Inuit Nunangat
ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ
Inuit Regions of Canada
Location of Inuit Nunangat
StateCanada
RegionsInuvialuit Settlement Region,
Nunavut, Nunavik,
Nunatsiavut
Province / TerritoryYT, NT, NU, QC, NL
Area
 
 • Total3,304,740 km2 (1,275,970 sq mi)
 • Land2,484,591 km2 (959,306 sq mi)
 • Water820,149 km2 (316,661 sq mi)
Population
 (2021)[1]
 • Total58,220
 • Density0.018/km2 (0.046/sq mi)
Ethnicity population
 • Inuit48,695
 • First Nations980
 • Métis325
 • Other Indigenous500
 • Non-Aboriginal7,715
Time zoneUTC−08:00 (PST)
UTC−07:00 (MST)
UTC−06:00 (CST)
UTC−05:00 (EST)
UTC−04:00 (AST)
 • Summer (DST)Varies
Inuit languages (west to east)Inuvialuktun
Inuinnaqtun
Inuktitut
Inuit Sign Language (Atgangmuurngniq)
Inuttitut
Websitewww.itk.ca/about-canadian-inuit/#nunangat

Inuit Nunangat (/ˈɪnjuɪtˈnunæŋæt/; Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ /inuit nunaŋat/; translated as "the place where Inuit live."[2]) refers to the land, water, and ice of the homeland of Inuit in Canada. This Arctic homeland consists of four northern Canadian regions called the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Inuvialuit Nunangit Sannaiqtuaq, home of the Inuvialuit and the northern portion of the Northwest Territories), the territory Nunavut (ᓄᓇᕗᑦ), Nunavik (ᓄᓇᕕᒃ) in northern Quebec, and Nunatsiavut of Newfoundland and Labrador.

Etymology

Originally using the Greenlandic term "Nunaat" excluding the waters and ice, Inuit of Canada, through the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, formally switched to the Inuktitut "Nunangat" in 2009 to reflect the integral nature "land, water, and ice" have to Inuit culture.[3]

History

Inuit settlement

Aside from Métis, Inuit are the most recent Indigenous arrivals on the continent.

Inuit ancestors known as the Thule settled the Arctic, replacing the previous dominant Dorset culture (Tuniit) over the course of around 200 years. The last remnant of Tuniit were Sadlermiut who disappeared in the early 1900s. Displacement of the Tuniit (Inuktitut syllabics; ᑐᓃᑦ), or the Dorset people, and the arrival of the Inuit (whose ancestors are often called Thule) occurred in the 1100–1300s CE. Coming from Siberia where they split from the Aleut and other related peoples about 4,000 years ago, Inuit had reached Inughuit Nunaat in western Greenland by about 1300 CE, bringing with them transport dogs and various new technologies.

Trade relations were and remain strong with bordering countries and nations,[4] such as with the Gwichʼin[5] and Chipewyan (Dënesųłı̨né)[6] of Denendeh (now in the Northwest Territories) and Innu of Nitassinan (Innu: ᓂᑕᔅᓯᓇᓐ),[7] though occasional conflicts arose. Martin Frobisher's 1576 expedition to find the Northwest Passage landed on and around Baffin Island, in today's Qikiqtaaluk Region (Inuktitut syllabics: ᕿᑭᖅᑖᓗᒃ ), where three Inuit, a man called Calichough (Kalicho), an unrelated Inuk woman, Egnock (Arnaq), and her child, Nutioc (Nuttaaq), were kidnapped and brought to the Europe, where they all died.[8][9][10][11]

Canadian colonization

Canadian colonization extended in to Inuit Nunangat via the lands claimed as Rupert's Land, North-Western Territory and Quebec, later including Newfoundland and Labrador. Rapid spread of diseases, material wealth, the Christian churches and Canadian (Royal Canadian Mounted Police) policing[12] saw a rapid decline and collapse of Inuit Nunangat, from which it is still recovering.

