House of Iturbide
CountryMexico Mexico
Founded22 June 1822 (1822-06-22)[1]
FounderAgustín I
Current headMaximilian von Götzen-Iturbide (cognatic descendant)
Titles
Dissolution1949 (in agnatic line; last male dynast died in 1925)

The House of Iturbide (Spanish: Casa de Iturbide) is a former Imperial House of Mexico. It was founded by the Sovereign Mexican Constituent Congress on 22 June 1822 when the newly independent Mexican congress confirmed Agustín I's title of Constitutional Emperor of Mexico.[2][3][4][5] He was baptized with the names of Saints Cosmas and Damian at the cathedral there.[6][7] The last name Iturbide was originally from the Basque Country, Spain.[8] Emperor Agustín abdicated and lived in exile with the prohibition on returning to Mexico. Despite that ban, he returned, was captured, and executed. Grandchildren of Emperor Agustín were adopted by Maximilian I of Mexico (1864-67), who had no biological children, and granted some status in the empheral Second Mexican Empire.

History

Decree

The Sovereign Mexican Constituent Congress decreed on 22 June 1822[1] the following:

  • Art 1 °. The Mexican Monarchy, in addition to being moderate and Constitutional, is also hereditary.
  • Art 2 °. Consequently, the Nation calls the succession of the Crown for the death of the current Emperor, his firstborn son Don Agustín Jerónimo de Iturbide. The Constitution of the Empire will decide the order of succession of the throne.
  • Art 3 °. The crown prince will be called "Prince Imperial" and will have the treatment of Imperial Highness.
  • Art 4 °. The legitimate sons and daughters of H.I.M will be called "Mexican Princes", and will have the treatment of Highness.
  • Art 5 °. Don José Joaquín de Iturbide y Arreguí, Father of H.I.M, is decorated with the title of "Prince of the Union" and the treatment of Highness, during his life.
  • Art 6 °. It is also granted the title of "Princess of Iturbide" and the treatment of Highness, during his life, to Doña María Nicolasa de Iturbide y Arámburo, sister of the Emperor.

First Mexican Empire (1822–1823)

After Mexico was declared and recognized as an independent state, Iturbide was backed and influenced by Mexico's conservatives, who favored an independent Mexico with a monarch from one of the European royal families as head of state. When no European royalty accepted Mexico's offer (as Spain still had hopes of taking Mexico back), Iturbide was persuaded by his advisers to be named Emperor in the manner of Napoleon I.[9][10][11]

On 11 May 1823, the ex-emperor boarded the British ship Rawlins, en route to Livorno, Italy (then part of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany,[4] accompanied by his wife, children and some servants. There, he rented a small country house and began to write his memoirs. However, Spain pressured Tuscany to expel Iturbide, which it did, and the Iturbide family moved to the United Kingdom.[2] There, he published his autobiography, "Statement of Some of the Principal Events in the Public Life of Agustín de Iturbide". When he was exiled, Iturbide was given a government pension, but Congress also declared him a traitor and "outside of the law", to be killed if he ever returned to Mexico. Whether he was aware of this second part is in dispute.[4][7][10][12]

After his departure, the situation in Mexico continued to worsen. Reports of a probable Spanish attempt to retake Mexico reached Iturbide in the UK.[7] He continued to receive reports from Mexico, as well as advice from supporters, that if he returned, he would be hailed as a liberator and a potential leader against the Spanish invasion.[7] Iturbide sent word to congress in Mexico City on 13 February 1824 offering his services in the event of a Spanish attack. Congress never replied.[12] More conservative political factions in Mexico finally convinced Iturbide to return."[5]

Iturbide returned to Mexico on 14 July 1824,[10] accompanied by his wife, two children, and a chaplain (Joseph A. Lopez).[12] He landed at the port of Soto la Marina on the coast of Nuevo Santander (the modern-day state of Tamaulipas). They were initially greeted enthusiastically, but soon they were arrested and escorted by General Felipe de la Garza, the local military commander, to the nearby village of Padilla.[6] The local legislature held a trial and sentenced Iturbide to death. When a local priest administered last rites, Iturbide supposedly said, "Mexicans! I die with honor, not as a traitor; do not leave this stain on my children and my legacy. I am not a traitor, no." He was executed by firing squad on 19 July 1824.[5]

Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867)

In 1863, the Mexican Conservative Party, with the support of Napoleon III of France, attempted to establish a new monarchy under Austrian Hapsburg Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian as Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico.[13] Maximilian, who had no natural offspring, adopted two grandsons of the first Mexican emperor, Agustín de Iturbide y Green and Salvador de Iturbide y Marzán.[14] Agustín and Salvador were each granted the vitalicio[15] (meaning non-hereditary) title of Prince de Iturbide and style of Highness by imperial decree and followed in rank after the reigning family.[15] The forces of the Mexican Republic captured and executed Emperor Maximilian in 1867, ending monarchy in Mexico.

