Howard Chaykin
Chaykin seated at a table
Chaykin at Special Edition NYC in Manhattan
BornHoward Victor Chaykin
(1950-10-07) October 7, 1950
Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
Area(s)Writer, Penciller, Inker
Pseudonym(s)Eric Pave
Notable works
Dominic Fortune
Cody Starbuck
American Flagg!
AwardsInkpot Award, 1977
7 Eagle Awards, 1984
Eagle Award, 2006

Howard Victor Chaykin[1] (/ˈtʃeɪkɪn/; born October 7, 1950)[2] is an American comic book artist and writer. Chaykin's influences include his one-time employer and mentor, Gil Kane, and the mid-20th century illustrators Robert Fawcett and Al Parker.

Early life

Howard Chaykin was born in Newark, New Jersey, to Rosalind Pave and Norman Drucker, who soon separated.[3] Chaykin was initially raised by his grandparents in Staten Island, New York City, until his mother married Leon Chaykin in 1953 and the family moved to East Flatbush and later to 370 Saratoga Avenue, Brownsville, Brooklyn. At 14,[1] Chaykin moved with his now divorced mother to the Kew Gardens section of Queens.[3] He said in 2000 he was raised on welfare after his parents separated and that his absent biological father eventually was declared dead, although Chaykin, as an adult, located him alive. Chaykin's "nutty and cruel" adoptive father, whom Chaykin until the 1990s believed was his natural father,[3] encouraged Chaykin's interest in drawing and bought him sketchbooks.[1]

He was introduced to comics by his cousin, who gave him a refrigerator box filled with them.[4] He graduated from Jamaica High School at 16, in 1967, and in mid-1968 worked at Zenith Press. He attended Columbia College in Chicago that fall, but left school and returned to New York the following year.[3] Chaykin said that after high school, "I hitchhiked around the country" before becoming, at 19, a "gofer" for the New York City-based comic book artist Gil Kane,[5] whom he would name as his greatest influence.[4]

Career

Chaykin in May 2019

Chaykin's earliest work with comic books was under the tutelage of Gil Kane, whom he would later call his mentor.[6][7]

I'd heard on the grapevine that Gil's assistant had dropped dead of a heart attack at 23. I gave Gil a call, and he said, 'Yeah, I can use you.' So I went to work for him. ... He was doing [the early graphic novel] Blackmark, and I did a really bad job pasting up the dialog and putting in [Zip-a-Tone].... It was a great apprenticeship. I learned a lot from watching Gil work.[5]

In 1970, he began publishing his art in comics and science-fiction fanzines, sometimes under the pseudonym Eric Pave.[3] Leaving Kane, he began working as an assistant to comics artist Wally Wood[8] in the studio he shared with Syd Shores and Jack Abel in Valley Stream, Long Island. He worked there for a "couple of months",[5] and in 1971 published his first professional comics work, for the adult-theme Western feature Shattuck in the military newspaper the Overseas Weekly,[3] one of Wood's clients. He also "ghosted some stuff" for Gray Morrow: "I penciled a Man-Thing story he did [for Marvel Comics' Fear #10 (cover-dated Oct. 1972)], and I penciled a thing for [the magazine] National Lampoon called "Michael Rockefeller and the Jungles of New Guinea."[5][9] He then apprenticed under Neal Adams, working with the artist at Adams' home in The Bronx.[5] This led to his first work at DC Comics, one of the two largest comics companies:

Neal showed me to [editors] Murray Boltinoff and Julius Schwartz. Murray gave me a one-page filler. I also got some work from Dorothy Woolfolk, who edited the love comics. It was all just dreadful stuff, but you stumble along, and you learn. A problem for me was that by the time I became a professional, I lost any interest whatsoever in superhero comics. I'm not a horror [comics] guy, and I didn't know what the hell to do! (laughter) What I wanted to draw is guys with guns, guys with swords, and women with big tits, and that was the extent of my interest in comics at the time.[10]