Since European colonizers had little desire to settle much of Inuit Nunangat's territories, the violence experienced by southern First Nations was comparatively minimal in the north. However, assimilation policies including the wide-scale slaughter of community dogs between 1950 and 1970,[13] the High Arctic relocation[14][15] as well as forced participation within the Canadian Indian residential school system[16] has left Inuit society with language loss and transgenerational trauma.[17]

Modern era

Today, Inuit Nunangat is overseen by the Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ, meaning either "Inuit are united with Canada"[18] or "Inuit are united in Canada"[19]) which acts as a cultural centre piece and quasi-central government for Inuit affairs within Canada.

While Nunavut's confederation within Canada in 1999 via the Nunavut Act and Nunavut Land Claims Agreement is most visible, each of the regions of Inuit Nunangat. The Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Inuinnaqtun: Inuvialuit Nunangit Sannaiqtuaq) came under the jurisdiction of the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation two years after the 1984 Inuvialuit Final Agreement, and Nunatsiavut was granted an autonomous government in 2005 after the 2002 Labrador Inuit Association proposal for a separate government. Beginning with a land claim in 1977, negotiations launched in 1988 between the Labrador Inuit Association, the governments of Newfoundland and Labrador and that of Canada. In Northern Quebec, the Makivik Corporation was established upon the James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement signing in 1978, taking the mantle from the previous Nunavimmiut organization, the "Northern Quebec Inuit Association" (ᑯᐸᐃᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᔾᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᑦ Kupaik Tarrangani Inuit Katujjiqatigiingit).

The Inuit-Crown Partnership Committee (ICPC) was created in 2017 and last met on April 21, 2022. At this meeting, the Canadian federal government, in partnership with the Inuit Nunangat, unanimously endorsed the federal policy called the Inuit Nunangat Policy (INP).[20] In a live address shortly after this meeting, the Canadian Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, said the policy "recognizes the Inuit homeland as a distinct geographical, cultural and political region," which includes the "land, sea, and ice."[20]

Demographics

As of the 2021 Canadian census the population of Inuit Nunangat was 58,220 an increase of 2.9 per cent over the 2016 census population of 56,585. The Indigenous population is 50,500 or 89.24 per cent of the total population, of which 48,695 (83.63 per cent) are Inuit.[1][21]

Population of Inuit Nunangat
Region Inuit First Nations Métis Other Indigenous Non-Indigenous Totals
2021[1] 2016[21] % change 2021[1] 2016[21] % change 2021[1] 2016[21] % change 2021[1] 2016[21] % change 2021[1] 2016[21] % change 2021[1] 2016[21] % change
Inuvialuit Settlement Region3,1453,1101.1%655860-23.8%1401307.7%14025460.0%1,2301,2052.1%5,3105,330-0.4%
Nunavut30,86530,1352.4%180190-5.3%120165-27.3%22560275.0%5,2105,0253.7%36,60035,5752.9%
Nunavik12,59511,8006.7%115135-14.8%353016.7%12030300.0%1,1251,130-0.4%13,99013,1256.6%
Nunatsiavut2,0902,290-8.7%302520.0%3035-14.3%150inf%150205-26.8%2.3202,555-9.2%
Totals48,69547,3352.9%9801,210−19.0%325360-9.7%500115334.8%7.7157,5652.0%58,22056,5852.9%

In 2021 of those Inuit living in Inuit Nunangat 6.46 per cent live in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, 63.38 per cent in Nunavut, 25.87 per cent in Nunavik and 4.29 per cent in Nunatsiavut.[1]

In total there are 70,545 Inuit in Canada with 48,695 (69.02 per cent) living in Inuit Nunangat and 21,850 (30.98 per cent) living in other parts of Canada.[22] This is a growth of 8.5 per cent over 2016 when there were 65,025 Inuit in Canada with 47,335 (72.80 per cent) living in Inuit Nunangat and 17,695 (27.21 per cent) living in other parts of Canada.[23]

