January 2017 Melbourne car attack
Police arrest the perpetrator at 555 Bourke Street
LocationMelbourne, Victoria, Australia
Date20 January 2017
1:30 pm - 1:37 p.m. (AEDT)
Attack type
Vehicular attack
WeaponsHolden Commodore
Deaths6[1]
Injured27[1]
PerpetratorJames Gargasoulas[2]
VerdictGuilty
ConvictionsLife in prison with a non-parole period of 46 years[1]
ChargesSix counts of murder
27 charges of reckless conduct endangering life[1]
Flinders Street railway station, site of the initial sighting of the driver

On 20 January 2017, around 1:30 pm AEDT on a busy Friday, a car was deliberately driven into pedestrians along Bourke Street in the Melbourne central business district, Victoria, Australia. Six people were killed and twenty-seven were seriously injured.[1][3][4][5] The driver of the vehicle, James "Dimitrious" Gargasoulas, who was in a drug-induced psychosis, was subsequently found guilty of six counts of murder and was sentenced to life in prison with a non-parole period of 46 years.[1][6]

Background

The maroon Holden Commodore sedan used in the attack was stolen from his mother's partner who lived in the same block of flats as Gargasoulas.[1] Upon being interviewed, the car owner alleged that on the night of 18 January 2017, Gargasoulas entered his flat with a Bible, sat down, started burning it and threw it into his face. After this, he said that he flicked it on the floor and was then punched by Gargasoulas.[7]

In the early hours of 20 January 2017, Gargasoulas used methamphetamine at his mother's flat in Windsor and then attacked his brother in the street stabbing him in the head and chest with a knife leaving him in a critical condition.[1][7] He later took his pregnant girlfriend hostage; she was later released in South Wharf.[8]

Attack

Gargasoulas was captured on footage driving and behaving erratically at the intersection of Flinders Street, St Kilda Road and Swanston Street, outside the entrance to Flinders Street railway station. Two men, Year 12 student Tevita Mahina and his cousin Isaac Tupou, attempted to stop him, hitting the windscreen with a baseball bat. The driver continued northbound up Swanston St's western-side footpath at speed towards the Bourke Street Mall, turned left onto Bourke Street's southern-side footpath and struck more than 20 pedestrians. The vehicle was stopped near AMP Square at 555 Bourke Street by a combination of mechanical failure and from being rammed by the Victoria Police Critical Incident Response Team.[9][1][10] Police officers tasered and shot the driver in the arm during his arrest.[10][1] A child and two adults died at the scene,[11] another man died in hospital before the end of the day, and a three-month-old baby boy died the next day in the evening.[12] A sixth person died on 30 January.[13]

Victims

Floral tributes to victims of the attack at a memorial at the Western end of the Bourke Street Mall.

Among the victims was a 10-year-old girl, who died on 20 January 2017,[14] as well as a three-month-old baby boy who died on 21 January. The others were a 25-year-old man, a 22-year-old woman, a 33-year-old man, and a 33-year-old woman.[15][16][13]

A memorial for the victims was held in Federation Square on 23 January[17] and floral tributes were left by members of the public at nine locations along the Bourke Street Mall.[18] On 30 January it was announced that a permanent memorial garden would be established, and that donations approaching AU$1,000,000 had been made to the Bourke Street Fund for the families of the victims.[19] On 31 January, the inorganic tributes were removed from the mall for storage by the Melbourne City Council. This collection was subsequently handed over to the State Library Victoria.[20] The floral tributes were taken for composting for the Victims of Crime memorial near State Parliament.[21]

Perpetrator

Victoria Police Chief Commissioner Graham Ashton confirmed that 26-year-old Dimitrious "James" Gargasoulas[22][23] had previously been remanded into custody and was known to police for having a history of illicit drug use, family violence, and mental health problems.[24]

In the days before the attack, Gargasoulas began to post messages on Facebook about "religion, God, Satan, heaven and hell", which writers for The Age described as "rambling and often nonsensical".[7]

Gargasoulas' father told Seven News "he's not the Jimmy I used to know" and that he would "scratch his son off his books", while his mother told News.com.au she was ashamed to be his mum, and she wanted her son to "die in hell".[25]

Police reported that the perpetrator had no links to terrorist activity but had an extensive criminal history linked to family violence.[23] He had a history of being involved in police pursuits, including court cases in 2013 and 2014, and was involved in a pursuit in November 2016.[1]

