Haplogroup A
Possible time of origin40,000 ± 10,000 YBP

40,500 (95% CI 37,900 <-> 43,200) ybp[1]
Coalescence age18,600 (95% CI 14,200 <-> 23,900) ybp[1]

24,209 (SD 4,906) ybp[2]
Possible place of originAsia
AncestorN
DescendantsA3, A4, A5, A7, A8
Defining mutations152, 235, 523-524d, 663, 1736, 4248, 4824, 8794, 16290, 16319[3]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup A is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

Origin

mtDNA-based chart of possible large human migrations.

Haplogroup A is believed to have arisen in Asia some 30,000–50,000 years BC. Its ancestral haplogroup was Haplogroup N. However, the extant diversity of mitochondrial genomes that belong to Haplogroup A is low relative to the degree of divergence from its nearest outgroups in haplogroup N, which suggests that extant members of Haplogroup A might be descended from a population that has emerged from a bottleneck approximately 20,000 years ago.

Its highest frequencies are among Native Americans, its largest overall population is in East Asia, and its greatest variety (which suggests its origin point) is in East Asia. Thus, it might have originated in and spread from the Far East.[4]

Distribution

Its subclade A2 shares a T16362C mutation with subclades A1 (found in Japan, Tashkurgan, Veliky Novgorod, Mongols, and Altaians), A6 (found in Tibet and in the Yangtze River basin), A12'23 (found in Siberia and among Uralic and Turkic peoples), A13'14 (found in southern Siberia, Xinjiang, Ladakh, China, Yunnan, Thailand, and Vietnam), A15 (found in China, Naxi, Uyghur, Japan, and among the Sherpa of Tibet and Nepal), A16 (found in Uyghur, Buryat, Turkey), A17 (found in China, Miao, Yi, Tibet, Ladakh, Kyrgyz, Thailand, and Vietnam), A18 (found in China), A19 (found in China), A20 (found among Han Chinese and in Japan), A21 (found in Tibet and in Jammu and Kashmir), A22 (found in China), A24 (found in Beijing and West Bohemia), A25 (found in Japan and Yakutia), and A26 (found in Denmark). A2 is found in Chukotko–Kamchatka[5] and is also one of five mtDNA haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being B, C, D, and X.[4]

Haplogroup A2 is the most common haplogroup among the Inuit, Na-Dene, and many Amerind ethnic groups of North and Central America. Lineages belonging to haplogroup A2 also comprise the majority of the mtDNA pool of the Inuit and their neighbors, the Chukchis, in northeasternmost Siberia.[5][6][7]

Other branches of haplogroup A are less frequent but widespread among other populations of Asia.[8][9] Haplogroup A5 is rather limited to populations from Korea and Japan southward, though it has been detected as singletons in a pair of large samples of Khamnigans (1/99 = 1.0%) and Buryats (1/295 = 0.3%) from the Buryat Republic.[6]

In Asia, A(xA2) is especially frequent in Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations of Southwest China, such as Tibetans (6/65 = 9.2%,[5] 25/216 = 11.6%,[10] 11/73 = 15.1%[10]). Approximately 7% to 15% of Koreans belong to haplogroup A.[6][11][12] Approximately 5% to 12% of the Japanese belong to haplogroup A (including A4, A5, and A(xA4, A5)).[5][13][14][15] Approximately 4% to 13% of Mongols belong to haplogroup A, almost all of whom are contained within the A4 subclade (2/47 = 4.3% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4,[11] 4/48 = 8.3% Mongols from New Barag Left Banner in haplogroup A(xA5),[12] 6/47 = 12.8% Mongolians from Ulan Bator in haplogroup A4[6]). Approximately 3% to 9% of Chinese people belong to haplogroup A.[13] Haplogroup A also has been found in Vietnamese (2/42 = 4.8%, including one A4 and one A5(xA5a)).[11] Approximately 4% (3/71) of Tatars from Aznakayevo,[16] 3% (4/126) of Tatars from Buinsk,[16] and 2% of Turkish people belong to haplogroup A.[17] Haplogroup A4 has been found in 2.4% (2/82) of a sample of Persians from eastern Iran and in 2.3% (1/44) of a sample of Tajiks from Tajikistan.[6] Haplogroup A is not found among Austronesians.[18] In Nepalese population except Sherpa, haplogroup A was mirrored by its clades, A27, A14 and A17, of which A27 was the most abundant clade in Newar (3.99%).[19] Newly defined clade A27 only discerned so far in Newar and Nepali-mix coalesce at ~ 8.4 Kya suggesting their ancient origin and potentially insitu differentiation in Nepal.[19]