The "one-page filler", titled "Strange Neighbor", was inventoried and eventually published in the Boltinoff-edited Secrets of Sinister House #17 (May 1974).[3][11] His other earliest known DC work was penciling and inking the three-page story "Not Old Enough!" in Young Romance #185 (Aug. 1972), and penciling the eight-page supernatural story "Eye of the Beholder" in Forbidden Tales of Dark Mansion #7 (Oct. 1972) and the one-page "Enter the Portals of Weird War" in Weird War Tales #9 (Dec. 1972).[11]

At one point Chaykin lived in the same Queens apartment building as artists Allen Milgrom, Walter Simonson, and Bernie Wrightson. Simonson recalls, "We'd get together at 3 a.m. They'd come up and we'd have popcorn and sit around and talk about whatever a 26, 27, and 20-year-old guys talk about. Our art, TV, you name it. I pretty much knew at the time, 'These are the good ole days.'"[12]

1970s

Chaykin's first major work was for DC Comics drawing the 23-page "The Price of Pain Ease"—writer Denny O'Neil's adaptation of author Fritz Leiber's characters Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser—in Sword of Sorcery #1 (March 1973).[11][13] Although the title was well received, it lasted only five issues before cancellation. Chaykin drew the character Ironwolf in the science fiction anthology title Weird Worlds[14] for DC, and did the pencils and ink for a 12-page Batman story written by Archie Goodwin and published in Detective Comics #441 in 1974. In 2018 he looked back on this Batman story as one of the worst things he had ever drawn, adding, "Anything of value in that story was Archie's."[15] Moving to Marvel Comics, he began work as co-artist with Neal Adams on the first Killraven story, seen in Amazing Adventures #18 in 1973.[16]

After this, Chaykin was given various adventure strips to draw for Marvel, including his own creation, Dominic Fortune (inspired by his Scorpion character, originally drawn for Atlas Comics), now in the pages of Marvel Preview.[17] In 1978, he wrote and drew his Cody Starbuck creation for the anthology title Star Reach, one of the first independent titles of the 1970s. These strips saw him explore more adult themes as best he could within the restrictions often imposed on him by editors and the Comics Code Authority. The same year, he produced for Schanes & Schanes a six-plate portfolio showcasing his character.

In 1976, Chaykin landed the job of drawing the Marvel Comics adaptation of the first Star Wars film, written by Roy Thomas.[11][18][19] Chaykin left after 10 issues to work in more adult and experimental comics, and to do paperback book covers.

In late 1978,[20] Chaykin, Walt Simonson, Val Mayerik, and Jim Starlin formed Upstart Associates, a shared studio space on West 29th Street in New York City. The membership of the studio changed over time.[21]

Chaykin penciled DC Comics' first miniseries, World of Krypton (July–September 1979).[22][23]

In the next few years he produced material for Heavy Metal, drew a graphic novel adaptation of Alfred Bester's The Stars My Destination, and produced illustrations for works by Roger Zelazny. Chaykin collaborated on two original graphic novels—The Swords of Heaven, the Flowers of Hell with writer Michael Moorcock, and Empire with Samuel R. Delany—and found time to move into film design with work on the movie version of Heavy Metal.

1980s

American Flagg #2 (Nov. 1983) by Chaykin. The piece shows off Chaykin's sense of design, clear lines, fashionable clothing, and American nostalgia and jingoism common to many of his works.

In 1980 he designed the album cover of The Legend of Jesse James, a concept album about legendary outlaw Jesse James.[24]

Chaykin had a six-issue run on Marvel's Micronauts series, drawing issues from #13 (January 1980) to #18 (June 1980).[25] He went back to Cody Starbuck with a story in Heavy Metal between May and September 1981, in the same painted art style he'd used for the Moorcock graphic novel.