Communities

There are six communities in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR).[24] The ISR is made up of five hamlets and one town, Inuvik, which is the headquarters of the Inuvialuit Regional Corporation and the regional centre for the larger Inuvik Region.[25]

There are twenty-five populated communities in Nunavut,[26] The territory is divided into three regions, Kitikmeot, with the regional centre in Cambridge Bay, the Kivalliq, with the regional centre in Rankin Inlet, and the Qikiqtaaluk, with the regional centre and capital in Iqaluit. Other than Iqaluit, which is a city, all other Nunavut communities are hamlets.[27] Statistics Canada also lists three settlements, Bathurst Inlet (also recognized by the Government of Nunavut[26]),[28] Nanisivik[29] and Umingmaktok,[30] all with a population of zero.

In Nunavik there are fourteen northern villages (village nordique, code=VN), governed by the Kativik Regional Government with the administrative capital at Kuujjuaq.[31][32] All villages, with the exception of Puvirnituq, have Inuit reserved land (Terre de la catégorie I pour les Inuits, TI) associated with the community.[33]

There are five towns in Nunatsiavut.[34] The Nunatsiavut Assembly Building is located in Hopedale while the administrative capital is in Nain.[35]

The government of Canada also lists Bathurst Inlet, Killiniq and Umingmaktuuq (Umingmaktok) as forming part of Inuit Nunangat, giving a total of 53 communities.[36][2]