Table of Frequencies of MtDNA Haplogroup A

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Tłı̨chǫ (Dogrib)142[20]
Tlingit12[20]
Acoma Pueblo11[20]
Esselen11[21]A01
Haida0.96629[20]
Eskimo (Greenland)0.961385Volodko 2008A2b=196, A2a=174
Eskimo (Chaplin)0.90050Volodko 2008A2a=36, A2b=9
Eskimo (Canada)0.87596Volodko 2008A2b=68, A2a=16
Mixtec0.82829[20]
Siberian Eskimo0.77279A2=61 (41/46 Chaplin, 17/25 Sireniki, 3/8 Naukan)
Eskimo (Naukan)0.74439Volodko 2008A2b=16, A2a=13
Chukchi (Anadyr, Chukotka)0.73315[6]A2=11
Eskimo (Sireniki)0.70337Volodko 2008A2a=16, A2b=10
Chukchi0.68266A2=45
Chickasaw/Choctaw0.66727[20]
Mixe0.62516[20]
Apache0.62129[20]
Nahua (Cuetzalan, Mexico)0.61331A=19
Nahua/Cora (Mexico)0.53132[20]
Siouan0.52934[20]
Chumash0.52421[21]A02, A03, A04, A05, A07, A09, A10, A12
Maya (Mexico)0.51927[20]
Navajo0.51758[20]
Nuxalk (Bella Coola)0.536[20]
Salinan0.56[21]A01, A06, A13
Ojibwe (Chippewa)/Kickapoo0.48462[20]
Salinan/Chumash0.45511[20]
Nuu-Chah-Nulth0.415[20]
Kiowa0.45[20]
Creek/Seminole0.38918[20]
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.344163Volodko 2008A2a=56
Zapotec0.33315[20]
Pawnee0.3333[20]
Cheyenne/Arapaho0.30826[20]
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.30030A=9
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.29737A=11
Mi'kmaq (Newfoundland)/Narragansett0.2867[20]
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.25032Volodko 2008A2a=6, A2b=2
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.25024A=6
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.25020A=5
Ohlone (Costanoan)0.258[23]A01
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.22935A=8
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.21456A=12
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.21119A=4
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18816A=3
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.17229A1=5
Zuni0.18222[20]
Korean (Arun Banner)0.14648[12]A5=4, A(xA5)=3
Tujia (Western Hunan)0.14164A=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.13936A=5
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.13829A=4
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.13644A1=6
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.12847[6]A4(xA2)=6
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.12133A=4
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.120100A4=4, A5=4, A(xA4,A5)=4
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.118102A=12
Penutian (California)0.11817[20]
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.11435A=4
Tubalar (Turochak & Choysky)0.11172A(xA2)=8
Havasupai/Hualapai/Yavapai/Mojave0.11118[20]
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.10955A1=6
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.10329A1=3
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.10040A=4
Manchurian0.10040[11]A(xA4,A5)=3, A4=1
Korean (northern China)0.09851[11]A4=4, A5(xA5a)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.09731A=3
Han (Denver)0.09673Zheng 2011A=7
Japanese0.090211A5=11, A(xA5)=8
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.08945A=4
Korean (South Korea)0.089203[13]A=18
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.088160[13]A=14
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.087103A(xA6)=7, A6=2
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.086336[13]A=29
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.08348[12]A(xA5)=4
Korean (South Korea)0.081185[11]A4=6, A5(xA5a)=5, A(xA4,A5)=3, A5a=1
Cochimí0.07713[20]
Korean (South Korea)0.077261A=20