Timeline of events

14 January 2017

  • Police charged Gargasoulas at Prahran police station with offences committed during a police pursuit on 19 November 2016, including speeding on the wrong side of the road directly into oncoming traffic and for evading police. Police opposed bail, but Gargasoulas was granted bail by a Bail Justice for a 20 January court date.[26][1]

17 January 2017

  • Gargasoulas told a friend that if he was involved in a police pursuit he would keep driving and start running people over.[1]

18 January 2017

  • Gargasoulas attacked Gavin Wilson, his mother's ex-partner, by thrusting a burning Bible in his face and stealing his car.[27]

19 January 2017

  • 9:26 pm: Gargasoulas 'checked in' at Dogs Bar, St Kilda, on Facebook, posting: "Thinking. About what to do with them lol."
  • 10:00 pm: Gargasoulas was refused entry into Dogs Bar as he was suspected of being under the influence of drugs. The owner of the bar said that "He had this real swagger and arrogance".[28]

20 January 2017

  • 12:30 am: Gargasoulas returned to Dogs Bar in a maroon-coloured Holden Commodore believed to be the same car he stole from Wilson, later to be used in the attack. Patrons reported that he smashed glasses and plates.[28]
  • 2:15 am: Police were called to an address in Raleigh Street, Windsor, after reports were lodged of two men fighting. Both the victim, his brother, and Gargasoulas were gone by the time police arrived. The fight was in the street outside his mother's flat where he had earlier used the drug methamphetamine. Gargasoulas had "stabbed [his brother] repeatedly to the head and chest with a kitchen knife."[1]
  • 2:15 am: Gargasoulas attended the Gatwick Hotel in St Kilda and told a friend he was going to do something drastic and would be on the news tonight and that the police would not be able to stop him.
  • 8.04 am: Gargasoulas was spotted driving in the background of a Today "live cross" which was reporting on the Windsor stabbing. The man rolled down the car window and waved his hat at the news camera.[29]
  • 11:31 am: Police followed the car along tram tracks in Clarendon Street in South Melbourne and unsuccessfully attempted to arrest Gargasoulas at a South Wharf intersection.
  • 11:45 am: Police spotted the car weaving through traffic on Williamstown Road in Yarraville, west of Melbourne. Police pulled back due to safety concerns, as the car was being driven "erratically and dangerously". The police air wing tracked the car as it moved toward the city.[30]
  • 1:30 pm: Emergency services were flooded with calls with reports of a Commodore doing doughnuts and burnouts outside Flinders Street Station.
  • 1:33 pm: The car in question drove north up Swanston Street.[31]
  • 1:35 pm: The car then struck a number of pedestrians in the vicinity of Bourke Street Mall, before proceeding further along Bourke Street, past the intersection with Queen Street at speeds of between 57 km/h (35 mph) and 61 km/h (38 mph).
  • 1:37 pm: Reports of multiple shots fired. Gargasoulas was pulled from the car at 555 Bourke Street.
  • 2:30 pm: Ambulance Victoria stated that they were treating 20 people in Bourke Street, many of them having sustained serious injuries.
  • 2:30 pm: Victoria Police released a statement confirming that the situation had been "contained", one person had been arrested, and another was dead.
  • 3:20 pm: Police confirmed at a press conference that three people had died and that the incident was not terrorism-related.
  • 9:00 pm: Police confirmed that a fourth person had died in hospital.

21 January 2017

  • 10:53 pm: Police confirmed that a fifth person (a three-month-old child) had died in hospital.[32]

30 January 2017

  • Police confirmed a 33-year-old woman had died in hospital due to her injuries. This raised the death toll to six. Another murder charge was laid against Gargasoulas.

