Haplogroup D
Possible time of originca. 60,000 – 40,000 YBP
Possible place of originEast Asia
AncestorM80'D
DescendantsD4, 16189
Defining mutations4883 5178A 16362[1]

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup D is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup M, thought to have arisen somewhere in East Asia, between roughly 60,000 and 35,000 years ago (in the Late Pleistocene, before the Last Glacial Maximum and the settlement of the Americas).[2]

In contemporary populations, it is found especially in Central[3] and Northeast Asia.[4] Haplogroup D (more specifically, subclade D4) is one of five main haplogroups found in the indigenous peoples of the Americas, the others being A, B, C, and X. Among the Nepalese population, haplogroup D is the most dominant maternal lineage in Tamang (26.1%) and Magar (24.3%).[5]

Subclades

There are two principal branches, D4 and D5'6. D1, D2 and D3 are subclades of D4.

D4

D1 is a basal branch of D4 that is widespread and diverse in the Americas. Subclades D4b1, D4e1, and D4h are found both in Asia and in the Americas and are thus of special interest for the settlement of the Americas. D2, which occurs with high frequency in some arctic and subarctic populations (especially Aleuts), is a subclade of D4e1 parallel to D4e1a and D4e1c, so it properly should be termed D4e1b. D3, which has been found mainly in some Siberian populations and in Inuit of Canada and Greenland,[6] is a branch of D4b1c.

D4 (3010, 8414, 14668): The subclade D4 is the most frequently occurring mtDNA haplogroup among modern populations of northern East Asia, such as Japanese,[7][8][9][10] Okinawans,[8] Koreans,[8][11] northern Han Chinese (e.g. from Lanzhou[12]), and some Mongolic- or Tungusic-speaking populations of the Hulunbuir region, such as Barghuts in Hulun Buir Aimak,[13] Mongols and Evenks in New Barag Left Banner,[14] and Oroqens in Oroqen Autonomous Banner.[14] D4 is also the most common haplogroup among the Oroks of Sakhalin, the Buryats and Khamnigans of the Buryat Republic, the Kalmyks of the Kalmyk Republic, the Telenghits and Kazakhs of the Altai Republic,[13][15] and the Kyrgyz of Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture.[16] It also predominates among published samples of Paleo-Indians and individuals whose remains have been recovered from Chertovy Vorota Cave. Spread also all over China, the Himalayas, Central Asia, Siberia, and indigenous peoples of the Americas, with some cases observed in Southeast Asia, Southwest Asia, and Europe.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Khattak and Kheshgi in Peshawar Valley, Pakistan[24]

  • D1 – America
    • D1a – Colombia
      • D1a1 – Brazil (Surui, Gavião)
      • D1a2 – Guaraní
    • D1b – United States (Hispanic), Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico
    • D1c – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
    • D1d
      • D1d1 – United States (Hispanic), Mexican
      • D1d2 – Mexican
    • D1e – Brazil (Karitiana, Zoró)
    • D1f – Colombia (incl. Coreguaje), Ecuador (Amerindian Kichwas from the Amazonian provinces of Pastaza, Orellana, and Napo), Peru, Mexican, USA
      • D1f1 – Venezuela, Brazil (Karitiana), Tiriyó, Waiwai, Katuena
      • D1f2 – Colombia
      • D1f3 – Mexico, USA (Native American)
    • D1g – Southern Cone of South America
      • D1g1
        • D1g1a
        • D1g1b
      • D1g2
        • D1g2a
      • D1g3
      • D1g4
      • D1g5
      • D1g6
    • D1h
      • D1h1 – Mexican
      • D1h2 – Mexican
    • D1i – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
      • D1i1 – Mexican
      • D1i2 – Mexican
    • D1j – Southern Cone of South America (incl. the Gran Chaco in Argentina)
      • D1j1
        • D1j1a
          • D1j1a1 – Argentina
          • D1j1a2
    • D1k – Peru, Mexican, United States (Hispanic)
    • D1m – Mexican
    • D1n – United States (Hispanic), Mexico
    • D1r – Peru
    • D1u
      • D1u1 – Peru