Han (Beijing Normal University)0.074121Zheng 2011A=9
Pai Yuman0.07427A=2
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.07454A1=4
Han (Southwest China, pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.073137A=10
Han (Hunan and Fujian)0.07355Zheng 2011A=4
Telengit0.07355A=4
Korean (Seoul National University Hospital)0.073633Fuku 2007A=46
Buryat0.071126[12]A(xA5)=9
Han (southern California)0.069390A=27
Korean (South Korea)0.068103[6]A5=4, A4(xA2)=3
Japanese (Tokyo)0.068118Zheng 2011A=8
Okinawa0.067326[13]A=22
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.066256[13]A=17
Itelmen0.06447A(xA2)=3
Japanese (Gifu)0.0631617Fuku 2007A=102
Yokuts0.06316[21]A08
Zhuang
(Napo County, Guangxi)		0.062130A=8
Barghut (Hulun Buir)0.060149A4=8, A8=1
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.060217Asari 2007A=13
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.05968A=4
Ket0.05934[24]A8a2
Evenk (Siberia)0.05671A(xA2)=4
Telenghit (Altai Republic)0.05671[6]A4(xA2)=4
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.05618A=1
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.05319A=1
Koryak0.052155A2=4, A(xA2)=4
Buryat (Buryatia)0.051295[6]A4(xA2)=13, A5=1, A8=1
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.05199[6]A4(xA2)=4, A5=1
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.05040A=2
Han (Beijing)0.05040[11]A4=1, A(xA4,A5)=1
Japanese (Tōkai)0.050282[13]A=14
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.04941A=2
Vietnamese0.04842[11]A4=1, A5(xA5a)=1
Yakama0.04842A=2
Akimal O’odham (Pima)0.05437[20]
Han (Kunming, Yunnan)0.04743A=2
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, & Dudinka)0.045154A10=3, A8=2, A4(xA4b)=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.04544[12]A(xA5)=2
Va (Simao, Yunnan)0.04522A=1
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.04347[12]A(xA5)=2
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.04347[11]A4=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.04271Malyarchuk 2010A(xA8b)=2, A8b=1
Altai-kizhi0.04248A=2
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.04224A(xA6)=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.04173[6]A4(xA2)=3
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, Zhigansky)0.040125A4(xA4b)=3, A4b=2
Ainu0.03951Sato 2009[25]A=2
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.036110[6]A4(xA2)=3, A8=1
Han (Taiwanese)0.036111A4e1=2, A5b=2
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.036111A4(xA4b)=2, A4b=1, A8=1
Han (Taiwan)0.0361117A=40
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.03628A=1
Shor0.03628A=1
Khakassian (Khakassia)0.03557[6]A4(xA2)=2
Altay Kizhi0.03390[6]A4(xA2)=3
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.03391[13]A=3
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.03231A(xA6)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)0.032126Malyarchuk 2010A8b=4
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03132A6=1
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach District)0.03198A4=3
Mansi0.03198A(xA2)=3
Altai-kizhi (Altai Republic)0.029276A=8
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.02935A6=1
Guangdong0.026546A=14
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.02540A6=1
Persian (eastern Iran)0.02482[6]A4(xA2)=2
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.02441A6=1
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.024164A4b=2, A4(xA4b)=1, A8=1
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.02442A(xA6)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.02344[6]A4(xA2)=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.02245[12]A(xA5)=1