In June 1980, a story that he collaborated on with Samuel R. Delany, called "Seven Moons' Light Casts Complex Shadows" was published in Marvel's Epic Illustrated #2.[26]

In 1983, Chaykin launched American Flagg! for First Comics. With Chaykin as both writer and artist, the series was successful for First and proved highly influential, mixing all of Chaykin's previous ideas and interests—jazz, pulp adventure, science fiction and sex. Chaykin made wide use of Craftint Duoshade illustration boards, which in the period before computers allowed him to add a shaded texture to the finished art.[27] American Flagg! made a huge splash at the 1984 Eagle Awards, the United Kingdom's pre-eminent comics awards. Chaykin and American Flagg! were nominated for ten awards,[28] eventually winning seven.[29]

After the first 26 issues of American Flagg!, Chaykin started work on new projects. Chaykin's involvement in his original run of the series was that of writer for 29 issues, interior artist for issues #1–12 and 14–26, and cover artist for issues #1–33. He returned to full art and writing for the American Flagg! Special one-shot in 1986. In 1987, a four-issue run was released, then the title was cancelled and relaunched as Howard Chaykin's American Flagg!, which ran 12 issues.

The first new project was a revamp of The Shadow in a four-issue miniseries for DC Comics in 1986.[30] Rather than setting the series in its traditional 1930s milieu, Chaykin updated it to a contemporary setting and included his own style of extreme violence. In a 2012 interview, Chaykin stated "The reason I pulled him out of the period was because I thought it would be commercial suicide to do a period character at that point."[31]

The American Flagg! Special one-shot introduced Chaykin's Time², a two-volume graphic-novel series with a heavy dose of jazz, film noir and a fantasy version of New York City: Time²: The Epiphany (ISBN 0-915419-07-6) and Time²: The Satisfaction of Black Mariah (ISBN 0-915419-23-8)). In 1987, Chaykin described plans for a third volume, saying, "It's probably going to be grossly different from the first two, because I'm taking things in another direction ... I want to do a story that is both very funny ... and at the same time very, very ugly. Really nasty and unpleasant. Because frankly, it's the place to do that sort of thing."[32] Although Chaykin hoped it would be available in 1988,[32] the third volume has yet to be finished or released.

Chaykin has described Time² as the single work about which he is most proud.[4] "To tell you the truth, my first interest would be to do another Time² because that was a very personal product for me," he said in 2008. "It's a fantasia of my family's story."[33]

Before returning to American Flagg!, Chaykin revamped another DC Comics character with Blackhawk, a three-issue miniseries about a team of heroic aviators, set in the 1930s.

In 1987, DC proposed a system of labeling comics for violent or sexual content, Chaykin with Alan Moore and Frank Miller boycotted DC and refused to work for the company.[34]

In 1988, Chaykin created perhaps his most controversial[35] title: Black Kiss, a 12-issue series published by Vortex Comics that contained his most explicit depictions of sex and violence, with a story of sex-obsessed vampires in Hollywood. Though Black Kiss shipped sealed in an "adults only" clear plastic bag, its content drew much criticism.[36] This did not stop it from selling well enough for Chaykin to describe it as "probably, on a per-page basis, the most profitable book I've ever done."[37]

1990s

Chaykin returned to DC to write the three-issue miniseries Twilight, drawn by José Luis García-López and revamping some of DC's science-fiction heroes of the 1950s and 1960s, such as Tommy Tomorrow and Space Cabby. Later, Chaykin collaborated twice with artist Mike Mignola: In 1990–1991, they produced the Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser miniseries for Epic Comics with co-writer John Francis Moore and inker Al Williamson. This was followed with the Ironwolf: Fires of the Revolution graphic novel in 1992.[38] Chaykin then wrote and illustrated Midnight Men for Marvel's Epic imprint in 1993. He co-created/designed Firearm for Malibu Comics that same year, and then with several colleagues formed the creator-owned Bravura imprint for Malibu Comics. Chaykin created the four-issue miniseries Power and Glory in 1994, a superhero-themed public relations satire.

In 1996, DC's Helix imprint published Cyberella, a cyberpunk dystopia written by Chaykin and drawn by Don Cameron.

