, P.; de Salas, M.; Briggs, L.; Beuzenberg, V.; Gladstone, M. "Yessotoxin production by Gonyaulax spinifera". Harmful Algae. 5: 148–55.
  5. 1 2 3 Dodge, J.D. (1989). "Some revisions of the family Gonyaulacaceae (Dinophyceae) based on scanning electron microscope study". Botanica Marina. 32 (4): 275–298. doi:10.1515/botm.1989.32.4.275. S2CID 85674405.
  6. ↑ André Rochon, Jane Lewis, Marianne Ellegaard, Ian C. Harding, The Gonyaulax spinifera (Dinophyceae) “complex”: Perpetuating the paradox?, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Volume 155, Issues 1–2, 2009, Pages 52-60, ISSN 0034-6667, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.12.017. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034666709000050)
  7. ↑ Grant C. Pitcher, Charles J. Foord, Brett M. Macey, Lisa Mansfield, Anna Mouton, Marie E. Smith, Steven J. Osmond, Lynndal van der Molen, Devastating farmed abalone mortalities attributed to yessotoxin-producing dinoflagellates,Harmful Algae,Volume 81,2019,Pages 30-41, ISSN 1568-9883,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.006.(https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568988318301677)
  8. ↑ https://toxins.hais.ioc-unesco.org/toxingroup/21/
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