  • D4a – China,[26] Mongol from Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang,[25] Northern Thailand (Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province and Lamphun Province, Phuan from Phrae Province),[27] Laos (Lao from Luang Prabang),[27] Japan, Korea, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (Tajik from Ferghana),[28] Pakistan (Saraiki),[29] Mongolia[28]
    • D4a1 – Japan, Korea, Negidal, Ulchi[30]
      • D4a1a – Japan
        • D4a1a1 – Japan, Korea
          • D4a1a1a – Japan
      • D4a1b – Japan, Korea
        • D4a1b1 – Japan
      • D4a1c – Japan, Korea
      • D4a1d – Japan
      • D4a1e – China, Taiwan, Dirang Monpa, Mongol from Shandong,[25] Yakut
        • D4a1e1 – Japan, Uyghurs
      • D4a1f – Japan
        • D4a1f1 – Japan
      • D4a1g – China, Bargut
      • D4a1h – Japan
    • D4a2 – Japan, Korea
      • D4a2a – Japan, Korea
      • D4a2b – Japan
    • D4a3 Mongol from Tongliao[25]
      • D4a3a
        • D4a3a* – China[31] (Henan[32]), Korea[31]
        • D4a3a1 – China (Taihang area in Henan province,[33] Hunan Han,[32] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[34])
        • D4a3a2 – Japan
      • D4a3b
        • D4a3b* – China, Mongol from Shenyang[25]
        • D4a3b1 – Japan, Korea, China（Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China）,[34] Pakistan (Kalash)[35]
        • D4a3b2 – China, Taiwan
    • D4a4 – Japan
    • D4a5 - Myanmar (Shan from Kachin State[32]), China (Zhejiang,[32] Chamdo,[32] Korean from Antu County, Mongol from Tongliao[25])
    • D4a6 - China[36] (Eastern China,[37] Korean from Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture[34]), Mauritius[38]
  • D4a-b
    • D4a-b* – China (Han Chinese from Taizhou, Zhejiang)[37]
      • D4a7
        • D4a7* – China[39]
          • D4a7a
            • D4a7a* – Taiwan[40]
              • D4a7a1 – Taiwan (Hakka Han from Neipu, Pingtung)[41]
          • D4a7b
            • D4a7b* – Vietnam (Kinh from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam)[42]
              • D4a7b1 – China (Souther Han Chinese from Hunan),[10] Taiwan (Minnan Han from Kaohsiung and Tsou from Alishan, Chiayi),[41] Vietnam (Kinh from Gia Lâm District, Hanoi) [43] Singapore (Malaysian)[44]
    • D4a8 – China
  • D4b – Thailand (Thai from Central Thailand[45])
    • D4b1
      • D4b1* – Russia (Tuvan from Tuva Republic, Tatarstan), Kyrgyzstan (Kyrgyz), China (Uyghur, Mongol from Beijing,[25] etc.)
      • D4b1a
      • D4b1b'd
        • D4b1b - China, Taiwan
          • D4b1b1 – Japan
            • D4b1b1a – Japan
              • D4b1b1a1 – Japan
          • D4b1b2 – Japan, China (Han from Zhanjiang)
        • D4b1d – China (Gelao from Daozhen)
      • D4b1c
        • D3 – Oroqen, Buryat, Barghut, Yukaghir, Even, Evenk, Yakut, Dolgan, Nganasan, Inuit
          • D3* – Buryat, Yakut, Yukaghir (Lower Indigirka River, Chukotka, etc.), Nganasan (Vadei from the Taimyr Peninsula), Even (Severo-Evensk district, Sebjan, Sakkyryyr, Berezovka), Evenk (Taimyr Peninsula), Oroqen, Mansi
          • D3a – Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Stony Tunguska)
          • D3b – Oroqen
          • D3c
            • D3c* – Buryat
            • D3c1
              • D3c1* – Nganasan (Avam from the Taimyr Peninsula)
              • D3c1a
                • D3c1a1
                  • D3c1a1a – Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug (Neolithic Transbaikal), Bargut (modern Inner Mongolia)
                  • D3c1a1b – Italy (Roman Empire)
                • D3c1a2 – Ust'-Dolgoe site of Glazkovo culture (Bronze Age Cis-Baikal), Onnyos burial near Amga River (Middle Neolithic central Yakutia)
          • D3d – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia, Lower Indigirka River)
          • D3e – Even (Tompo District of Yakutia)
    • D4b2 – Japan, specimen from 4256–4071 cal YBP (Middle Jōmon period) Yokohama,[47] China (Mongol from Hebei[25]), Thailand (Hmong from Chiang Rai Province), India (Gallong)
      • D4b2a – Japan
        • D4b2a1 – Japan, China (Korean from Antu County)
        • D4b2a2 – Japan, Korea
          • D4b2a2a – Japan, Kyrgyzstan
            • D4b2a2a1 – Japan
            • D4b2a2a2 – Japan
          • D4b2a2b – Japan
      • D4b2b – China (Mongols from Northeast China and Inner Mongolia,[25] Uyghurs, Tu, Tibet, etc.), South Korea, Japan, Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province[27]), Saudi Arabia
        • D4b2b1 – Japan, Korea, Buryat, Mongol from Tongliao,[25] Uyghur, Persian
          • D4b2b1a – Japan
          • D4b2b1b – Japan
          • D4b2b1c – Japan
          • D4b2b1d – Japan
        • D4b2b2 – China (Mongol from Chifeng and Heilongjiang,[25] Tujia, Han from Lanzhou,[12] etc.), Taiwan (Hakka)
          • D4b2b2a – China, Taiwan, Vietnam (Lachi)
            • D4b2b2a1 – Japan, Russia
          • D4b2b2b – Russia, China, South Korea
          • D4b2b2c – China, Buryat
        • D4b2b3 – Japan
        • D4b2b4 – Northeast India (Sherdukpen), China, Russia (Tuvan)
        • D4b2b5 – Barguts, Buryat, Tibet, Taiwan
        • D4b2b6 – Chinese (Beijing, Lanzhou,[12] Denver), Korea, Armenian
        • D4b2b7 – China, Taiwan (Hakka)
        • D4b2b8 – Uyghur
        • D4b2b9
          • D4b2b9* – China, Xibo
          • D4b2b9a
            • D4b2b9a* – Buryat
            • D4b2b9a1 – China
      • D4b2c
      • D4b2d – Inner Mongolia (Bargut, Buryat)
  • D4c
    • D4c1 – Uyghur
      • D4c1a – Japan, Korea
        • D4c1a1 – Japan, Tashkurgan (Kyrgyz)
      • D4c1b – Japan, Inner Mongolia
        • D4c1b1 – Japan, Tibet
        • D4c1b2 – Japan
    • D4c2 – Turkmenistan, Mongol from Chifeng[25]
      • D4c2a – Uyghur (Artux), Russian Federation
        • D4c2a1 – Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Ulchi
      • D4c2b – Yakut, Buryat, Bargut, Daur, Even, Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Kazakhstan, Turk, Russian, Ukraine
      • D4c2c – Japan
  • D4d – Japan, Korea