Communities in Inuit Nunangat
Name Region Type Pop.
(2021)		 Pop.
(2016)		 % diff. Land area Pop den
(km2)		 Pop den
(sqmi)		 Inuit % of total
population		 First
Nations		 Métis Other
Indigenous		 Non
Indigenous
Aklavik[37]Inuvialuit Settlement RegionHamlet536590-9.2%12.2943.6112.932059.7%130251546
Akulivik[38]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality6426331.4%75.028.622.363598.9%0007
Arctic Bay[39]NunavutHamlet99486814.5%245.164.110.696096.6%00034
Arviat[40]NunavutHamlet2,8642,6577.8%126.1422.758.82,71594.8%0010139
Aupaluk[41]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality23320911.5%28.688.121.021592.3%00018
Baker Lake[42]NunavutHamlet2,0612,069-0.4%179.5411.529.81,87090.7%20020151
Cambridge Bay[43]NunavutHamlet1,7601,766-0.3%195.789.023.31,40079.5%101525310
Chesterfield Inlet[44]NunavutHamlet397437-9.2%139.492.87.337093.2%00027
Clyde River[45]NunavutHamlet1,1811,05312.2%103.3811.429.51,15097.4%00031
Coral Harbour[46]NunavutHamlet1,03589116.2%126.398.221.297594.2%00060
Gjoa Haven[47]NunavutHamlet1,3491,3241.9%28.5547.3122.51,26593.8%001569
Grise Fiord[48]NunavutHamlet14412911.6%332.900.41.013593.8%0009
Hopedale[49]NunatsiavutTown5965743.8%2.18273.7708.955092.3%100036
Igloolik[50]NunavutHamlet2,0491,74417.5%108.4619.550.51,93594.4%1000104
Inukjuak[51]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality1,8211,7573.6%54.9233.286.01,77597.5%00046
Inuvik[52]Inuvialuit Settlement RegionTown3,1373,243-3.3%62.6850.0129.51,26540.3%520115951,142
Iqaluit[53]NunavutCity7,4297,740−4.0%51.58144.0373.03,83051.6%9565653,374
Ivujivik[54]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality412414-0.5%35.1511.730.340598.3%0007
Kangiqsualujjuaq[55]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality9569421.5%34.3327.972.382586.3%000131
Kangiqsujuaq[56]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality83775011.6%12.4167.5174.877092.0%00067
Kangirsuk[57]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality561567-1.1%57.159.825.451591.8%250021
Kimmirut[58]NunavutHamlet4263899.5%2.30184.9478.942098.6%0006
Kinngait[59]NunavutHamlet1,3961,441-3.1%9.89141.2365.71,31093.8%001076
Kugaaruk[60]NunavutHamlet1,03393310.7%5.06204.2528.993590.5%00098
Kugluktuk[61]NunavutHamlet1,3821,491-7.3%538.992.66.71,21587.9%0010157
Kuujjuaq[62]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality2,6682,754-3.1%289.979.223.82,00075.0%101010638
Kuujjuarapik[63]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality79265421.1%7.45106.3275.360075.8%5008557
Makkovik[64]NunatsiavutTown365377-3.2%2.95123.5319.929580.8%020050
Nain[65]NunatsiavutTown8471,125-24.7%93.509.123.679093.3%50007
Naujaat[66]NunavutHamlet1,2551,08216.0%406.193.07.81,20095.6%00055
Pangnirtung[67]NunavutHamlet1,5041,4811.6%7.98188.5488.21,37091.1%1004084
Paulatuk[68]Inuvialuit Settlement RegionHamlet29826512.5%63.584.712.227090.6%00028
Pond Inlet[69]NunavutHamlet1,5551,617-3.8%170.839.123.61,45093.2%001095
Postville[70]NunatsiavutTown1881776.2%2.3978.7203.816085.1%010018
Puvirnituq[71]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality2,1291,77919.7%81.6126.167.61,96592.3%0010154
Qikiqtarjuaq[72]NunavutHamlet593598-0.8%130.804.511.755593.6%010028
Quaqtaq[73]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality45340312.4%25.8217.545.343596.0%00018
Rankin Inlet[74]NunavutHamlet2,9752,8424.7%20.03148.5384.62,47583.2%251510450
Resolute[75]NunavutHamlet183198-7.6%115.021.64.116590.2%00018
Rigolet[76]NunatsiavutTown3273057.2%5.2762.0160.630091.7%100017
Sachs Harbour[77]Inuvialuit Settlement RegionHamlet103104−1.0%272.220.41.09592.2%0008
Salluit[78]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality1,5801,4836.5%15.08104.8271.41,50595.3%010065
Sanikiluaq[79]NunavutHamlet1,01088214.5%109.689.223.895094.1%00060
Sanirajak[80]NunavutHamlet8918485.1%16.3654.5141.284094.3%00051
Taloyoak[81]NunavutHamlet9341,029-9.2%35.3826.468.490096.4%00034
Tasiujaq[82]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality42036913.8%65.536.416.641598.8%0005
Tuktoyaktuk[83]Inuvialuit Settlement RegionHamlet9378984.3%12.6674.0191.781587.0%1002587
Ulukhaktok[84]Inuvialuit Settlement RegionHamlet4083963.0%120.713.48.838093.1%00028
Umiujaq[85]NunavikNorthern Village Municipality54144222.4%28.3819.149.553098.0%00101
Whale Cove[86]NunavutHamlet4704358.0%273.891.74.444594.7%00025
Maps showing the different cultures (Dorset, Thule, Norse, Innu, and Beothuk) in Greenland, Labrador, Newfoundland and the Canadian Arctic islands in the years 900, 1100, 1300 and 1500
Arctic cultures from 900 to 1500:
  Dorset
  Innu
  Thule
  Beothuk
  Norse

Languages

Distribution of oral Inuit language variants across Inuit territories

There are multiple Inuit languages, along with English and French, spoken across Inuit Nunangat. The oral languages form a vast dialect continuum with mutual intelligibility between neighbouring variants from the westernmost Iñupiatun dialect to the three Greenlandic languages: Kalaallisut, Tunumiisut, and, the closest variation to Canadian dialects, Inuktun. In Canada, there is Inuvialuktun spoken in the West in Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Inuvialuit Nunangit Sannaiqtuaq); Inuktitut, the most spoken dialect; Inuinnaqtun which straddles the line between Inuktitut and Inuvialuktun; and Inuttitut spoken in the Labradorian east by Nunatsiavummiut. And, attested contemporarily only in a few Nunavut communities, Inuit Sign Language (also known as Atgangmuurngniq and Uukturausingit) continues to be passed down through generations regardless of deafness.[87] It is unknown by academia if there is any relation between Greenlandic and Inuit Sign Languages or if Greenlandic Sign Language is a dialect of Danish Tegnsprog.[88]