Chaykin began to drift out of comics by the mid-1990s. With the exception of several Elseworlds stories he wrote for DC Comics, including Batman: Dark Allegiances which he wrote and drew in 1996, his comic output became minimal as he became more involved in film and television work. He was executive script consultant for the 1990–1991 The Flash television series on CBS,[39] and later worked on action-adventure programs such as Viper, Earth: Final Conflict and Mutant X.

Near the end of the decade, Chaykin returned to comics and co-wrote with David Tischman the three-issue miniseries Pulp Fantastic for the Vertigo imprint of DC, with art by Rick Burchett.

2000s

Chaykin began co-writing American Century with David Tischmann for Vertigo.[40] This story, set in post-war America, would be a pulp-adventure strip inspired by the likes of Terry and the Pirates as well as the EC Comics war stories created by Harvey Kurtzman. That year, Chaykin became part of the creative team on Mutant X, a television series inspired by the Marvel Comics series of mutant titles.

His next work was Mighty Love, a 96-page original graphic novel published in 2004 and described as "You've Got Mail with super-powers".[41] This was acclaimed as a return to the type of work he did on American Flagg! and contained his first art in a title since the early 1990s.

That year, Chaykin and Tischmann revamped Challengers of the Unknown in a six-issue mini-series for DC, as well as writing a mini-series about gangster vampires called Bite Club for Vertigo.[42] The pair wrote Barnum!: In Secret Service to the USA, a graphic novel in which real-life showman P. T. Barnum comes to the aid of the U.S. government.

In 2005, Chaykin produced the six-part City of Tomorrow, a DC/Wildstorm production involving a futuristic city populated by gangster robots. Chaykin described the mini-series as "The Untouchables meets West World at Epcot."[43] That same year, he wrote the four-issue mini-series Legend updating the character Hugo Danner for Wildstorm.

He illustrated 24 College Ave., a story serialized online in 54 chapters for ESPN.com's Page 2 section. ESPN.com columnist Jim Caple wrote the text, each episode of which was accompanied by a single-panel Chaykin drawing.[44]

In 2006, he began working on his first superhero title for DC Comics, pencilling Hawkgirl, with Walter Simonson writing, starting with issue #50.[45] With issue 56, he stopped drawing the series, mainly to get time to work on Marvel's Blade with Marc Guggenheim, although he continued to draw Hawkgirl covers for eight more issues.

Also in 2006, DC Comics published a two-page Black Canary origin story drawn by Chaykin for the series 52. Later that year, DC released Guy Gardner: Collateral Damage. The two-issue series, written and drawn by Chaykin, revolves around the Green Lantern Corps' role in an interstellar war.

After Blade was cancelled with issue 12, he pencilled issue 50 of Punisher, Wolverine (vol. 3) #56–61, Punisher War Journal (vol. 2) (#16–24) and an issue of Immortal Iron Fist. Chaykin illustrated the 2008 Marvel MAX comic War Is Hell: The First Flight of the Phantom Eagle, scripted by Garth Ennis. He wrote Supreme Power vol. 3 #1–12 (Sep. 2008 – July 2009) for Marvel. In 2009, he wrote and penciled Dominic Fortune.

2010s

In 2010 he wrote Die Hard: Year One, a comic about John McClane from the Die Hard series for Boom! Studios.[46] Marvel in June 2010 published a Rawhide Kid miniseries drawn by Chaykin and written by Ron Zimmerman.[11]

Chaykin wrote and drew the Avengers 1959 five-issue miniseries, a spinoff of a storyline introduced in The New Avengers. The first issue was released in October 2011.[47]

Chaykin helmed a reboot of the science-fiction character Buck Rogers beginning in August 2013, again in the capacity of both artist and writer.[48]

In 2018, Chaykin began Hey Kids! Comics!, a cynical parody of the history of the rise of the comics industry and the many creators exploited in the process (particularly those exploited by Marvel Comics). As of November 15, 2018, Image Comics has released four issues of this series.[49]

