Hydrazone iodination is an organic reaction in which a hydrazone is converted into a vinyl iodide by reaction of iodine and a non-nucleophilic base such as DBU.[1][2] First published by Derek Barton in 1962 the reaction is sometimes referred to as the Barton reaction (although there are many different Barton reactions) or, more descriptively, as the Barton vinyl iodine procedure.
The reaction has earlier roots with the 1911 discovery by Wieland and Roseeu that the reaction of hydrazones with iodine alone (without base) results in the azine dimer (structure 2 in scheme 1).
In the original Barton publication[3] the reaction was optimized by using a strong guanidine base, the inverse addition of the hydrazone to an iodine solution, and by exclusion of water.
When iodine as an electrophile is replaced by aromatic selenyl bromides, the corresponding vinyl selenides are obtained:[4]
Reaction mechanism
The reaction mechanism proposed in the original Barton publication is outlined as follows:
The hydrazone is oxidized by iodine into a diazo intermediate. In the next step, iodine reacts as an electrophile; displacement of nitrogen then generates an iodocarbonium ion. When the reaction site is not sterically hindered, a second iodide can recombine to form the geminal di-iodide; otherwise an elimination reaction leads to the vinyliodide. When water is present, the reaction product can revert to the ketone.
This reaction is related to the Shapiro reaction.
Scope
An example of this procedure is the reaction of 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexanone to the hydrazone by reaction with hydrazine and triethylamine in ethanol at reflux followed by reaction of the hydrazone with iodine in the presence of 2-tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (cheaper than DBU) in diethyl ether at room temperature.[5] Another example can be found in the Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis.
In one study[6] it is attempted to trap any reactive intermediate of this reaction with an internal alkene. When the hydrazone 1 in scheme 5 is reacted with iodine and triethylamine in toluene, the expected reaction product is not the di-iodide 10 through path B in a free radical mechanism. Reaction sequence starting from 1: halogen addition reaction to di-iodide intermediate 2 followed by elimination reaction with loss of Hydrogen iodide to 3. In path B another equivalent of iodine reacts to the azo double bond followed by loss of HI and formation of 6. The nitrogen to iodine bond is weak and homolysis gives the nitrogen free radical 7. Loss of nitrogen results in radical species 8. The radical position gets transferred to the alkene in 9 which later recombines with iodide to 10. Note that in absence of the alkene 8 would accept an iodide radical and the geminal di-iodide then loses HI to form the vinyl iodide. The actual process taking place is path A with elimination of HI to the diazo compound 4 followed by a diazoalkane 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition to the pyrazoline 5 in 85% yield.
References
- ↑ A new reaction of hydrazones Barton, D. H. R. , R. E. O'Brien and S. Sternhell Journal of the Chemical Society,1962, 470 - 476 doi:10.1039/JR9620000470 Abstract
- ↑ Studies on the oxidation of hydrazones with iodine and with phenylselenenyl bromide in the presence of strong organic bases; an improved procedure for the synthesis of vinyl iodides and phenyl-vinyl selenides Barton, D. H. R.; Bashiardes, G.; Fourrey, J.-L. Tetrahedron 1988, 44, 147 Abstract
- ↑ An improved preparation of vinyl iodides Derek H. R. Barton, George Bashiardes and Jean-Louis Fourrey Tetrahedron Letters Volume 24, Issue 15 , 1983, Pages 1605-1608 Abstract
- ↑ A new synthesis of phenylvinylselenides Derek H. R. Barton, George Bashiardes and Jean-Louis Fourrey Tetrahedron Letters Volume 25, Issue 12 , 1984, Pages 1287-1290 Abstract
- ↑ Preparation and reactions of 2-tert-butyl-1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine: 2,2,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl iodide Derek H. R. Barton, Mi Chen, Joseph Cs. Jászberényi, and Dennis K. Taylor Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 9, p.147 (1998); Vol. 74, p.101 (1997) Article Archived 2005-11-17 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Observations on the reaction of hydrazones with iodine: interception of the diazo intermediates Béatrice Quiclet-Sire and Samir Z. Zard Chemical Communications, 2006, 1831 - 1832 Abstract