Evenk (Buryatia)0.02245[6]A4(xA2)=1
Tuvan0.02195A(xA2)=2
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.02050A=1
Kumandin (Turochak District)0.01952A=1
Guangxi0.0171111A=19
Yakut0.017117[12]A(xA5)=2
Shor (Kemerovo)0.01282[6]A4(xA2)=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.010105[6]A4(xA2)=1
Khanty0.009106[8]A=1
Vietnam0.008392A=3
Southeast Yunnan0.006158A=1
Li (Hainan)0.003346A=1
Kiliwa0.0007–
Seri0.0008–
Paiute/Shoshone09[20]–
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010–
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00011–
Kiliwa/Paipai011[20]–
Uto-Aztecan (California)014[20]
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.00015–
Kumeyaay016[20]–
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.00018Volodko 2008–
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00019–
Filipino (Palawan)0.00020–
Dai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.00021–
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.00022–
River Yuman0.00022–
Delta Yuman0.00023–
Quechan/Cocopah023[20]–
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.00024–
Nganasan0.00024–
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.00024–
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk)0.00025–
Bunu (Dahua & Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00025–
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.00025[6]–
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.00026–
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00027–
Washo028[20]–
Andhra Pradesh (tribal)0.00029–
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029–
Cun (Hainan)0.00030–
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.00030–
Batak (Palawan)0.00031–
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.00031–
Lingao (Hainan)0.00031–
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.00032–
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032–
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.00032–
Negidal0.00033–
Teleut0.00033–
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033–
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.00035–
Aleut (Commander Islands)0.00036Volodko 2008–
Va (Ximeng & Gengma, Yunnan)0.00036–
Yakut (Yakutia)0.00036[6]–
Jemez/Taos/San Ildefonso Pueblo036[20]–
Taono O’odham0.00037–
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.00039–
Nganasan0.00039Volodko 2008–
Thai0.00040[11]–
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.00040–
Ambon0.00043–
Lombok (Mataram)0.00044–
Alor0.00045–
Tofalar0.00046–
Udegey0.00046–
Hindu (New Delhi, India)0.00048–
Sumba (Waingapu)0.00050–
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051–
Senoi (Malaysia)0.00052–
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.00053[6]–
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.00056–
Filipino0.00061–
Semelai (Malaysia)0.00061–
Mansi0.00063[8]–
Filipino0.00064[18]–
Filipino (Mindanao)0.00070[18]–
Tubalar (Turochak District)0.00071–
Bali0.00082–
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.00082Volodko 2008–
Ulchi0.00087–
Chelkan (Turochak District)0.00091–
N. Paiute/Shoshoni0.00094–
Northern Paiute0.00098–
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.000105–
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.000133–
Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.000148–
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.000168–
Filipino (Luzon)0.000177[18]–
Sumatra0.000180–
Sulawesi0.000237–
Taiwan aborigine0.000640–