  • D4e
    • D4e1 – Taiwan, Czech Republic (West Bohemia), Austrian, Finland, USA
      • D4e1a – Thailand (Mon from Nakhon Ratchasima Province[27]), Moken, Urak Lawoi, China (Han from Lanzhou,[12] Mongol from Inner Mongolia,[25] etc.), Tibet, Uyghur, Korea, Japan
      • D2 – Uyghur, Mongol from Jilin and Chaoyang[25]
        • D2a'b
          • D2a – Aleut, Tlingit
            • D2a1 – Saqqaq, ancient Canada
              • D2a1a – Aleut
              • D2a1b – Siberian Eskimo
            • D2a2 – Chukchi, Eskimo
          • D2b – Yukaghir, Even (Maya River, Okhotsk Region), Mongol from Hulunbuir[25]
            • D2b1 – China, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kalmyk, Belarus (Tatar)
              • D2b1a – Buryat, Yakut, Khamnigan, Evenk
            • D2b2 – Evenk, Bargut
        • D2c – Buryat
      • D4e1c – Mexican
    • D4e2 – Japan, Korea, USA (African American)
      • D4e2a – Japan, Korea
      • D4e2b – Japan
      • D4e2c – Japan
      • D4e2d – Japan
    • D4e3 – Northeast Thailand (Black Tai, Saek),[27] China, Mongol from Shenyang and Tongliao,[25] Lachungpa
    • D4e4 – Yakut, Ulchi,[30] Bulgaria, Poland, Russian Federation
      • D4e4a – Evenk, Even, Uyghur
      • D4e4b – Russian, Volga Tatar
    • D4e5
  • D4f – Shor

  • D4h
    • D4h* – Thailand (Khmu from Nan Province, Htin from Phayao Province, Khon Mueang from Lampang Province[27]), Philippines
    • D4h1
      • D4h1* – China
      • D4h1a - Korea
        • D4h1a1 – Korea, Japan
        • D4h1a2 – Japan
      • D4h1b – Hunan (Han), Japan
      • D4h1c – China (incl. Tu), Tibet
      • D4h1d – Bargut
    • D4h2 – Ulchi
    • D4h3 – Thailand (Tai Yuan from Ratchaburi Province[27])[48]
      • D4h3a – South America (Peru, Ecuador, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil), Mexico, USA,[49][50] and Colombia.[51]
        • D4h3a1 – Chile
          • D4h3a1a – Chile
            • D4h3a1a1 – Chile
            • D4h3a1a2 – Chile
        • D4h3a2 – Chile, Argentina
        • D4h3a3 – Chile
          • D4h3a3a – Mexico, USA
        • D4h3a4 – Peru
        • D4h3a5 – Chile, Peru, Argentina
        • D4h3a6 – Peru, Ecuador
        • D4h3a7 – ancient Canada
        • D4h3a8 – Mexico
        • D4h3a9 – Peru
      • D4h3b – China
    • D4h4 – Uyghur, Tibet, Japan, Mongol (Bayannur,[25] Hinggan[25])
      • D4h4a – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan), Buryat, Bargut
  • D4i
    • D4i* – Japan, Uyghur, Israel (Palestinian)
    • D4i1 – Japan
    • D4i2 – Uyghur, Yakut, Dolgan, Kazakh, Volga Tatar, Buryat, Bargut, Evenk (Iengra), Even, Nanai, Yukaghir, Russia, Germany, England
    • D4i3
      • D4i3* – Nepal (Kathmandu)
      • D4i3a – China, Taiwan (Atayal)
    • D4i4 – Uyghur, Tibet (Sherpa), China (Miao), Vietnam (H'Mông)
    • D4i5 – Japan

