Inuvialuktun
Native toCanada
RegionNorthwest Territories, Nunavut
Ethnicity3,110 Inuvialuit
Native speakers
680, 22% of ethnic population (2016 census)[1][2]
Early forms
Dialects
Latin script, Syllabics[3]
Official status
Official language in
Northwest Territories,[5] Nunavut[6]
Regulated byInuvialuit Cultural Centre[7] and Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
Language codes
ISO 639-1iu
ISO 639-2iku Inuktitut
ISO 639-3ikt Inuinnaqtun, Western Canadian Inuktitut
Glottologwest2618  Western Canadian Inuktitut
Inu- ᐃᓄ- / nuna ᓄᓇ
"person" / "land"
PersonInuvialuk
PeopleInuvialuit
LanguageInuvialuktun;
Ujjiqsuuraq
CountryInuvialuit Nunangit,
   Inuit Nunangat ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ

Inuvialuktun (part of Western Canadian Inuit/Inuktitut/Inuktut/Inuktun) comprises several Inuit language varieties spoken in the northern Northwest Territories by Canadian Inuit who call themselves Inuvialuit.[4] Some dialects and sub-dialects are also spoken in Nunavut.[3][6]

Distribution and varieties

Map of Inuit languages and dialects

Inuvialuktun is spoken by the Inuit of the Mackenzie River delta, Banks Island, part of Victoria Island and the Arctic Ocean coast of the Northwest Territories – the lands of the Inuvialuit Settlement Region. It was traditionally subsumed under a broader Inuktitut.[8] Rather than a coherent language, Inuvialuktun is a politically motivated grouping of three quite distinct and separate varieties. It consists of Sallirmiutun (formerly Siglitun; Inuvialuktun proper), the Kangiryuarmiutun dialect of Inuinnaqtun on Victoria Island in the East and the Uummarmiutun dialect of Iñupiaq around Inuvik and Aklavik in the West.[7][9]

Inuvialuktun, Inuinnaqtun and Inuktitut constitute three of the eleven official languages of the Northwest Territories.[5] Inuinnaqtun is also official alongside Inuktitut in Nunavut.[10]

The Inuvialuktun dialects are seriously endangered,[11] as English has in recent years become the common language of the community. Surveys of Inuktitut usage in the NWT vary, but all agree that usage is not vigorous. According to Statistics Canada's 2016 Census 680 (22%) of the 3,110 Inuvialuit speak any form of Inuktitut, and 550 (18%) use it at home.[1] Considering the large number of non-Inuit living in Inuvialuit areas and the lack of a single common dialect among the already reduced number of speakers, the future of the Inuit language in the NWT appears bleak.

Map of Inuvialuktun dialects spoken across the Canadian Arctic

History

Before the 20th century, the Inuvialuit Settlement Region was primarily inhabited by Siglit Inuit, who spoke Siglitun, but in the second half of the 19th century, their numbers were dramatically reduced by the introduction of new diseases. Inuit from Alaska moved into traditionally Siglit areas in the 1910s and 1920s, enticed in part by renewed demand for furs from the Hudson's Bay Company. These Inuit are called Uummarmiut – which means people of the green trees – in reference to their settlements near the tree line. Originally, there was an intense dislike between the Siglit and the Uummarmiut, but these differences have faded over the years, and the two communities are thoroughly intermixed these days.

Phonology

The phonology of Inuvialuktun and other Inuit languages can be found at Inuit phonology.

Most Inuit languages have fifteen consonants and three vowel qualities (with phonemic length distinctions for each). Although Inupiatun and Qawiaraq have retroflex consonants, retroflexes have otherwise disappeared in all the Canadian and Greenlandic dialects.

Writing system

Inuvialuktun and Inuinnaqtun are written in a Latin alphabet and have no tradition of Inuktitut syllabics.[12] However, the dialects spoken in Nunavut, east of the Inuinnaqtun region use syllabics.[3]

Dialects

The Inuvialuktun dialects are seriously endangered, as English has in recent years become the common language of the community. Surveys of Inuktitut usage in the NWT vary, but all agree that usage is not vigorous. According to the Inuvialuit Cultural Resource Centre, only 10% of the roughly 4,000 Inuvialuit speak any form of Inuktitut, and only 4% use it at home. Statistics Canada's 2001 Census report is only slightly better, reporting 765 self-identified Inuktitut speakers out of a self-reported Inuvialuit population of 3,905. Considering the large number of non-Inuit living in Inuvialuit areas and the lack of a single common dialect among the already reduced number of speakers, the future of the Inuit language in the NWT appears bleak.

From east to west, the dialects are:

The Inuvialuk dialects spoken in Nunavut (that is, Iglulingmiut, Aivilingmiutut, Kivallirmiutut, and eastern Natsilingmiutut) are often counted as Inuktitut, and the government of the NWT only recognizes Inuinnaqtun and Inuvialuktun. In addition, Uummarmiutun, the dialect of the Uummarmiut which is essentially identical to the Inupiatun dialect spoken in Alaska and so considered an Inupiat language, has conventionally been grouped with Inuvialuktun because it's spoken in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region of the NWT. Uummarmiutun is found in the communities of Inuvik and Aklavik.