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup A subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[3] and subsequent published research.

  • A
    • A(xA5, A8, A10) – China (Han from Wuhan), Buryat (Inner Mongolia)
      • A+T152C!+T16362C – Uyghur, Korea, Japan, Vietnam (Hmong from Lao Cai Province,[26] Kinh from Hanoi,[26] Cờ Lao)
        • A1 [TMRCA 12,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 22,700) ybp[1]]
          • A1* – Japan, Korea
          • A1a [TMRCA 7,500 (95% CI 4,500 <-> 11,800) ybp[1]]
            • A1a* – Japan (Aichi), Sarikoli (Tashkurgan), USA, England
            • A1a1 [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,200 <-> 9,800) ybp[1]]
              • A1a1* – Buryat, Altai Kizhi
              • A1a1a – Buryat, Mongol (Inner Mongolia) [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,500) ybp[1]]
            • A1a2 – Russia (Bashkortostan, Velikij Novgorod), Iran (Turkmen) [TMRCA 1,950 (95% CI 100 <-> 10,500) ybp[1]]
            • A1a3 – Greece (Ioannina), United States (West Virginia) [TMRCA 1,150 (95% CI 75 <-> 6,000) ybp[1]]
        • A2 – Ache, Waiwai, Zoro, Surui, Waiapi, Poturujara, Kayapo, Katuena, Guarani, Arsario, Cayapa, Dogrib, ancient Canada, USA (Pennsylvania, California), Mexico (Zapotec), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina [TMRCA 10,600 (95% CI 9,600 <-> 11,700) ybp[1]]
          • A2a – Eskimo (Greenland, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a1 – Inuit (Canada), Selkup[27]
            • A2a2 – Eskimo (Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a3 – Eskimo (Greenland, Canada, Chukotka), Chukchi
            • A2a4 – USA (New Mexico, Arizona), Mexico (Chihuahua)
            • A2a5 – Apache, USA (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), Canada (Cree, Shuswap)
          • A2b – Chukchi
            • A2b1 – Chukchi, Koryak, Eskimo (Chukotka, Canada, Greenland)
          • A2c
          • A2d – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2d1 – USA (Mexican)
              • A2d1a – USA (Hispanic)
            • A2d2 – USA (Hispanic)
          • A2e'ao
            • A2e
            • A2ao
              • A2ao1
          • A2f
            • A2f1 – Newfoundland
              • A2f1a – Canada, USA (Native American)
            • A2f2 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico
            • A2f3 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
          • A2g – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Iberian Peninsula
            • A2g1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Latin America
          • A2h – Colombia (Cocama of Amazonas, Arhuaco), Yanomama, Kogui
            • A2h1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico, Latin America
          • A2i – USA (Hispanic, etc.), Canada (Ojibwa, Prince Edward Island, Pabos in Quebec)
          • A2j – USA (Hispanic)
            • A2j1 – USA (Hispanic)
          • A2k – USA (Puerto Rico)
            • A2k1 – Ecuador, Wayuu, Mexico
              • A2k1a – Venezuela, Colombia (Pasto of Putumayo), USA (Hispanic)
          • A2l'm'n'o'ai'aj
            • A2l
            • A2m
            • A2n – Canada
            • A2o
            • A2ai
            • A2aj
          • A2p'am
            • A2p
              • A2p1
              • A2p2
            • A2am – USA (Puerto Rico, Hispanic), Venezuela. One ancient DNA found in Curaçao, in a Dabajuroid (Caquetio) site dating 1160-1500 CE.[28]
          • A2q
            • A2q1
          • A2r – USA (Hispanic, Mexican), Cuba
            • A2r1 – Mexico, USA (Mexican)
          • A2s
          • A2t – USA (Mexican)
          • A2u
            • A2u1
            • A2u2
          • A2v
            • A2v1 – USA (Mexican, Hispanic), Mexico (La Mixteca)
              • A2v1a – Guatemala, USA (Mexican)
              • A2v1b – Mexico
          • A2w – Colombia (Kogi, Guambiano of Putumayo), Arsario, USA (Mexican, Hispanic)