  • D4j – Tibet, Uyghur, Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan, Tashkurgan, Artux), Altai, Teleut, Tuvan, Buryat, Mongols in China (Bargut, Chifeng,[25] Hohhot,[25] Tianjin,[25] Tongliao[25]), China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Turkey, Italy, Czech Republic, Lithuania, Belarus
    • D4j1 – Thailand (Palaung from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Uyghur
      • D4j1a – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan
        • D4j1a1 – Lepcha, Gallong, Lachungpa, Sherpa, Tibet, Lahu, Thailand (Lahu from Mae Hong Son Province, Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Lawa from Mae Hong Son Province, Tai Yuan from Uttaradit Province[27]), Kyrgyz, Uyghur, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan
          • D4j1a1a – Gallong, Tibet
          • D4j1a1b – Toto
        • D4j1a2 – Tibet, Ladakh
      • D4j1b – Tibet, Wancho, Nepal, Thailand (Mon from Ratchaburi Province, Palaung and Khon Mueang from Chiang Mai Province[27]), Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan)
        • D4j1b2 – Gallong
    • D4j2 – Lithuania, ancient Scythian (Chylenski), Yakut,[52] Dolgan[52]
      • D4j2a – Mansi, Ket, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)[53]
    • D4j-T16311C! – Italy, Ukraine, Lithuania
    • D4j4 – Nganasan, Even (Maya River basin, NE Sakha Republic[52]), Evenk (Nyukzha river basin,[53] Iengra River basin[53])
      • D4j4a – Evenk (Okhotsk region, Sakha Republic,[52] Iengra River basin[53]), Even (Okhotsk region), Ulchi, Buryat, Yakut (Vilyuy River basin[52])
    • D4j5 – Italy, Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Iran (Khorasan),[54] Uyghur, Kyrgyz,[55] Inner Mongolia, Buryat, Yakut,[53][52] Yukaghir,[52] Even (Sakha Republic),[53][52] Evenk (Sakha Republic)[52]
    • D4j-T146C!
      • D4j6 – China, Buryat, Dirang Monpa
      • D4j13 – Volga Tatar, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Sherpa (Shigatse)
    • D4j7 – Tubalar, Mongol (Hinggan League[25])
      • D4j7a – Buryat, Bargut
    • D4j8 – China, Bargut, Buryat, Evenk (Sakha Republic),[52] Yakut,[52] Kazakh, Kyrgyz (Artux), Uyghur, Poland, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, Austria, Scotland, Argentina
    • D4j9 – Bargut, Buryat, Khamnigan, Tuvan
    • D4j10 – Tubalar, Buryat, Bargut, Khamnigan, Kazakhstan, Turk
    • D4j12 – Bargut, Buryat, Uyghur, Tatarstan, Belarus, Poland, Italy
    • D4j14 – Japan
    • D4j15 – China, Tibet, Mongols in China (Chifeng[25]), Kazakhstan
    • D4j16 – China
  • D4k'o'p
    • D4k – Japan, Korea, China (Qinghai, Kinh, etc.), Uyghur, Kyrgyzstan
    • D4o – Teleut, Uyghur, Buryat[48]
    • D4p
      • D4p* – Altaian, Buryat
      • D4p1 – Japan
      • D4p2 – Buryat
  • D4l
    • D4l1
      • D4l1a – Japan
        • D4l1a1 – Japan
      • D4l1b – Bargut (Inner Mongolia), Uyghur
    • D4l2 – Evenk (Nyukzha, Iengra, Taimyr), Yakut (Central, Vilyuy), Uyghur,[32] Kazakh[32]
      • D4l2a – Even (Tompo, Sebjan), Yukaghir, Mongol (Xilingol League[25])
        • D4l2a1 – Even (Sebjan, Sakkyryyr), Evenk (Taimyr), Yakut, Yukaghir
        • D4l2a2 – Evenk, Negidal, Yukaghir
      • D4l2b – China, Tibet (Lhasa)
  • D4m
  • D4n
    • D4n* – Japan, Korea
    • D4n1
      • D4n1* – Japan
      • D4n1a – Japan
    • D4n2
      • D4n2a – China
      • D4n2b – Kyrgyz (Tashkurgan),[55] Tibet,[60] Bargut (Inner Mongolia),[48] Buryat (Irkutsk Oblast)[56]
  • D4q – Taiwan,[31] China,[32] Mongols in China (Fuxin[25]), Kyrgyz,[59] Tajiks,[59] India (Jammu and Kashmir),[32] Germany,[31] Poland,[31] Netherlands,[31] United States[31]
  • D4r – Thailand, Myanmar
  • D4s
  • D4t – China, Korea, Japan
  • D4u
    • D4u*
    • D4u1
      • D4u1* – Iran (Qashqai)[54]
      • D4u1a – Tashkurgan (Sarikoli)[55]
  • D4v – Thailand[27]
  • D4w – Japan (Tokyo), Tu
  • D4x – Peru (pre-Columbian Lima)
  • D4y – Vietnam (La Chí)
  • D4z – China

D5'6

D5'6 (16189) is mainly found in East Asia and Southeast Asia, especially in China, Korea, and Japan.[64][65][66] It does not appear to have participated in the migration to the Americas, and frequencies in Central, North, and South Asia are generally lower, although the D5a2a2 subclade is prevalent (57/423 = 13.48%[52]) among the Yakuts, a Turkic-speaking group that migrated to Siberia in historical times under the pressure of the Mongol expansion.[52]