Within each of the primary oral language divisions (Inuvialuktun, Inuktut, and Inuttut), there exist several dialects therein. Within Inuvialuktun, the Siglit who live at the mouth of the Mackenzie River (Inuvialuktun: Kuukpak [kuːkpɑk] literally great river) speak Siglitun; and the Uummarmiut, or "people of the green trees" and are sometimes called "Canadian Iñupiat," speak Uummarmiutun. Western Inuktut dialects are sometimes considered Inuvialuktun dialects, such as Inuinnaqtun (including one of its sub dialects, Kangiryuarmiutun, spoken by the Copper Inuit group, the Kangiryuarmiut). Others include Natsilingmiutut, spoken by the Netsilik, with its sub-dialects including Utkuhiksalik (the language of the "people of the place where there is soapstone": Utkuhiksalingmiut); Kivallirmiutut spoken by the Caribou Inuit of the Kivalliq Region; Aivilingmiutut of the Aivilingmiut; and the northern Qikiqtaaluk uannangani spoken by Iglulingmiut of the Igloolik. On the southern part of Baffin Island (Qikiqtaaluk) around the Nunavut capital Iqaluit, Qikiqtaaluk nigiani is spoken, and relatively close is the dialect of Nunavik, Nunavimmiutitut, sometimes called Tarramiutut, Taqramiutut, or Inuttitut (not to be confused with Nunatsiavummiutut (Inuttitut) of Labrador). Nunavimmiutitut includes the sub dialects spoken by the Tarrarmiut and Itivimuit. Nunatsiavummiut in Nunatsiavut, Labrador speak Inuttitut, Inuttut, or, alternatively, Labradorimiutut.

People

Inuvialuit Settlement Region (Inuvialuit Nunangat)
Nunavut
Nunavik
Nunatsiavut

Inuit are diverse peoples who share cultural and linguistic similarities. Moreover, they are a bimodal people, speaking both oral languages, Inuit languages and sign languages, Inuit Sign Language (Atgangmuurniq).

Peoples of Inuit Nunangat

  • Inuvialuit (people of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, northwestern Northwest Territories, seasonally in northern Yukon)
  • Nunavummiut (people of Nunavut[note 1])
  • Nunavimmiut (people of Nunavik, northern Quebec)
  • Nunatsiavummiut / Labradorimiut (people of Nunatsiavut, northern Labrador)

Inuit outside Nunangat

Geography

Spanning much of the North American Arctic, Inuit Nunangat is mostly above the tree line. It is situated in Northern Canada, and some tribes can even expand to Siberia, Alaska and Greenland.

Climate change

In 2019, Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami released their National Inuit Climate Change Strategy to combat and respond to the ecological collapse and its effects on Inuit and Inuit Nunangat.[90]

Culture

Inuit culture transcends millennia and includes numerous music styles, sports and other cultural attributes.

Inuit Nunangat has produced numerous contemporary bands and singers, such as Joshua Haulli, Quantum Tangle, The Jerry Cans (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐸᐃ ᒑᓚᖃᐅᑎᒃᑯᑦ, Pai Gaalaqautikkut), Elisapie (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓕᓴᐱ), Aasiva, Charlie Panigoniak, Riit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᕇᑦ), Willie Thrasher, and Tumasi Quissa, as well as many others. Of particular note is Inuit throat singing performed by artists such as Qaunaq Mikkigak, Tudjaat, and Tanya Tagaq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᑕᓐᔭ ᑕᒐᖅ). Yearly, the Alianait Music and Arts Festival features talented acts from across Inuit Nunangat, Canada, and the world, as one of many festivals that take place.