            • A2w1 – Mexico, Cayman Islands, Guatemala (La Tinta), Panama (Guaymi), Colombia
          • A2x
          • A2y
          • A2z – USA (Hispanic, Puerto Rico)
          • A2aa
          • A2ab
          • A2ac
            • A2ac1
          • A2ad
            • A2ad1
            • A2ad2
          • A2ae
          • A2af
            • A2af1
              • A2af1a
                • A2af1a1
                • A2af1a2
              • A2af1b
                • A2af1b1
                  • A2af1b1a
                  • A2af1b1b
                • A2af1b2
            • A2af2
          • A2ag
          • A2ah
          • A2ak
          • A2al
          • A2an
          • A2ap
          • A2aq
        • A6 [TMRCA 12,000 (95% CI 8,600 <-> 16,100) ybp[1]]
          • A6* – Deng, Korea[1][29]
          • A6a – China [TMRCA 9,600 (95% CI 5,500 <-> 15,500) ybp[1]]
            • A6a* – Han Chinese (Wuhan, etc.)
            • A6a1 – Tujia
          • A6b – Tibet [TMRCA 5,000 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 8,300) ybp[1]]
            • A6b* – Tibet (Chamdo, Ladakh)
            • A6b1 – Tibet (Sherpa)
          • A6c – Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa)
        • A12'23 – Austria, Romania, Poland, Russia, possibly found among Udmurts and Komis[27]
          • A12 – Czech Republic, Germany [TMRCA 11,800 (95% CI 6,500 <-> 19,700) ybp[1]]
            • A12a – Ireland, UK, New Zealand, USA, Nenets,[27] Selkup[27] [TMRCA 4,700 (95% CI 2,700 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
              • A12a* – Mansi, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin),[30] Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan)[31]
              • A12a1 – Kyordyughen Site (Ymyiakhtakh Culture, Yakutia),[32] Hungary (Debrecen) [TMRCA 2,800 (95% CI 1,450 <-> 4,900) ybp[1]]
              • A12a2 – Evenk (Krasnoyarsk Krai,[6] Stony Tunguska River basin[30]) [TMRCA 1,250 (95% CI 100 <-> 6,600) ybp[1]]
            • A12b – Buryat,[6] Karos-Eperjesszög (Hungarian conqueror period)[33] [TMRCA 3,000 (95% CI 425 <-> 10,700) ybp[1]]
          • A23 – Mongol (Inner Mongolia),[34] Buryat,[6] Ket,[27] Qashqai (Iran),[35] ancient Scythian (Chylenski) [TMRCA 6,200 (95% CI 3,300 <-> 10,600) ybp[1]]
        • A13'14 – Russia (Buryat, Khamnigan), China (Shiyan, Tu, Uyghur, etc.), Ladakh, Thailand, Vietnam (Mang), Korea, Japan, Paraguay (Alto Parana[36][1]), Ireland
        • A15 – Uyghur
          • A15a – China (Han in Beijing, Lanzhou,[39] etc.), Tibet (Tingri), Uyghur, Japan
          • A15b – China, Japan (Ehime)
          • A15c – China
            • A15c1 – Naxi, Tibet (Sherpa), Nepal (Sherpa)
        • A16 – Buryat, Uyghur, Turk
        • A17 – China (Han from Beijing, Lanzhou,[39] etc.), Miao, Yi, Tibet (Lhoba, Monpa, Tingri), Ladakh, Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Thailand (Lawa from Chiang Mai Province and Mae Hong Son Province,[37] Blang from Chiang Rai Province,[37] Mon from Ratchaburi Province[37]), Vietnam (Phù Lá, Hà Nhì)
        • A18 – Japan, China (Han from Fujian, Han from Beijing, Han from Lanzhou[39]), Romania
        • A19 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.)
        • A20 – Japan, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A21 – Tibet (Sherpa, Deng, etc.), Jammu and Kashmir
        • A22 – China, Han Chinese (Denver)
        • A24 – China (Han in Beijing), Turkey, Czech Republic (West Bohemia)
        • A25 – Japan (Chiba), China, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)
        • A26 – Denmark
      • A3 – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea [TMRCA 6,800 (95% CI 3,200 <-> 12,600) ybp[1]]
        • A3a – Japan (Aichi, etc.) [TMRCA 4,300 (95% CI 1,400 <-> 9,800) ybp[1]]
      • A7 [TMRCA 8,800 (95% CI 5,400 <-> 13,500) ybp[1]]
        • A7* – China
        • A7a – Tibet [TMRCA 7,000 (95% CI 3,900 <-> 11,700) ybp[1]]
          • A7a* – Lhoba
          • A7a1 – Lhoba