Table of frequencies by ethnic group

Population Frequency Count Source Subtypes
Ban Ravat (Uttarakhand)1.00038D4=38
Aleut (Commander Islands)1.00036[23]D2a1a=36
Orok (Sakhalin)0.68961D(xD5)=41, D5=1
Aleut (Aleutian Islands)0.656163[23]D2a1a=107
Tibetan (Deqin, Yunnan)0.55040D(xD5)=20, D5(xD5a)=2
Northern Paiute/Shoshoni0.47994[18]D=45
Uyghur (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.43816[3]D(xD4c)=5, D4c=2
Oroqen (Oroqen Autonomous Banner)0.43244[14]D(xD5)=14, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Subba (Limbu)0.43244D4=19
Japanese (Hokkaidō)0.415217Asari 2007D4a=24, D4b=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=21, D4e=11, D5=10, D4g=2, D4j=1
Japanese (northern Kyūshū)0.414256[8]D4b=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D4a=19, D4e=16, D5=10, D4g(xD4g1)=8, D4j=3
Japanese0.412211[7]D4(xD4b)=75, D5(xD5a)=10, D5a=1, D4b=1
Japanese (Tōkai)0.411282[8]D4b=34, D4a=26, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=24, D5=14, D4e=13, D4j=3, D4g(xD4g1)=2
Northern Paiute0.40898[17]D=40
Japanese (Tōhoku)0.399336[8]D4a=31, D4b=30, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=29, D4e=17, D4g(xD4g1)=11, D5=10, D4j=4, D4g1=2
Korean (South Korea)0.398103[15]D4(xD2, D3)=33, D5=8
Mongol (New Barag Left Banner)0.39648[14]D(xD5)=16, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Dolgan (Anabarsky, Volochanka, Ust-Avam, and Dudinka)0.390154[52]D4l2=35, D3=8, D4e4a1=5, D4b1(xD3)=4, D4i2=2, D4j2=2, D4a=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D5a2a2=1
Okinawa0.383326[8]D4a=28, D4b=23, D4e=21, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=18, D4j=12, D4g(xD4g1)=12, D5=7, D4g1=4
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.37524[63]D=9
Korean (South Korea)0.364261D4(xD4a, D4b)=36, D4b=20, D4a=18, D5=14, D(xD4, D5)=7
Japanese (Tokyo)0.356118[10]D4=39, D5=3
Barghut (Hulunbuir)0.356149[13]D4(xD2, D3)=47, D2=3, D3=2, D5=1
Buryat (Buryatia)0.349295[15]D4(xD2, D3)=86?, D5=8, D3=7, D2=2
Buryat0.348419[48]D4(xD2)=134, D5=9, D2=3
Korean (South Korea)0.340203[8]D5=15, D4b=14, D4a=10, D4j=9, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=8, D4e=7, D4g(xD4g1)=6
Khamnigan (Buryatia)0.33399[15]D4(xD2, D3)=25, D3=5, D5=2, D2=1
Korean (northern China)0.33351D4(xD4a, D4b)=11, D4a=3, D5(xD5a)=2, D(xD4, D5)=1
Korean (Arun Banner)0.33348[14]D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=5
Yakut (vicinity of Yakutsk)0.329164[52]D5a2a2=28, D4i2=9, D4c2=5, D4o2=4, D4j5=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D4a=1, D4j8=1, D4l2=1
Korean (South Korea)0.324185D4(xD4a, D4b)=44, D5(xD5a)=6, D5a=3, D4a=3, D4b=3, D(xD4, D5)=1
Yi (Luxi, Yunnan)0.32331D(xD5)=8, D5(xD5a)=2
Evenk (New Barag Left Banner)0.31947[14]D(xD5)=12, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Evenk (Krasnoyarsk)0.30173[15]D4(xD2, D3)=13, D5=5, D3=4
Han (Beijing)0.30040D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=2
Japanese (Miyazaki)0.300100D4(xD4a,D4b1,D4b2b)=16, D4a=5, D4b2b=3, D5a(xD5a2)=3, D4b1=1, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a2=1
Turkmen (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.30020[3]D4c=5, D(xD4c)=1
Yakut0.299117[14]D(xD5)=17, D5a=17, D5(xD5a)=1
Yakut (Vilyuy River basin)0.297111[52]D5a2a2=20, D4i2=4, D4c2=2, D2b1=2, D4b1(xD3)=1, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=1, D4j2=1, D4j4a=1, D4o2=1
Iu Mien (Mengla, Yunnan)0.29627[19]D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Southwest China; pool of 44 Sichuan, 34 Chongqing, 33 Yunnan, and 26 Guizhou)0.292137[63]D4(xD4a)=29, D5a=6, D4a=5
Nganasan0.29224D3=4, D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=3
Kalmyk (Kalmykia)0.291110[15]D4(xD2, D3)=24, D5=6, D2=2
Nivkh (northern Sakhalin)0.28656D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=16
Tibetan (Nagchu, Tibet)0.28635[63]D=10
Evenk (Ust-Maysky, Oleneksky, and Zhigansky)0.280125[52]D5a2a2=10, D4l2=8, D2b1=3, D4b1(xD3)=2, D3=2, D4c2=2, D4e4a1=2, D4j4a=2, D4j5=2, D4j8=1, D4o2=1
Chinese (Shenyang, Liaoning)0.275160[8]D5=16, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=6, D4b=5, D4e=5, D4g(xD4g1)=5, D4j=4, D6=2, D4a=1
Hani (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.27333D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=1
Lahu (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.26715D(xD5)=4
Kazakh (Kosh-Agach, Altai Republic)0.26598[13]D4(xD2, D3)=22, D5=4
Yakut (northern Yakutia)0.257148[52]D5a2a2=9, D4e4a(xD4e4a1)=6, D4j2=5, D4l2=4, D4i2=3, D5b1d=3, D4c2=2, D4j5=2, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4m2=1, D4o2=1
Nganasan (Ust-Avam, Volochanka, and Novaya)0.25639[23]D3a1=7, D6=2, D4a=1
Han (Xinjiang)0.25547D(xD5)=9, D5a=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Sary-Tash)0.25547D(xD5)=12