Inuit art first came to outside attention in the 1940s through printmaking and carving. It is known for the use of soapstone, such as for carvings and for making qulliq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᖁᓪᓕᖅ, seal oil lamps). Although power tools are used, soapstone carving is often preferably done by axe and file.

Elders sharing maktaaq, 2002

The modern kayak originates from Inuit culture, originally called a qajaq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᖃᔭᖅ). As well, Inuit use the larger (6–12 m (20–39 ft)), wood-framed flat-bottomed umiak or umiaq for transporting people, goods, and dogs; and, on land, qamutiik (dog sled) pulled by the Canadian Eskimo Dogs or huskies, known in Inuit languages as qimmiit, though Inuit have since transitioned to motorized forms of transport such as the snowmobile for navigating. In part because the massacre of most of their sled dogs in the eastern part of Inuit Nunangat between the 1950s and 1970s. It was believed that the killings were done in order to force Inuit out of their traditional way of life and assimilate them into southern Canadian society. In 2007, the Qikiqtani Inuit Association organized the Qikiqtani Truth Commission, one year after a Royal Canadian Mounted Police report denying the slaughter of 20,000 dogs to help force Inuit into settlements,[91] and stated that "the killings went on far too long to be the result of a secret plan or conspiracy, and that the dog killings began ... several years before the federal government adopted a formal central policy of dog control."[92] On 14 August 2019, the Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations, Carolyn Bennett, apologized to the Qikiqtani Inuit for the slaughter.[93]

Inuit cuisine, also known as "country food,"[94] incorporates a variety of meats (such as walrus, narwhal, bearded seal, caribou, polar bear, Arctic cod, and Arctic char, among others) and gathered plants (including crowberries, cloudberries, fireweed, seaweed, tubers and roots like mousefood, tuberous spring beauty, and sweet vetch)[95] Much of the meat is served frozen, raw, or boiled, much like sushi or sashimi in Japanese cuisine. Delicacies include akutuq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐊᑯᑐᖅ),[96] an ice cream-like dessert made with fat or tallow, meat, and mixed with berries;[96] igunaq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᒍᓇᖅ), a year-long fermentation of select meats; muktuk (Inuktitut syllabics: ᒪᒃᑖᖅ) (alternatively, maktaaq, maktak (Inuktitut syllabics: ᒪᒃᑕᒃ) or maktaq), whale skin and blubber usually eaten raw, sometimes frozen or pickled, and occasionally finely diced, breaded, deep fried, and then served with soy sauce; Labrador tea; and various dips such as aalu (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐋᓗ) (intended for meat made from the choice parts of caribou or seal, chopped into tiny pieces and blended with melted fat and blood), misiraq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᒥᓯᕋᖅ) (aged to resemble an aromatic white wine, made from seal or whale blubber), and nirukkaq (Inuktitut syllabics: ᓂᕈᒃᑲᖅ), a smooth made pâté made from the contents of a caribou's stomach.[97]