Decree

The Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg decreed on 16 September 1865[16] the following:

  • Art 1 °. The title of "Princes of Iturbide" is awarded to Don Agustín de Iturbide and Don Salvador de Iturbide, grandsons of the Emperor Agustín de Iturbide, as well as his daughter Doña Josefa de Iturbide.
  • Art 2 °. The Princes mentioned in the previous article, will have the treatment of Highness, and will take rank after the reigning family.
  • Art 3 °. This title is not hereditary, and in the event that the mentioned princes had legitimate succession, the reigning Emperor or the Regency will reserve the faculty to grant the expressed title, in each case, to that or those of his successors that they deem convenient.
  • Art 4 °. By virtue of the arrangements made with the members of the Iturbide family, the Emperor takes the guardianship and curatorship of the aforementioned princes Agustín and Salvador de Iturbide, appointing as co-tutor the Princess Josefa de Iturbide.
  • Art 5 °. The coat of arms used by the aforementioned princes, will be the ancient of his family, with mantle and crown of Prince, and having as support the two rampant wolves of the same shield of his family, granting them by special grace the use of the National Shield in the center of the aforementioned blazon, according to the design that is attached.
  • Art 6 °. The Princes of Iturbide will have the right to wear the national badge without a flame, and the button with its crown of Prince.

In 1867, Maximilian was captured, tried, and executed by the Mexican Republic ruled by President Benito Juárez.[17] After two short-lived attempts at monarchy in Mexico that ended with the execution of the monarchs, Mexico has remained a republic.

Genealogy

Genealogy of Agustín I

Arms of alliance of Iturbide and Götzen families

Children:[18]

Heraldry

  1. Azure, three bendlets argent
  2. Gules, a pale argent between two lions counter-rampant or
  3. Gules, two wolves passant or in pale
  4. Barry of eight azure and argent[19]

References

  1. 1 2 Digital UANL Studies of the General History of Mexico. VOLUME V
  2. 1 2 "Casa Imperial - Don Agustin de Iturbide" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  3. ↑ "House of Habsburg-Iturbide". Archived from the original on 17 July 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  4. 1 2 3 Hamue-Medina, Rocio Elena. "Agustin Iturbide". Archived from the original on 23 May 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 "Agustin de Iturbide (1783-1824)". Archived from the original on 30 May 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  6. 1 2 Rosainz Unda, Gorka. "Agustín de Iturbide, Libertador de México" (in Spanish). Euskonews. Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Raggett, Kari. "Iturbide, Agustin de". Historical Text Archive. Archived from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 10 November 2008. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ Robertson, William Spence: Iturbide de México (1968) - Duke University Press
  9. ↑ Vazquez-Gomez, Juana (1997). Dictionary of Mexican Rulers 1325-1997. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-313-30049-3.
  10. 1 2 3 Kirkwood, Burton (2000). History of Mexico. Westport, CT, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-313-30351-7.
  11. ↑ Ibañez, Alvaro (12 February 2005). "Mexico en sus Banderas/Bandera del Imperio de Iturbide" (in Spanish). Mexico City: Reforma. Notimex.
  12. 1 2 3 Manfut, Eduardo P. "Coleccion de Documentos Historicos – Don Agustin de Iturbide" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 November 2008.
  13. ↑ Haslip, Joan, Imperial Adventurer – Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, London, 1971, ISBN 0-297-00363-1
  14. ↑ José Manuel Villalpando, Alejandro Rosas (2011), Presidentes de México, Grupo Planeta Spain, ISBN 9786070707582
  15. 1 2 Decreto Imperial del 16 de Septiembre de 1865  (in Spanish) – via Wikisource.
  16. ↑ Digital UANL Imperial Almanac
  17. ↑ Ridley, Jasper (1993). Maximilian and Juárez. London: Constable. ISBN 0094720703.
  18. ↑ "Casa Imperial - The Genealogy of the House of Iturbide" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 29 October 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2008., originally from book The Imperial House of Mexico: the House of Iturbide. David Williamson, Teodoro Amerlinck y Zirion, Charles Mikos de Tarrodhaza. 1994.
  19. ↑ Abraham Oliva Muñoz. Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí: Characters in the Construction of the Mexican State: Agustín de Iturbide. Mexico. 2016
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