Idrialite
Idrialite, Skaggs Springs Mine, Sonoma County, California (size: 6.3 x 4.1 x 1.8 cm
General
CategoryOrganic mineral
Formula
(repeating unit)		C22H14
IMA symbolId[1]
Strunz classification10.BA.20
Dana classification50.03.08.01
Crystal systemOrthorhombic
Unknown space group
Unit cella = 8.07, b = 6.42
c = 27.75 [Å]; Z = 4
Identification
ColorGreenish yellow, light brown, colorless
Cleavage{001}, perfect; {100}, poor
FractureConchoidal
Mohs scale hardness1.5
LusterVitreous to adamantine
Specific gravity1.236
Optical propertiesBiaxial (+)
Refractive indexnα= 1.557 nβ = 1.734 nγ = 2.07
PleochroismX = pale yellow; Y = Z = yellow
2V angle84°
Ultraviolet fluorescenceShort UV=blue, orange, yellow, green white
References[2][3][4]

Idrialite is a rare hydrocarbon mineral with approximate chemical formula C22H14.[2][3][4]

Idrialite usually occurs as soft orthorhombic crystals, is usually greenish yellow to light brown in color with bluish fluorescence. It is named after Idrija, town in Slovenia, where its occurrence was first described.[4]

The mineral has also been called idrialine, and branderz in German It has also been called inflammable cinnabar due to its combustibility and association with cinnabar ores in the source locality.[5] A mineral found in the Skaggs Springs location of California was described in 1925 and named curtisite, but was eventually found to consist of the same compounds as idrialite, in somewhat different amounts.[6][7] Thus curtisite is now considered to be merely a variety of idrialite.[8]

Discovery and occurrence

Idrialite was first described in 1832 for an occurrence in the Idrija region west of Ljubljana, northwestern Slovenia,[4] mixed with clay, pyrite, quartz and gypsum associated with cinnabar.[2]

It also occurs at the Skaggs Springs location in Sonoma County, in western Lake County, and in the Knoxville Mine in Napa County, California.[2] It has also been reported from localities in France, Slovakia and Ukraine.[4]

In the Skaggs Springs occurrence, the mineral occurs in a hot spring area of the Franciscan formation, around a vent in the sandstone that gave off flammable gases. The mineral was described in 1925 and named "curtisite" after the local resident L. Curtis who called attention to it.[9][10] The crystals are square or six sided flakes, 1 mm in diameter, yellow to pistachio green in transmitted light. It is associated with opaline silica, realgar (arsenic sulfide) and metacinnabarite (mercuric sulfide), which had been deposited in that order before it.[10]

Composition and properties

The Curtisite variety is only slightly soluble in hot acetone, amyl acetate, butanol, petroleum ether. The solubility is 0.5% or less in hot carbon bisulfide, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, diethyl ether, or boiling benzene; about 1.5% in toluene, about 2.5% in xylene, and over 10% in hot aniline. The material purified by repeated recrystallization melts at 360-370 C while turning very black. It sublimes giving very thin iridescent colors.[10]

Raman spectroscopy studies indicate that it may be a mixture of complex hydrocarbons including benzonaphthothiophenes (chemical formula: C16H10S) and dinaphthothiophenes (chemical formula: C20H12S).[11]

Curtisite and idrialite have been found to be unique complex mixtures of over 100 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) consisting of six specific PAH structural series with each member of a series differing from the previous member by addition of another aromatic ring. The curtisite and idrialite samples contained many of the same components but in considerably different relative amounts.[6] [12]

The major PAH constituents of the curtisite sample were: picene (a PAH with 5 fused benzene rings), dibenzo[a,h]fluorene, 11H-indeno[2,1-a]phenanthrene, benzo[b]phenanthro[2,1-d]thiophene, indenofluorenes, chrysene, and their methyl- and dimethyl-substituted homologues; the major components in the idrialite sample were higher-molecular-weight PAH, i.e. benzonaphthofluorenes (molecular weight 316), benzoindenofluorenes (MW 304) and benzopicene (MW 328), in addition to the compounds found in the curtisite sample.[6]

Curtisite is also associated with small amounts of a dark brown oil, that appears to be responsible for some of the yellow color and most of the fluorescence, and can be separated by recrystallization.[10]

Based on the composition, it was conjectured that the compounds were produced by medium-temperature pyrolysis of organic matter, then further modified by extended equilibration at elevated temperatures in the subsurface and by recrystallization during migration.[7]

When distilled, it produces the mineral wax idrialin.[13][14]

References

  1. ↑ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Idrialite" entry in John W. Anthony, Richard A. Bideaux, Kenneth W. Bladh, and Monte C. Nichols (): Handbook of Mineralogy. Published by the Mineralogical Society of America. Accessed on 2020-08-28
  3. 1 2 Dave Barthelmy (2012): "Idrialite Mineral Data". Online document at Webmineral.com. Accessed on 2020-08-28.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Idrialite" page at the Mindat.org online database. Accessed on 2020-08-28.
  5. ↑ Egleston, Thomas (1889). Catalogue of Minerals and Synonyms. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 83.
  6. 1 2 3 Stephen A. Wise, Robert M. Campbell, W. Raymond West, Milton L. Lee, Keith D. Bartle (1986): "Characterization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon minerals curtisite, idrialite and pendletonite using high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy". Chemical Geology, volume 54, issues 3–4, pages 339-357. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(86)90148-8
  7. 1 2 Max Blumer (1975): "Curtisite, idrialite and pendletonite, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon minerals: Their composition and origin" Chemical Geology, volume 16, issue 4, pages 245-256. doi:10.1016/0009-2541(75)90064-9
  8. ↑ "Curtisite" page at the Mindat.org online database. Accessed on 2020-08-28.
  9. ↑ F. E. Wright and E. T. Allen (1925): "Curtisite, a new organic mineral from Skaggs Springs, Sonoma County, California (abstract)" American Mineralogist, volume 11, pages 67-67.
  10. 1 2 3 4 F. E. Wright and E. T. Allen (1930): "Curtisite, a new organic mineral from Skaggs Springs, Sonoma County, California". American Mineralogist, volume 15, pages 169-173.
  11. ↑ Frank, Otakar; Jehlička, Jan; Edwards, Howell G.M. (December 2007). "Raman spectroscopy as tool for the characterization of thio-polyaromatic hydrocarbons in organic minerals". Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 68 (4): 1065–1069. Bibcode:2007AcSpA..68.1065F. doi:10.1016/j.saa.2006.12.033. PMID 17307383.
  12. ↑ T. A. Geissman, K. Y. Sun, and J. Murdoch (1967): "Organic minerals. Picine and chrysene as constituents of the mineral Curtisite (idrialite)". Experentia, volume 23, pages 793-794.
  13. ↑ Thomson, Thomas (1838). Chemistry of Organic Bodies: Vegetables. Maclachlan & Stewart. p. 748.
  14. ↑ Goldschmidt, G. (1879). Watts, Henry (ed.). Journal of the Chemical Society. The Chemical Society of Great Britain. p. 167.
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