Law

Inuit Nunangat currently functions through a variety of legal systems. As a Canadian jurisdiction, all of Inuit Nunangat falls under the federally overseen Criminal Code for criminal law. Inuvialuit Nunangat in the Northwest Territories and Yukon, Nunavut, and Nunatsiavut in Labrador are all subject to the English common law tradition. Nunavik, falling under the jurisdiction of Quebec, follows the civil law tradition as it pertains to private law. Finally, Inuit largely still follow Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit traditions, recognizing the interconnected nature of reality. Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (Inuktitut syllabics: ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᑦ, alternatively rendered Qaujimanituqangit or Qauyimayatuqangit), comes from the root word qaujima- (Inuktitut syllabics: ᖃᐅᔨ) meaning "to know," and could be literally translated as "that which has long been known by Inuit." Leaders and Elders did not see themselves as agents of social control or law and order, as each individual contributes to the functioning of the community.[98] The integration of Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit (or IQ) and the wider Canadian legal tradition is an ongoing process. For example, the Nunavut Court of Justice is the only "unified," single-level court in Canada, and the court travels to communities every six weeks to two years. There are also on-the-land, restorative justice, and contemporary healing circle programs administered.[99]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The word is not Inuit specific and refers to all residents of Nunavut.[89]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
    "Indigenous Population Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table: Inuvialuit region [Inuit region], Northwest Territories". Statistics Canada. 8 June 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
    "Indigenous Population Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table: Nunavut [Territory]". Statistics Canada. 8 June 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
    "Indigenous Population Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table: Nunavik [Inuit region], Quebec". Statistics Canada. 8 June 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
    "Indigenous Population Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Profile table: Nunatsiavut [Inuit region], Newfoundland and Labrador". Statistics Canada. 8 June 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Inuit". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
  3. ↑ "Maps Of Inuit Nunangat (Inuit Regions Of Canada)". Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  4. ↑ "Inuit Trade in the Central Arctic". Inuit contact and colonization. Inuit Heritage Trust. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  5. ↑ Black, Scott; Montgomery, Georgina; Fehr, Alan, eds. (2002). Canada's Western Arctic (PDF). Inuvik, Denendeh/Nunangit, Canada: Western Arctic Handbook Committee. p. 342. ISBN 0-9687910-0-X. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  6. ↑ Csonka, Yvon (1999). "A stereotype further dispelled: Inuit-Dene relations west of Hudson Bay, 1920–1956". Études/Inuit/Studies. 23 (1/2): 117–144. JSTOR 42870948.
  7. ↑ "Innu Culture". Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  8. ↑ Fossett, Renée (2001). In Order to Live Untroubled: Inuit of the Central Arctic, 1550-1940. Univ. of Manitoba Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-88755-328-8.
  9. ↑ "The Death of the Inuit Man in England: Postmortem report and comments of Dr. Edward Dodding (Excerpts)" (PDF). National Humanities Center. 2006.
  10. ↑ Karen Ordahl Kupperman (30 June 2009). The Jamestown Project. Harvard University Press. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-674-02702-2.
  11. ↑ Vaughan, Alden T. "American Indians in England (act. c.1500–1615)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/71116. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  12. ↑ Bonesteel, Sarah (June 2006). Canada's Relationship with Inuit: A History of Policy and Program Development (Report). Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. ISBN 978-1-100-11121-6.
  13. ↑ Qikiqtani Inuit Association (April 2014). Qimmiliriniq: Inuit Sled Dogs in Qikiqtaaluk (PDF) (Report). Toronto, Ontario: Qikiqtani Inuit Association. ISBN 978-1-927095-63-8.
  14. ↑ Dussault, René; Erasmus, George (1994). The High Arctic Relocation: A Report on the 1953–55 Relocation. Canadian Government Publishing.
  15. ↑ Porteous, John Douglas; Smith, Sandra Eileen (2001). Domicide: The Global Destruction of Home. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 102–03. ISBN 978-0-7735-2258-9.
  16. ↑ Elgar, Margaret Fern (19 September 1997). A Comparative Study of Native Residential Schools and the Residential Schools for the Deaf in Canada (PDF) (Thesis). Carleton University. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  17. ↑ "Reclaiming Power and Place: The Final Report of the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls". mmiwg-ffada. National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 20 June 2019.
  18. ↑ postscript on Aboriginal Titles, Katherine Barber, Government of Canada Translation Service"
  19. ↑ "The National Voice for Inuit Communities in the Canadian Arctic". Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  20. 1 2 "CPAC - For the Record". www.cpac.ca. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
    "Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census Inuvialuit region [Inuit region], Northwest Territories". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
    "Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census Nunavut [Inuit region], Nunavut". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
    "Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census Nunavik [Inuit region], Québec". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
    "Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census Nunatsiavut [Inuit region], Newfoundland and Labrador". Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  22. ↑ "Indigenous population continues to grow and is much younger than the non-Indigenous population, although the pace of growth has slowed". Statistics Canada. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  23. ↑ "Inuit population by residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat, 2016". www150.statcan.gc.ca. Government Of Canada - Statistics Canada. 25 October 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  24. ↑ "Inuvialuit Settlement Region Communities". Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  25. ↑ "Inuvik". Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  26. 1 2 "Community Information - Government of Nunavut". www.gov.nu.ca. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  27. ↑ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities)". 24 October 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