          • A7a2 – Lhoba, Monpa
        • A7b – Japan (Tokyo, etc.) [TMRCA 6,300 (95% CI 2,100 <-> 14,700) ybp[1]]
      • A9
      • A11 – Nepal, Korea,[1] Russia [TMRCA 14,500 (95% CI 9,700 <-> 20,800) ybp[1]]
        • A11a – Tibet (Lhasa, Nyingchi, Tingri, Sherpa, Lhoba, etc.), Ladakh
        • A11b – Tibet (Tingri, Chamdo, etc.), Naxi, Han (Yunnan)
    • A5 – China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan [TMRCA 16,200 (95% CI 11,100 <-> 22,800) ybp]
      • A5a – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.), Korea, China [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,800 <-> 7,600) ybp[1]]
        • A5a1 - Korea
          • A5a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.), Korea[40]
              • A5a1a1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.)
              • A5a1a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, etc.), Korea
            • A5a1a2 – Japan, Korea
              • A5a1a2a – Japan (Aichi)
          • A5a1b – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi)
        • A5a2 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a3
          • A5a3* – Korea, USA (African American)
          • A5a3a
            • A5a3a* – Japan (Tokyo)
            • A5a3a1 – Japan (Tokyo, Aichi, etc.)
        • A5a4 – Japan
        • A5a5 – Japan, South Korea (Seoul), Uyghur
      • A5b – China (Tujia, Hui, etc.) [TMRCA 12,800 ybp (95% CI 8,400 <-> 18,800) ybp[1]]
        • A5b1 – China (Han from Beijing, etc.), Japan, Korea, Uyghur, Thailand, Vietnam (Tay), Singapore [TMRCA 8,600 (95% CI 6,600 <-> 11,100) ybp[1]]
          • A5b1* – Uyghur
          • A5b1a – Japan (Tokyo, etc.), Korea[29] [TMRCA 6,700 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 11,300) ybp[1]]
          • A5b1b – China (Han from Fujian, Miao, etc.), Uyghur, Korea[41] [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 5,600 <-> 9,400) ybp[1]]
            • A5b1b* – Han Chinese
            • A5b1b1
              • A5b1b1* – Miao
              • A5b1b1a – China
              • A5b1b1b – China
            • A5b1b2 – Uyghur
          • A5b1c – Han Chinese (Denver) [TMRCA 7,600 (95% CI 3,100 <-> 15,500) ybp[1]]
            • A5b1c1 – Taiwan (Hakka, Bunun, Paiwan) [TMRCA 5,400 (95% CI 1,800 <-> 12,600) ybp[1]]
          • A5b1d [TMRCA 7,300 (95% CI 3,700 <-> 13,000) ybp[1]]
            • A5b1d* – China
            • A5b1d1 – Siamese (Central Thailand), Tay (Vietnam)
        • A5b2 – China (Tujia, etc.)
      • A5c – Japan (Aichi, etc.), Korea,[41] Khamnigan, Buryat, Barghut[1] [TMRCA 8,200 (95% CI 4,800 <-> 13,000) ybp[1]]
        • A5c1 – Japan (Tokyo, Chiba, Aichi, etc.)
    • A8 – Uyghur [TMRCA 14,000 (95% CI 9,500 <-> 19,800) ybp[1]]
      • A8a – Okunev culture, Ket, Selkup,[27] Pakistan, Poland, Italy [TMRCA 11,000 (95% CI 8,000 <-> 14,800) ybp[1]]
        • A8a* – Han Chinese (Guizhou), Korean
        • A8a1 – Hungary, Albania [TMRCA 5,500 (95% CI 3,000 <-> 9,200) ybp[1]]
          • A8a1* - Uyghur, Poland (Podhale), USA (Louisiana)
          • A8a1a - Yakut,[30] Uyghur, Buryat
        • A8a2
          • A8a2a – Kets (Kellog, etc.), Tofalar (Alygdzher) [TMRCA 2,200 (95% CI 125 <-> 12,000) ybp[1]]
          • A8a2b - Tuvan (Bay-Tal), Poland
      • A8b – Koryak [TMRCA 1,050 (95% CI 75 <-> 5,600) ybp[1]]
    • A10 – China (Uyghur), Afghanistan (Hazara, Uzbek), Russia (Mansi, Volga Tatars, etc.), France, Canada, New York [TMRCA 9,200 (95% CI 4,900 <-> 15,600) ybp[1]]

The mummy "Juanita" of Peru, also called the "Ice Maiden", has been shown to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup A.[42][43]

In his popular book The Seven Daughters of Eve, Bryan Sykes named the originator of this mtDNA haplogroup Aiyana.

Eva Longoria, an American actress of Mexican descent, belongs to Haplogroup A2.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup A (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

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