Nuu-Chah-Nulth0.255102[17]D=26
Han (southern California)0.254390[63]D(xD4a, D5)=53, D5=28, D4a=18
Manchurian0.25040D4(xD4a, D4b)=8, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Even (Eveno-Bytantaysky & Momsky)0.248105[52]D4c2=5, D4l2=5, D4i2=3, D4j5=3, D5a2a2=3, D4m2=2, D4a=1, D3=1, D2b1=1, D4j4(xD4j4a)=1, D4o2=1
Teleut (Kemerovo)0.24553[15]D4(xD2, D3)=12, D5=1
Daur (Evenk Autonomous Banner)0.24445[14]D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=2, D5a=2
Evenk (Buryatia)0.24445[15]D3=6, D4(xD2, D3)=4, D2=1
Han (Taiwan)0.2431117[63]D=271
Negidal0.24233D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=8
Aini (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.24050D(xD5)=7, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Ainu0.23551D(xD5,D6)=8, D5=4
Taiwanese (Taipei, Taiwan)0.23191[8]D5=11, D4a=5, D4b=2, D4(xD4a, D4b, D4e, D4g, D4j)=2, D4g(xD4g1)=1
Darjeeling (general population)0.22766D4=13
D5=2
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.22631D(xD4b, D5)=6, D4b=1
Uzbek (Xinjiang)0.22458D(xD5)=11, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakut (Yakutia)0.22236[15]D4(xD2, D3)=5, D2=1, D3=1, D5=1
Yukaghir (Upper Kolyma)0.22218[23]D5a1=3, D6=1
Tujia (western Hunan)0.21964D(xD5)=9, D5a=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Ulchi0.21887D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D1a=4, D3=2
Han (Beijing Normal University)0.215121[10]D4=15, D5=11
Vietnamese0.21442D4(xD4a, D4b)=7, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Evenk (53 Stony Tunguska basin & 18 Tugur-Chumikan)0.21171D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=13, D3=1, D5=1
Telengit (Altai Republic)0.21171[15]D4(xD2, D3)=15
Guoshan Yao (Jianghua, Hunan)0.20824[19]D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1
Tibetan (Chamdo, Tibet)0.20729[63]D4(xD4a)=3, D5a=2, D4a=1
Tibetan (Shigatse, Tibet)0.20729[63]D4(xD4a)=4, D5a=2
Oirat Mongol (Xinjiang)0.20449D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Kyrgyz (Xinjiang)0.203138[16]D4(xD4b,D4e)=20
D5=4
D4b=2
D4e=2
Siberian Eskimos0.20379D2=12, D3=4 (4/8 Naukan, 7/25 Sireniki, 5/46 Chaplin)
Karakalpak (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020[3]D(xD4c)=4
Kyrgyz (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.20020[3]D(xD4c)=4
Nu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.20030D(xD5)=6
Buryat0.198126[14]D(xD5)=20, D5a=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Gelao (Daozhen County, Guizhou)0.196102D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Tubalar0.19472D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=10, D5=3, D3=1
Hmong (Jishou, Hunan)0.194103[19]D(xD5)=15, D5(xD5a)=3, D5a=2
Bai (Dali, Yunnan)0.19168D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=4
Mansi0.19063[4]D=12
Lowland Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.19042[19]D(xD5)=7, D5a=1
Khasi0.190368D4=48
D(xD4, D5a)=22
Mizo0.18848D4=9
Nyishi0.18848D4=7
D5=2
Yi (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.18816D(xD5)=3
Tibetan (Nyingchi, Tibet)0.18554[63]D4(xD4a)=9, D5a=1
Poumai Naga0.18449D4=9
Kazakh (Kazakhstan)0.18255D(xD5)=9, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Wenshan, Yunnan)0.17939[19]D(xD5)=6, D5(xD5a)=1
Han (Denver)0.17873[10]D4=10, D5=3
Yukaghir (Lower Kolyma-Indigirka)0.17182[23]D9=4, D8=2, D7=2, D5a1=2, D3a1=2, D3a2=1, D2(xD2a1a)=1
Sherpa (India)0.16754D4=9
Pumi (Ninglang, Yunnan)0.16736D(xD5)=6
Tujia (Yongshun, Hunan)0.16730D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=2
Yakama0.16742[17]D=7
Bhotia (Uttarakhand)0.16455D4=9
Han (Hunan & Fujian)0.16455[10]D4=6, D5=2, D6=1
Uyghur (Kazakhstan)0.16455D(xD5)=9
Khanty0.160106[4]D=17
Buryat (Kushun, Nizhneudinsk, Irkutsk)0.16025D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=4
Bai (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.15819D(xD5)=3
Khakassians (Khakassia)0.15857[15]D4(xD2, D3)=9
Mien (Shangsi, Guangxi)0.15632[19]D(xD5)=5
Hui (Xinjiang)0.15645D(xD5)=6, D5a=1
Tuvinian (Tuva)0.152105[15]D4(xD2, D3)=9, D2=3, D5=3, D3=1
Nogai (Daghestan)0.15233D=5
Kim Mun (Malipo, Yunnan)0.15040[19]D(xD5)=6
Tajik (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.15020[3]D4c=2, D(xD4c)=1
Yi (Shuangbai, Yunnan)0.15040D(xD5)=4, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Yi (Hezhang County, Guizhou)0.15020D(xD4b, D5)=3
Zhuang (Napo County, Guangxi)0.146130D4=13, D5=3, D(xD4,D5)=3
Kyrgyz (Talas)0.14648D(xD5)=7
Bella Coola0.14384[17]D=12
Lahu (Lancang, Yunnan)0.14335D(xD5)=5
Tuvan0.13795D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=9, D3=3, D5=1
Tibetan (Lhasa, Tibet)0.13644[63]D4(xD4a)=5, D5a=1
Yukaghir (Verkhnekolymsky & Nizhnekolymsky)0.13622[52]D4j5=1, D4l2=1, D5a2a2=1