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  29. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Nanisivik, Settlement (SET) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". 1 February 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  30. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Umingmaktok, Settlement (SET) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". 1 February 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  31. ↑ "Community Maps". Kativik Regional Government. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  32. ↑ "General Information". Kativik Regional Government. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  33. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population - Select from a list of geographies, Quebec". 8 March 2023. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  34. ↑ "Explore Nunatsiavut → Communities". Tourism Nunatsiavut. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  35. ↑ "Path to Self-Government". Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  36. ↑ "Inuit Nunangat". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. 16 February 2020. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
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  38. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Akulivik, Village nordique (VN) - Quebec [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  39. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Arctic Bay, Hamlet (HAM) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  40. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Arviat, Hamlet (HAM) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  41. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Aupaluk, Village nordique (VN) - Quebec [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  42. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Baker Lake, Hamlet (HAM) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  43. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Cambridge Bay, Hamlet (HAM) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  44. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Chesterfield Inlet, Hamlet (HAM) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  45. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Clyde River, Hamlet (HAM) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  46. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Coral Harbour, Hamlet (HAM) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
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  49. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Hopedale, Town (T) - Newfoundland and Labrador [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
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  53. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Iqaluit, City (CY) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  54. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Ivujivik, Village nordique (VN) - Quebec [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
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  57. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Kangirsuk, Village nordique (VN) - Quebec [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
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  59. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Cape Dorset, Hamlet (HAM) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
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  75. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population, Profile table - Resolute, Hamlet (HAM) - Nunavut [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
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  87. ↑ MacDougall, Jamie (February 2001). "Access to justice for deaf Inuit in Nunavut: The role of "Inuit sign language"". Canadian Psychology. 41 (1): 61. doi:10.1037/h0086880.
  88. ↑ Brentari (2010) ed. Sign Languages, p. 82
  89. ↑ Nunavummiut, the plural demonym for residents of Nunavut, appears throughout the Government of Nunavut website, proceedings of the Nunavut legislature, and elsewhere. Nunavut Housing Corporation, Discussion Paper Released to Engage Nunavummiut on Development of Suicide Prevention Strategy. Alan Rayburn, previous head of the Canadian Permanent Committee of Geographical Names, opined that: "Nunavut is still too young to have acquired [a gentilé], although Nunavutan may be an obvious choice." In Naming Canada: stories about Canadian place names 2001. (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (ISBN 978-0-8020-8293-0); p. 50.
  90. ↑ "National Inuit Climate Change Strategy Sets Out Coordinated Actions To Shape Climate Policy". Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
  91. ↑ "No slaughter of 20,000 Inuit sled dogs: RCMP report". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 30 November 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  92. ↑ "Inuit dog killings no conspiracy: report". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. CBC News. 20 October 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  93. ↑ "Qikiqtani Truth Commission". 15 August 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
  94. ↑ Robinson, Amanda. "Country Food (Inuit Food) in Canada". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  95. ↑ Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami. "Arctic Wildlife". Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 20 November 2007. Not included are the myriad of other species of plants and animals that Inuit use, such as geese, ducks, rabbits, ptarmigan, swans, halibut, clams, mussels, cod, berries and seaweed.
  96. 1 2 "Nunavut — Food and Restaurants". iExplore. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  97. ↑ "The Traditional Foods of the Inuit" (PDF). IsumaTV. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  98. ↑ "Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit". Department of Culture and Heritage. Government of Nunavut. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  99. ↑ "The Traditional Inuit Justice System" (PDF). Retrieved 14 August 2021.
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