Responses

Police

The Royal Children's Hospital treated many children injured in the attack

Police urged eyewitnesses to provide a witness statement and collaborated with over 300 witnesses.[33] Chief Commissioner Graham Ashton was quick to dismiss claims the attack was an act of terror and said it was related to a stabbing incident earlier that day which had developed into a crime spree. Victoria Police maintained religion was not a significant motivation.[34] In an interview the day after the attack, Victoria Police Deputy Commissioner Andrew Crisp stated that police were hoping to interview and charge the suspect later in the day. He said that the fact that the suspect had been out on bail would be looked into by police. He congratulated everyone who dealt with the situation, stating: "We saw the best of people yesterday. The support they gave to people on the street, it was amazing."[35]

On 28 October 2019, Victoria Police announced a "hostile vehicle" policy—the first of its kind in Australia—which permits officers to use all tactical options to stop a car attack, including roadblocks, ramming an offending vehicle, boxing the vehicle in or, as a last resort, shooting an offender.[36][37] The Crimes Act 1958 had been amended in 2018 to clarify the use of pre-emptive lethal force.[38]

Politicians

Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull offered his prayers and deepest sympathies to the victims of the attack and their families.[39]

Victorian Premier Daniel Andrews stated that "this was a terrible crime – a senseless, evil act" and promised that "justice will be done".[40] The Victorian Government established a fund to provide financial assistance for the families of the deceased, and made an initial donation of $100,000.[41]

Within days of the incident, it was announced that a review of Victoria's bail laws would be undertaken and that the Magistrates' Court would introduce a Night Court to hear bail requests over weekends and after hours.[42][43] In February 2017, the Magistrates' Court established a Night Court at the Melbourne Magistrates' Court operating between the hours of 5pm to 9pm seven days a week to hear Melbourne metropolitan bail and remand cases.[44][45] Following a review by Paul Coghlan QC in 2017, the Bail Act 1977 was amended in 2018 to make it harder for serious and violent offenders to be granted bail, to provide senior police officers with the power to remand a person in custody for up to 48 hours, and to revise the test for determining whether to grant bail.[46][47][48]

Criminal trial

On Monday 23 January, Gargasoulas was interviewed by the Homicide Squad and subsequently charged with five counts of murder at the Melbourne Magistrates' Court. His defence lawyer advised the court he was too unwell to be present in the courtroom, with the Magistrate excusing him from having to be present for future hearings due to his health, remanding him custody.[49]

In April and May 2017, at the Melbourne Magistrates' Court, Gargasoulas made claims such as "Muslim faith is the correct faith according to the whole world," "I am the saviour," "I was under extreme stress, which caused me to have a mental breakdown," "[L]ife is being controlled by the government," and "I'm very saddened by everything that's happened, but it's due to the Illuminati."[5]

In December 2017, Gargasoulas pleaded not guilty to 39 charges, including six counts of murder, and waived his right to a committal hearing in the Magistrates' Court and was therefore committed to stand trial in the Supreme Court.[50]

In March 2018, Gargasoulas pleaded not guilty to all charges in the Supreme Court. His defence lawyers made a submission that given his current mental state he was unfit to stand trial and advised the court that they were awaiting further medical reports. Justice Lasry criticised the three-month delay in holding a hearing to determine his fitness.[51]

In June 2018, a Supreme Court jury was empanelled to decide if Gargasoulas was fit to stand trial.[52]

In October 2018, the Supreme Court jury found Gargasoulas was fit to stand trial despite being diagnosed a paranoid schizophrenic.[53][54]

In November 2018, Gargasoulas was found guilty of six counts of murder and 27 counts of reckless conduct endangering life.[55][1] Medical experts were of the opinion that on the day of the offence he was suffering from a drug-induced psychosis with paranoid delusional beliefs and was found to have Amphetamine-type substances, Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines in his system.[1] However, he was still aware of his actions and the consequences, that it would be considered to be wrongful and that he had the ability to skilfully avoid fixed obstacles whilst driving.[1] Justice Weinberg found that he developed paranoid schizophrenia subsequent to the offence.[1]

Coronial inquest

On 21 January 2017, the State Coroner announced an inquest would be held which would investigate the decision to release Gargasoulas on bail, his conduct prior to the incident, his previous involvement with police and the police pursuit.[56] In July 2017, as preparation was underway to hold an inquest, the Coroner adjourned the inquest until the conclusion of the criminal trial following a submission from Counsel Assisting the Coroner that to hold an inquest would create a risk of "compromising the criminal proceedings and the rights of the accused to a fair trial".[57][58] In April 2019, inquest preparation recommenced with the holding of a directions hearing.[59]