2020s

In April 2022, Chaykin was reported among the more than three dozen comics creators who contributed to Operation USA's benefit anthology book, Comics for Ukraine: Sunflower Seeds, a project spearheaded by IDW Publishing Special Projects Editor Scott Dunbier, whose profits would be donated to relief efforts for Ukrainian refugees resulting from the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[50][51] Chaykin's contribution was a story featuring American Flagg!.[52]

Personal life

In 1972, Chaykin married Daina Graziunas.[3] The marriage ended in 1977, and the following year he married Leslie Zahler.[53] That marriage ended in 1986, and in 1989, in Los Angeles, Chaykin married Jeni Munn, a union that lasted through 1992.[54] In November 2002, in Ventura, Chaykin married Laurel Beth Rice.

As of 2013, Chaykin serves on the Disbursement Committee of the comic-book industry charity The Hero Initiative.[55]

Awards

  • 1977 Inkpot Award[56]
  • 1978 Eagle Award nomination for Favourite Continued Story for Star Wars #1–6—"Film Adaptation"[57]
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Penciler
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Inker
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Writer
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Comic (American Flagg!)
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite Single or Continued Story (American Flagg! #1–2, "Hard Times")
  • 1984 Eagle Award for Favourite New Comic Title (American Flagg!
  • 1984 Eagle Award nomination for Favourite Character (Reuben Flagg)
  • 1984 Eagle Award nomination for Favourite Supporting Character (Raul the cat)
  • 1984 Eagle Award nomination for Favourite Comic Cover (American Flagg! #2, "Back in the U.S.A.")
  • 1984 Eagle Award nomination for Favourite Comic Cover (American Flagg! #3, "Killed in the Ratings")
  • 2006 Eagle Award for Favourite Comics Writer/Artist[58]

Bibliography

His work as an artist (interior pencil art, except where noted) includes:

Chaykin in 2012

DC Comics

Marvel Comics

Other publishers

Television

  • The Flash (1990)
    • Episode 3: "Watching the Detectives" (co-written with John Francis Moore)
    • Episode 4: "Honor Among Thieves" (plotted with Moore, teleplay by Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo)
    • Episode 7:"Child's Play" (teleplay co-written with Moore, plot by Stephen Hattman and Gail Morgan Hickman)
    • Episode 8: "Shroud of Death" (plotted with Moore, teleplay by Michael Reaves)
    • Episode 9: "Ghost in the Machine" (co-written with Moore)
    • Episode 12: "The Trickster" (co-written with Moore)
    • Episode 16: "Deadly Nightshade" (co-written with Moore)
    • Episode 19: "Done with Mirrors" (co-written with Moore)
    • Episode 22. "The Trail of the Trickster" (co-written with Moore)
  • Mutant X (2001) (Seasons 1 and 2)
    • Season 1:
      • Episodes 1 and 2: "The Shock of the New"
      • Episode 8: "In the Presence of Mine Enemies"
      • Episode 18: "Ex Marks the Spot" (co-written with Mark Amato and David Newman)
      • Episode 22: "A Breed Apart"
    • Season 2:
      • Episode 1: "Past as Prologue"