Chukchi (Anadyr)0.13315[15]D2=2
Kazakh (Xinjiang)0.13253D(xD5)=7
Sema Naga0.13054D4=7
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.12847D4(xD4a, D4b)=5, D4b=1
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.12755[63]D4(xD4a)=5, D4a=1, D5a=1
Chakhesang Naga0.12755D4=7
Shor (Kemerovo)0.12282[15]D4(xD2, D3)=9, D5=1
Chukchi0.12166D2=7, D3=1
Bunu (19 Bu Nu from Dahua & 6 Mu Bin from Tianlin)0.12025[19]D(xD5)=2, D5a=1
Kurd (northwestern Iran)0.12025[15]D4(xD2, D3)=3
Udmurt (Malo-Purginsky & Tatyshlinsky)0.119101D=12
Karelian (Viena)0.11587D5=10
Tibetan refugees in India0.112107D4=9
D5=3
Sulawesi (89 Manado, 64 Toraja, 46 Ujung Padang, & 38 Palu)0.110237[21]D5=20, D(xD5)=6
Han (Taiwanese)0.108111D4a=2, D5b1=2, D4b1b=1, D4b2b5=1, D4g2=1, D4j1a(xD4j1a1)=1, D4j6=1, D5(xD5a2a1, D5b)=1, D5a2a1=1, D5b(xD5b1)=1
Mongolian (Ulan Bator)0.10647[15]D4(xD2, D3)=5
Uyghur (Xinjiang)0.10647D(xD5)=3, D5(xD5a)=1, D5a=1
Ao Naga0.10666D4=5
D5=1
D(xD4,D5)=1
Kazakh (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.10020[3]D4c=1, D(xD4c)=1
Khasi0.10040D4=4
Tharu (Morang, Nepal)0.10040D4e1a=2, D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=2
Tatar (Aznakayevo)0.09971D=7
Chuvantsi (Markovo, Chukotka)0.09432[23]D3a2a=2, D2a1a=1
Lahu (Simao, Yunnan)0.09432D(xD5)=2, D5(xD5a)=1
Bashkir (Beloretsky, Sterlibashevsky, Ilishevsky, & Perm)0.090221D=20
Tharu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.090133D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=7, D4j=5
Altay Kizhi0.08990[15]D4(xD2, D3)=6, D3=2
Tibetan (Zhongdian, Yunnan)0.08635D(xD5)=3
Mansi0.08298D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=6, D3=1, D5=1
Lisu (Gongshan, Yunnan)0.08137D(xD5)=3
Lanten Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.07726[19]D(xD5)=1, D5(xD5a)=1
Hmong (Northern Thailand)0.076158D4e1a3=9
D4e1a=1
D4b=1
D5b4=1
Thai0.07540D(xD4, D5)=2, D4(xD4a, D4b)=1
Uzbek (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.07540[3]D(xD4c)=3
Tu Yao (Hezhou, Guangxi)0.07341[19]D(xD5)=3
Dong (Tianzhu County, Guizhou)0.07128D(xD4b, D5)=2
Tibetan (Qinghai)0.07156D(xD5)=4
Ambon0.07043[21]D(xD5)=2, D5=1
Tujia (Yanhe County, Guizhou)0.06929D5=1, D(xD4b, D5)=1
Tajik (Tajikistan)0.06844[15]D4(xD2, D3)=2, D5=1
Turkmen (Afghanistan)0.06775D4(xD4j)=4
D4j=1
Dungan (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.06316[3]D(xD4c)=1
Bapai Yao (Liannan, Guangdong)0.05735[19]D(xD5)=2
Jino (Xishuangbanna, Yunnan)0.05618D5(xD5a)=1
Komi-Permyak (Komi-Permyak Autonomous District)0.05474D=4
Taono O'odham0.05437[18]D=2
Taiwan aborigines0.053640[65]D5'6=26, D4=8
Apache0.05338[18]D=2
Tibetan (Shannan, Tibet)0.05319[63]D=1
Huatou Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.05319[19]D(xD5)=1
Li (Hainan)0.052346[65]D5'6=13, D4=5
Hazara (Afghanistan)0.05178D4j=2
D4(xD4j)=2
Borneo (89 Banjarmasin & 68 Kota Kinabalu)0.051157[21]D5=7, D(xD5)=1
Iranian (Uzbekistan/Kyrgyzstan)0.05020[3]D(xD4c)=1
Karelian (Tver)0.04961D5=2, D(xD5)=1
Tatar (Buinsk)0.048126D=6
Thailand0.048105[22]D=5
Uzbek (Afghanistan)0.047127D4j=2
D4(xD4j)=2
D5'6=2
Naxi (Lijiang, Yunnan)0.04445D(xD5)=2
Hindu (Chitwan, Nepal)0.04224D4(xD4e1a, D4j)=1
Tajik (Afghanistan)0.041146D4(xD4j)=4
D4j=1
D5'6=1
Changpa0.04050D4=1
D5=1
Chuvash (Morgaushsky)0.03655D=2
Cun (Hainan)0.03330[65]D4=1
Wuzhou Yao (Fuchuan, Guangxi)0.03231[19]D(xD5)=1
Filipino0.03164[66]D5b=1, D6=1
Pan Yao (Tianlin, Guangxi)0.03132[19]D(xD5)=1
Filipino (Mindanao)0.02970[66]D6=2
Karelian (Aunus)0.028218D5=6
Ket0.02638D(xD1a, D2, D3, D5)=1
Tatar (Almetyevsky & Yelabuzhsky)0.026228D=6
Persian (eastern Iran)0.02482[15]D4(xD2, D3)=1, D5=1
Lombok (Mataram)0.02344[21]D5=1
Filipino (Luzon)0.023177[66]D6=2, D5b=1, D(xD5b, D6)=1
Alor0.02245[21]D(xD5)=1
Cham (Bình Thuận, Vietnam)0.018168D4=3
Mari (Zvenigovsky)0.015136D=2
Koryak0.013155D3=2
Bali0.01282[21]D5=1
Pashtun (Afghanistan)0.01190D4j=1
Mordvinian (Staroshaygovsky)0.010102D=1
Filipino (Visayas)0.009112[66]D6=1
Kiliwa0.0007[18]-
Seri0.0008[18]-
Dingban Yao (Mengla, Yunnan)0.00010[19]-
Xiban Yao (Fangcheng, Guangxi)0.00011[19]-
Cochimí0.00013[18]-
Filipino (Palawan)0.00020-
River Yuman0.00022[18]-
Delta Yuman0.00023[18]-
Tibetan (Diqing, Yunnan)0.00024-
Zuni0.00026[18]-
Pai Yuman0.00027[18]-
Batek (Malaysia)0.00029[20]-
Batak (Palawan)0.00031-
Lingao (Hainan)0.00031[65]-
Nahua0.00031[18]-
Mendriq (Malaysia)0.00032[20]-
Temuan (Malaysia)0.00033[20]-
Jemez0.00036[18]-
Akimal O’odham0.00043[18]-
Java (incl. 36 from Tengger)0.00046[21]-
Tofalar0.00046-
Udegey0.00046-
Itelmen0.00047-
Sumba (Waingapu)0.00050[21]-
Jahai (Malaysia)0.00051[20]-
Senoi (51 Temiar & 1 Semai, Malaysia)0.00052[20]-
Filipino0.00061[21]-
Semelai (Malaysia)0.00061[20]-
Komi-Zyryan (Sysolsky)0.00062-
Navajo0.00064[18]-
Sumatra0.000180[21]-