Between November 2019 and February 2020, a 31-day inquest into the incident was held. The inquest detailed issues such as police procedures, communications, and decisions made on the day of the attack. On 19 November 2020, Coroner Jacqui Hawkins released a finding which was scathing of Victoria Police's handling of the incident, saying that efforts to negotiate with Gargasoulas amounted to 'nothing more than two phone calls and bizarre text messages'.[60][61]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Weinberg, Justice Mark (22 February 2019). "DPP v Gargasoulas [2019] VSC 87". Austlii. Supreme Court of Victoria. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  2. ↑ David Hurley; Shannon Deery; Cassie Zervos; Kara Irving (21 January 2017). "Melbourne CBD rampage driver Dimitrious Gargasoulas allegedly warned 'I'll take you all out' in chilling Facebook post". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  3. ↑ Butt, Craig (20 January 2017). "As it happened: CBD horror, four dead, 31 hospitalised as car knocks down pedestrians". The Age. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  4. ↑ "Four dead in man's Melbourne crime spree". Nine News. AAP. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  5. 1 2 Hancock, James (26 May 2017). "Accused Bourke St driver Dimitrious Gargasoulas tells court 'illuminati' caused breakdown". ABC News. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.
  6. ↑ "Bourke Street killer sentenced to life in prison". skynews.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 "Bourke Street driver identified as James 'Jimmy' Gargasoulas" Archived 20 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Tammy Mills, Beau Donelly and Chris Vedelago, The Age, 20 January 2017.
  8. ↑ "'Die in hell': Parents disown alleged rampage driver". Yahoo! News. 21 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  9. ↑ Vedelago, Chris; Houston, Cameron (18 October 2019). "'Police failed catastrophically': Officer turns down Bourke St award". The Age. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  10. 1 2 Chief Commissioner Graham Ashton media briefing. Victoria Police Media Unit (Television production). Victoria Police. 19 January 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
  11. ↑ "Death toll could rise from Vic car attack". Yahoo!. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  12. ↑ "Melbourne car attack: Bourke Street death toll reaches five after three-month-old baby dies". ABC News. 21 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  13. 1 2 McKay, Zervos, Holly, Cassie. "Blackburn South woman dies in hospital after Bourke St rampage". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 4 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ↑ Cowie, Tom; Dmytryshchak, Goya (22 January 2017). "Bourke Street chaos: 10-year-old girl Thalia Hakin killed in CBD carnage". The Age. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  15. ↑ Webb, Carolyn; Miletic, Daniella (22 January 2017). "Bourke Street attack: City in mourning after baby boy dies, taking death toll to five". The Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  16. ↑ "Two victims of CDB rampage named". Herald Sun. 22 January 2017. Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  17. ↑ Burin and staff, Margaret (24 January 2017). "Melbourne car attack: Bourke Street victims remembered at vigil in Federation Square". ABC News. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  18. ↑ Davies, Bridget; Hamblin, Andrea; Flower, Wayne; Hurley, David (23 January 2017). "Love flows for CBD massacre victims". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 25 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  19. ↑ "Bourke Street tributes left for victims of attack to be removed as appeal nears $1 million". ABC News. 30 January 2017. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  20. ↑ "https://slv.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=L&vid=61SLV_INST:SLV&search_scope=slv_local&tab=searchProfile&docid=alma9935324823607636". slv.primo.exlibrisgroup.com. Retrieved 3 January 2023. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  21. ↑ Woods, Emily (31 January 2017). "One bunch at a time, Bourke Street's floral memorial is carefully moved on". The Age. Archived from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  22. ↑ Butler, Josh (24 January 2017). "How The Bourke Street Rampage Was Quickly Claimed To Be 'Islamic Terrorism'". Huffington Post Australia. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  23. 1 2 Hamblin, Andie; Murphy, Padraic; Buttler, Mark (20 January 2017). "Driver accused of deadly carnage in Melbourne CBD named". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  24. ↑ Ltd, Australian News Channel Pty. "Four killed in Melbourne CBD attack". Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  25. ↑ "'His dad called me an Aussie sl*t,' says old friend of Melbourne driver". NewsComAu. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  26. ↑ Cooper, Adam (23 January 2017). "Bourke Street: Alleged killer refuses to appear in court". The Age. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  27. ↑ "Melbourne CBD attack: Timeline that led to Bourke Street tragedy". 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  28. 1 2 Vedelago, Chris; Mills, Tammy; Donelly, Beau (21 January 2017). "Melbourne CBD horror: Driver seen at Dogs Bar before Bourke Street attack". The Age. Archived from the original on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  29. ↑ "Bourke Street tragedy: Driver appeared on TV hours before pedestrians killed". 