References

  1. 1 2 3 Howard Chaykin interview (May 2000). "The Chaykin Factor: American Flagg! Creator Howard Chaykin Talks Comics". Comic Book Artist. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (8): 62. Reprinted in Comic Book Artist Collection, Vol. 3. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. 2005. p. 176. ISBN 978-1893905429.
  2. ↑ Miller, John Jackson (June 10, 2005). "Comics Industry Birthdays". Comics Buyer's Guide. Iola, Wisconsin. Archived from the original on February 18, 2011. Retrieved December 12, 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Costello, Brannon, ed. (2011). "Chronology". Howard Chaykin: Conversations. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. xv. ISBN 978-1604739756.
  4. 1 2 3 Brian K. Vaughan (w), Fiona Staples (a). "The Third Degree: Howard Chaykin" Saga, no. 6, p. 27 (August 2012). Image Comics.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Chaykin, Comic Book Artist #8, p. 63. Reprinted in Comic Book Artist Collection, Vol. 3 p. 177
  6. ↑ Costello 2011, p. 250–288.
  7. ↑ Bell, Josh (November 3, 2014). "Chaykin Pulls No Punches When Discussing His Career, Comics & More". CBR.com. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
  8. ↑ Greenberger, Robert (2012). The Art of Howard Chaykin. Mount Laurel, New Jersey: Dynamite Entertainment. pp. 26–28. ISBN 978-1606901694.
  9. ↑ Fear #10 at the Grand Comics Database
  10. ↑ Chaykin, Comic Book Artist #8, p. 64. Reprinted in Comic Book Artist Collection, Vol. 3 p. 178
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Howard Chaykin at the Grand Comics Database
  12. ↑ Warner, Meredith (March 25, 2017). "How Bernie Wrightson uncovered the soul of the monster in his work". Los Angeles Times.
  13. ↑ McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1970s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. Fantasy became a DC Comics reality when writer/editor Denny O'Neil and artist Howard Chaykin brought forth a new comic based on Fritz Leiber's adventurous and virtuous warriors of myth, Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 157 "After the debut tale by acclaimed artist Howard Chaykin and co-scripter Denny O'Neil, Ironwolf became the lead protagonist in the Weird Worlds [title]."
  15. ↑ Arndt, Richard J. (April 2018). ""Nice" Is the Word: A Few Words on Archie Goodwin". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (103): 11–12.
  16. ↑ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 159. ISBN 978-0756641238. Roy Thomas conceived the initial idea of an alternate-future Earth sequel to H. G. Wells' classic science fiction novel The War of the Worlds...Neal Adams plotted the first story with a script by Gerry Conway and art by Adams and Howard Chaykin. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 171: "In Marvel Preview #2, 1930s adventurer Dominic Fortune, created by Howard Chaykin, made his debut."
  18. ↑ Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 180: "In July 1977, Marvel's comics adaptation of George Lucas's Star Wars movie was released, created by writer Roy Thomas and artist Howard Chaykin."
  19. ↑ Edwards, Ted (1999). "Adventures in the Comics". The Unauthorized Star Wars Compendium. New York, New York: Little, Brown and Company. pp. 38–39. ISBN 9780316329293.
  20. ↑ Cooke, Jon B. (October 2000). "Simonson Says The Man of Two Gods Recalls His 25+ Years in Comics". Comic Book Artist. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (10): 25.
  21. ↑ Nolen-Weathington, Eric (2006). Modern Masters, Volume 8: Walter Simonson. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 34. ISBN 1-893905-64-0.
  22. ↑ McAvennie "1970s" in Dolan, p. 181 "The worldwide success of Superman: The Movie motivated [DC] to publish more Superman-related titles. With that, editor E. Nelson Bridwell oversaw a project that evolved into comics' first official limited series – World of Krypton...Featuring out-of-this-world artwork from Howard Chaykin, [Paul] Kupperberg's three-issue limited series explored Superman's homeworld."
  23. ↑ Callahan, Tim (February 2013). "World of Krypton Comics' First Miniseries". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (62): 59–62.
  24. ↑ "Various – The Legend Of Jesse James". Discogs. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
  25. ↑ Lantz, James Heath (October 2014). "Inner-Space Opera: A Look at Marvel's Micronauts Comics". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (76): 46.
  26. ↑ "Look There, and Here: A whole lotta Chaykin goin' on… – Ragged Claws Network". 2022-04-23. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  27. ↑ De Blieck Jr., Augie (September 3, 2004). "A Little Bit of Flagg!-Waving". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