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Haplogroup D (mtDNA).

Phylogenetic tree of human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups

  Mitochondrial Eve (L)    
L0 L1–6  
L1 L2   L3     L4 L5 L6
M N  
CZ D E G Q   O A S R   I W X Y
C Z B F R0   pre-JT   P   U
HV JT K
H V J T

References

  1. ↑ van Oven, Mannis; Kayser, Manfred (February 2009). "Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation". Human Mutation. 30 (2): E386–E394. doi:10.1002/humu.20921. PMID 18853457. S2CID 27566749.
  2. ↑ estimated at 48.3+13.1
    −12.7     kya     (95% CI) in: Soares, Pedro; Ermini, Luca; Thomson, Noel; Mormina, Maru; Rito, Teresa; Röhl, Arne; Salas, Antonio; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Macaulay, Vincent; Richards, Martin B. (June 2009). "Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 84 (6): 740–759. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001. PMC 2694979. PMID 19500773.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Comas, David; Plaza, Stéphanie; Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldaseva, Nadira; Lao, Oscar; Calafell, Francesc; Bertranpetit, Jaume (June 2004). "Admixture, migrations, and dispersals in Central Asia: evidence from maternal DNA lineages". European Journal of Human Genetics. 12 (6): 495–504. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201160. PMID 14872198. S2CID 11497755.
  4. 1 2 3 Pimenoff, Ville N; Comas, David; Palo, Jukka U; et al. (2008). "Northwest Siberian Khanty and Mansi in the junction of West and East Eurasian gene pools as revealed by uniparental markers". European Journal of Human Genetics. 16 (10): 1254–1264. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.101. PMID 18506205. S2CID 19488203.
  5. ↑ Basnet, Rajdip; Rai, Niraj; Tamang, Rakesh; Awasthi, Nagendra Prasad; Pradhan, Isha; Parajuli, Pawan; Kashyap, Deepak; Reddy, Alla Govardhan; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Das Manandhar, Krishna; Shrestha, Tilak Ram; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy (2022-10-15). "The matrilineal ancestry of Nepali populations" (PDF). Human Genetics. 142 (2): 167–180. doi:10.1007/s00439-022-02488-z. ISSN 0340-6717. PMID 36242641. S2CID 252904281.
  6. ↑ Helgason, Agnar; Palsson, Gisli; Sloth Pedersen, Henning; et al. (2006). "MtDNA Variation in Inuit Populations of Greenland and Canada: Migration History and Population Structure". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 130 (1): 123–134. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20313. PMID 16353217.
  7. 1 2 Maruyama, Sayaka; Minaguchi, Kiyoshi; Saitou, Naruya (2003). "Sequence polymorphisms of the mitochondrial DNA control region and phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA lineages in the Japanese population". Int J Legal Med. 117 (4): 218–225. doi:10.1007/s00414-003-0379-2. PMID 12845447. S2CID 1224295.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Umetsu, Kazuo; Tanaka, Masashi; Yuasa, Isao; et al. (2005). "Multiplex amplified product-length polymorphism analysis of 36 mitochondrial single-nucleotide polymorphisms for haplogrouping of East Asian populations". Electrophoresis. 26 (1): 91–98. doi:10.1002/elps.200406129. PMID 15624129. S2CID 44989190.
  9. ↑ Asari, M; et al. (2007). "Utility of haplogroup determination for forensic mtDNA analysis in the Japanese population". Leg Med. 9 (5): 237–240. doi:10.1016/j.legalmed.2007.01.007. PMID 17467322.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zheng, H-X; Yan, S; Qin, Z-D; Wang, Y; Tan, J-Z; et al. (2011). "Major Population Expansion of East Asians Began before Neolithic Time: Evidence of mtDNA Genomes". PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e25835. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...625835Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0025835. PMC 3188578. PMID 21998705.
  11. ↑ Lee, HY; Yoo, JE; Park, MJ; Chung, U; Kim, CY; Shin, KJ (2006). "East Asian mtDNA haplogroup determination in Koreans: haplogroup-level coding region SNP analysis and subhaplogroup-level control region sequence analysis". Electrophoresis. 27 (22): 4408–18. doi:10.1002/elps.200600151. PMID 17058303. S2CID 28252456.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yao, Hongbin; Wang, Mengge; Zou, Xing; Li, Yingxiang; Yang, Xiaomin; Li, Ailin; Yeh, Hui-Yuan; Wang, Peixin; Wang, Zheng; Bai, Jingya; Guo, Jianxin; Chen, Jinwen; Ding, Xiao; Zhang, Yan; Lin, Baoquan; Wang, Chuan-Chao; He, Guanglin (May 2021). "New insights into the fine-scale history of western–eastern admixture of the northwestern Chinese population in the Hexi Corridor via genome-wide genetic legacy". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 296 (3): 631–651. doi:10.1007/s00438-021-01767-0. PMID 33650010. S2CID 232091731.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Derenko, M; Malyarchuk, B; Denisova, G; Perkova, M; Rogalla, U; et al. (2012). "Complete Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of Eastern Eurasian Haplogroups Rarely Found in Populations of Northern Asia and Eastern Europe". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e32179. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...732179D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032179. PMC 3283723. PMID 22363811.
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  71. ↑ MtDNA Haplotree at Family Tree DNA
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