21 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  30. ↑ "Melbourne car incident: What happened where?". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 20 January 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  31. ↑ "CCTV footage shows pedestrians dodging Melbourne driver". ABC. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  32. ↑ "Five deceased following Bourke Street Mall incident in Melbourne". Victoria Police. 21 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  33. ↑ Florance, Loretta; Bell, Frances (22 January 2017). "Melbourne car attack: Leaders pay respects to Bourke St victims, Premier mulls changes to bail laws". ABC News. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  34. ↑ Koubaridis, Andrew (22 January 2017). "Four dead after shots fired and car rampage in Melbourne CBD". news.com.au. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  35. ↑ "Four killed, 30 injured after car mows down pedestrians in Melbourne" Archived 21 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Helen Davidson, Calla Wahlquist and agencies, The Guardian, 21 January 2017.
  36. ↑ "New policy to stop hostile vehicles". Victoria Police (Press release). 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  37. ↑ "'Crystal clear' policy cements police powers to intervene, shoot to kill during car attacks". ABC News. 28 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  38. ↑ Attorney-General (9 May 2018). "New Counter-Terrorism Laws To Keep The Community Safe". Premier of Victoria (Press release). Archived from the original on 31 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  39. ↑ "Australian leaders react to the car rampage in Melbourne's CBD". The Canberra Times. 20 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  40. ↑ Premier Daniel Andrews (20 January 2017). "Statement On Bourke St" (Press release). Premier of Victoria. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  41. ↑ "The Bourke Street Fund" Archived 29 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, State Government of Victoria.
  42. ↑ "Deadly Bourke St rampage prompts bail law reform in Victoria". ABC News. 23 January 2017. Archived from the original on 22 January 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  43. ↑ Premier Daniel Andrews (23 January 2017). "Major Shake Up Of Victoria's Bail System". Premier of Victoria (Press release). Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  44. ↑ "Night court commences operations 7 days a week tonight". Magistrates' Court of Victoria (Press release). 6 February 2017. Archived from the original on 22 April 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  45. ↑ Magistrates' Court of Victoria (1 September 2017). Annual Report 2016-2017 (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  46. ↑ Attorney-General (23 June 2017). "Major Reforms To Overhaul Bail System Pass Parliament". Premier of Victoria (Press release). Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  47. ↑ Attorney-General (12 December 2017). "New Police Remand Powers Under Bail Reforms". Premier of Victoria (Press release). Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  48. ↑ "New Victorian bail laws come into effect from July 1, 2018". Wimmera Mail-Times. AAP. 1 July 2018. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  49. ↑ Cooper, Adam (23 January 2017). "Bourke Street: Alleged killer refuses to appear in court". The Age. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  50. ↑ Cooper, Adam (15 December 2017). "Accused Bourke Street killer Dimitrious Gargasoulas pleads not guilty to murder". The Age. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  51. ↑ Cooper, Adam (1 March 2018). "Bourke St accused was mentally unwell before tragedy, court told". The Age. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  52. ↑ "Jury to decide if accused Bourke St driver is fit to stand trial". ABC News. 21 May 2018. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
  53. ↑ "Bourke Street rampage accused fit for trial". NewsComAu. Archived from the original on 9 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  54. ↑ Younger, Emma (30 October 2018). "James Gargasoulas is fit to stand trial for Bourke St killings, Melbourne jury finds". ABC News. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  55. ↑ Cooper, Adam; Vedelago, Chris (13 November 2018). "Gargasoulas found guilty of murdering six in 2017 Bourke St massacre". Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 9 October 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  56. ↑ "Victorian State Coroner to investigate Melbourne CBD Tragedy" (PDF). Coroners Court of Victoria (Press release). 21 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2017.
  57. ↑ Younger, Emma; Ryan, Brad (20 July 2017). "Bourke St tragedy: Victorian coroner puts off inquest into deaths in Melbourne car attack". ABC News. Archived from the original on 20 March 2020. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  58. ↑ Deery, Shannon (20 July 2017). "Bourke St massacre Coroners Court inquest begins". Herald Sun. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.
  59. ↑ "Latest news - 2017 Bourke Street Inquest". Coroners Court of Victoria. Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.
  60. ↑ Pearson, Erin (19 November 2020). "Families hope coroner's scathing Bourke St report 'will not be wasted'". The Age. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.
  61. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 22 November 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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