  28. ↑ "Eagle Nominations Announced," The Comics Journal #89 (May 1984), p. 11.
  29. ↑ Dallas, Keith. "1983: Controversy Over a Proposed New Comics Code," American Comic Book Chronicles: The 1980s (TwoMorrows, 2013).
  30. ↑ Schweier, Philip (July 2016). "Shedding Light on The Shadow". Back Issue!. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing (89): 15–16.
  31. ↑ Phegley, Kiel (February 20, 2012). "Howard Chaykin on the Art of "The Shadow"". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
  32. 1 2 Deppey, Dirk (March 29, 2010). "TCJ Audio Archive: Howard Chaykin". The Comics Journal. Seattle, Washington: Fantagraphics Books. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
  33. ↑ "Interview: Howard Chaykin". Pink Raygun. March 3, 2008. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  34. ↑ Parkin, Lance (January 2002). Alan Moore: The Pocket Essential. Hertfordshire, England: Trafalgar Square Publishing. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-903047-70-5.
  35. ↑ Dooley, Michael (July 1, 2013). "Howard Chaykin on his lewd, depraved, banned graphic novels". Print. Archived from the original on June 14, 2018. Black Kiss purposefully broke several boundaries of comic book propriety, and it was a huge sales success. It was also one of the most harshly criticized comics of its time.
  36. ↑ Glass, Joe (June 13, 2017). "Howard Chaykin And The Trans Image: Obsession With A Theme". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on January 28, 2018. We come to another of Chaykin's works—one mired in such controversy it saw the comic censored and even banned in some countries—Black Kiss.
  37. ↑ Phegley, Kiel (March 26, 2010). "Chaykin recalls a 'Black Kiss'". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 11, 2012.
  38. ↑ Greenberger 2012, p. 132.
  39. ↑ Gutierrez, David (March 15, 2006). "DVD Verdict interviews Howard Chaykin, writer of The Flash". DVD Verdict. Archived from the original on May 26, 2012.
  40. ↑ Irvine, Alex (2008). "American Century". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). The Vertigo Encyclopedia. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-7566-4122-1. OCLC 213309015.
  41. ↑ Schweier, Philip (September 15, 2003). "A Whole lot of Chaykin Goin' On". Comic Book Bin. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012.
  42. ↑ Irvine, Alex (2008). "Bite Club". In Dougall, Alastair (ed.). The Vertigo Encyclopedia. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-0-7566-4122-1. OCLC 213309015.
  43. ↑ Richards, Dave (February 9, 2005). "George Bailey's nightmare: Chaykin talks City of Tomorrow". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on March 17, 2012. Retrieved August 2, 2011.
  44. ↑ "24 College Ave. chapter archive". ESPN.com. Archived from the original on October 16, 2012.
  45. ↑ Hawkgirl at the Grand Comics Databse
  46. ↑ Parkin, JK (May 28, 2008). "Die Hard comic chronicles John McClane's first year". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on April 29, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011.
  47. ↑ Richards, Dave (June 22, 2011). "Chaykin assembles Avengers 1959". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
  48. ↑ "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century #1". Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  49. ↑ "The History of Comics, as Told by HOWARD CHAYKIN (Sort of)". Retrieved November 15, 2018.
  50. ↑ Kaplan, Rebecca O. (April 18, 2022). "ZOOP launches benefit anthology COMICS FOR UKRAINE: SUNFLOWER SEEDS". The Beat. Archived from the original on April 18, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  51. ↑ Brooke, David (April 18, 2022). "'Comics for Ukraine: Sunflower Seeds' to benefit Ukrainian refugees". AIPT. Archived from the original on April 26, 2022. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
  52. ↑ Kit, Borys (April 20, 2022). "Comic Book Creators Team for Ukraine Relief Effort Anthology 'Sunflower Seed'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 20, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  53. ↑ Costello 2011, p. xvi.
  54. ↑ Costello 2011, p. xviii.
  55. ↑ "Hero Initiative Board Members Disbursement Committee". The Hero Initiative. 2013. Archived from the original on June 21, 2013.
  56. ↑ "Inkpot Award Winners". Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  57. ↑ Previous Winners: 1978, at the official Eagle Awards website, archived at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved 9 September 2018.)
  58. ↑ Previous Winners: 2006 at the official Eagle Awards website, archived at the Wayback Machine. (Retrieved 16 January 2020.)
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