Example phrases

EnglishInuvialuktunpronunciation
HelloAtitu/atitu/
Good ByeIlaannilu/Qakugulu/ilaːnːilu/ / /qakuɡulu/
Thank youQuyanainni/qujanainːi/
You are welcomeAmiunniin/amiunːiːn/
How are you?Qanuq itpin?/qanuq itpin/
I am fineNakuyumi/Nakuyumi assi/nakujumi asːi/
Good morningUblaami/ublaːmi/
YesIi/iː/
NoNaaggai/naːɡːai/
It's cold! Brrr!Alaappa!/alaːpːa/
*Gasp*
(an expression used when alarmed or fearful)
Alii/aliː/
See you laterAnaqanaallu/anaqanaːlːu/
Wow/AwesomeAqqali/aqːali/
Listen!Ata!/ata/
See you, tooIlaanniptauq/ilaːnːiptauq/
It is like thisImaaniittuaq/imaːniːtːuaq/
Like thisImanna/imanːa/
Whose?Kia?/kia/
Who is this?Kina una?/kina una/
Where?Nani?/Naung?/Sumi?/nani/ / /nauŋ/ / /sumi/
Where are you from?Nakinngaaqpin?/Sumiutauvin?/nakiŋːaːqpin/ / /sumiutauvin/}
How much does it cost?Qanuq akitutigivaa?/qanuq akitutiɡivaː/
How old is he/she?Qanuq ukiuqtutigiva?/qanuq ukiututiɡiva/
What do you call it?Qanuq taivakpiung?/qanuq taivakpiuŋ/
What is the time?Sumukpaung?/sumukpauŋ/
What for?Suksaq?/suksaq/
Why? Or how come?Suuq?/suːq/
What?Suva?/Suna?/suva/~/suna/
Doesn't matter/It is okSunngittuq/suŋːitːuq/
What are you doing?Suvin?/suvin/
It can't be helped! Too bad.Qanurviituq!/qanuʁviːtuq/
in fact, actuallyNutim[nutim]
Do it again!Pipsaarung![pipsaːʁuŋ]
Go ahead and do itPiung[piuŋ]
It is cold out!Qiqauniqtuaq/qiqauniqtuaq/
ChristmasQitchirvik/qittʃiʁviq/
CandyUqummiaqataaq[/uqumːiaqataːq/
Play musicAtuqtuuyaqtuaq/atuqtuːjaqtuaq/
Drum dancingQilaun/Qilausiyaqtuaq/qilaun/ / /qilausijaqtuaq/
ChurchAngaadjuvik/aŋaːdʒuvik/
BellAviluraun/aviluʁaun/
JewelsSavaqutit/savaqutit/
Eskimo ice creamAkutuq/akutaq/
That's it!Taima!/taima/
Siglitun Inuvialuktun snow terms[13]English meaning
Apiqaunfirst snow layer in autumn that stays
Apusiqqaunfirst fall of snow
Aqiuyaqsmall, fresh snowdrift
Masakwaterlogged snow
Mauyaadeep, soft snow
Minguliruqtuaqblowing wet snow
Piangnaqgood snow conditions for sledge travel

Notes

  1. 1 2 Statistics Canada: Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census, Inuvialuit region
  2. Figures are for the Inuvialuit Settlement Region only
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Iñuvialuktun/Inuvialuktun/Inuinnaqtun / ᐃᓄᐃᓐᓇᖅᑐᓐ
  4. 1 2 3 4 Inuvialuktun Dialects
  5. 1 2 Official Languages Act, RSNWT 1988, c. O-1, s. 4 in its 2003 version; PWNHC: Official Languages of the Northwest Territories
  6. 1 2 "Consolidation of (S.Nu. 2008, c.10) (NIF) Official Languages Act" (PDF). and "Consolidation of Inuit Language Protection Act" (PDF). Government of Nunavut. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 16, 2017. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
  7. 1 2 Inuvialuit Cultural Centre: Inuvialuit Digital Library – Language Resources
  8. see Official Languages Act, RSNWT 1988, c. O-1, s. 1 in its original version ("Inuktitut" includes Inuvialuktun and Inuinnaqtun).
  9. CBC North Inuvik: Tusaavik with Dodie Malegana (radio programme on demand).
  10. Official Languages Act, S.Nu. 2008, c. 10, s. 3(1) with Inuit Language Protection Act, S.Nu. 2008, c. 17, s. 1(2).
  11. UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
  12. Harper, Kenn. Current Status of Writing Systems for Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun and Inuvialuktun. [Yellowknife, N.W.T.]: Northwest Territories, Culture and Communications, 1992.
  13. "Inuvialuit Settlement Region Traditional Knowledge Report" (PDF). August 2006. p. 6.2. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
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