Karamu House
Karamu House
Karamu House is located in Ohio
Karamu House
LocationCleveland, Ohio, United States
Coordinates41°29′38″N 81°37′27″W / 41.493796°N 81.624196°W / 41.493796; -81.624196
Built-1915 (as Settlement House)
-1941 (renamed as Karamu House)
Architectural styleModerne
Websitekaramuhouse.org
MPSBlack History TR
NRHP reference No.82001368[1]
Added to NRHPDecember 17, 1982

Karamu House in the Fairfax neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, is the oldest African-American theater in the United States opening in 1915.[2] Many of Langston Hughes's plays were developed and premièred at the theater.[3]

History

In 1915, Russell and Rowena Woodham Jelliffe, graduates of Oberlin College in nearby Oberlin, Ohio, founded what was then called The Neighborhood Association at 2239 E. 38th St.; establishing it as a place where people of all races, creeds, and religions could find common ground.[4] The Jelliffes discovered in their early years, that the arts provided the common ground, and in 1917 plays at the "Playhouse Settlement" began.[5]

The early twenties saw a large number of African Americans move into an area in Cleveland, from the Southern United States. Resisting pressure to exclude their new neighbors, the Jelliffes insisted that all races were welcome.[5] They used the United States Constitution; "all men are created equal". What was then called the Playhouse Settlement quickly became a magnet for some of the best African American artists of the day.[6] Actors, dancers, print makers and writers all found a place where they could practice their crafts.[7] Karamu was also a contributor to the Harlem Renaissance, and Langston Hughes roamed the halls.[7]

Reflecting the strength of the Black influence on its development, the Playhouse Settlement was officially renamed Karamu House in 1941. Karamu is a word in the Kiswahili language meaning "a place of joyful gathering".[8]

Karamu House had developed a reputation for nurturing black actors having carried on the mission of the Gilpin Players, a black acting troupe whose heyday predated Karamu.[9] Directors such as John Kenley, of the Kenley Players, and John Price, of Musicarnival[10] — a music "tent" theater[11] located in Warrensville Heights, Ohio, a Cleveland suburb — recruited black actors for their professional productions.[12]

In 1931, Langston Hughes, and Zora Neale Hurston were negotiating with the Jelliffes to produce Mule Bone, their two act collaboration, when the two writers "fell out".[13][14] A series of conversations between the Hughes and Hurston estates, the Ethel Barrymore Theatre presented the world premiere of Mule Bone on Broadway in 1991.[13] Finally, sixty-five years after the production was originally proposed, Karamu House presented Mule Bone (The Bone Of Contention) as the 1996–1997 season finale. Karamu's production, directed by Sarah May, played to standing room only audiences in the Proscenium (Jelliffe) Theatre. The by-line in The Plain Dealer, as the Cleveland theatre season came to its end read: "Karamu returns to Harlem Renaissance status". Critic Marianne Evett shared Karamu's success story as the theatre began to recover from past hardships. The revival Karamu House needed so desperately had arrived. During this time, playwright and two time Emmy nominee Margaret Ford-Taylor held the position of executive director,[15] and Sarah May, Director in Residence.[16]

From October 2003 to March 2016, Terrence Spivey served as Karamu's artistic director.[17]

Renovations 2017-2021

In 2017, a major renovation of the facility was undertaken. The architect Robert P. Madison International, Ohio's first African American-owned architectural firm,[18] founded by Cleveland architect Robert P. Madison, lead the 14.5 million dollar renovation.[8][19] This included a new streetscape, bistro, patio, and enclosed outdoor stage; as well as updates to the Arena Theater, lobby, and dressing rooms.[8]

The updates were to be completed in three phases as follows:

  • Phase I - Redesign of the 195 seat Jelliffe Theatre with new roof, lobby, seating, lighting, and wheel chair access.[20]
  • Phase II - Addition of the KeyBank lobby, gift shop, and Anthony (Tony) Smith Gallery, redesign of the Arena Theatre, and cafe.[20]
  • Phase III - Addition of outdoor stage area, patio, cafe, and streetscape.[8]

Timeline

Date Event Source
1915 Karamu House is founded [2]
1917 The "Playhouse Settlement" began [5]
1936 Premiere of When the Jack Hollars by Langston Hughes [21]
1936 Premiere of Troubled Island by Langston Hughes [21]
1941 The "Playhouse Settlement" was renamed "Karamu House" [8]
1982 Karamu House listed in the U.S. Register of Historic Places [22]
2003 Karamu House received an Ohio Historical Marker [23]
2020 Karamu House presents Freedom on Juneteenth [24]

Identity

Though Karamu House has a rich history in the African American theater tradition, it doesn't define itself as an African American theatre. Former artistic director Terrence Spivey defined it as "a multicultural company that produces African-American theatre."[25] Spivey's beliefs are reflected in Karamu's current mission statement. Their goal is to "produce professional theatre, provide arts education and present community programs for all people while honoring the African-American experience."[26]

Langston Hughes involvement

Langston Hughes had a special relationship with Karamu Theatre and the years 1936-1939 have been called the "Hughes Era.".[27] Born in St. Louis, Hughes early life moved to Cleveland, where he attended Karamu programs and classes;[28] after he left Ohio, he kept in touch with the director, Rowena Jelliffe, and the Gilpin Players, who produced a number of his plays, including the premiers of When the Jack Hollars (1936), Troubled Island (1936), and Joy to My Soul'[21][29] Once, Hughes even said, "if at [any] time [when I am in Cleveland] I can be of any use, if I can give for you a public (or private) talk or reading, or in any way help to raise money locally, I will be only too happy to do so."[30] In an interview with Reuben Silver of Karamu, Hughes said: "It is a cultural shame that a great country like America, with twenty million people of color, has no primarily serious colored theatre. There isn't. Karamu is the very nearest thing to it...It not only should a Negro theatre, if we want to use that term, do plays by and about Negroes, but it should do plays slanted toward the community in which it exists. It should be in a primarily Negro community since that is the way our racial life in America is still...It should not be a theatre that should be afraid to do a Negro folk play about people who are perhaps not very well-educated because some of the intellectuals, or "intellectuals" in quotes, are ashamed of such material"[31]

By 1940, according to his biographer Arnold Rampersad, "Langston consigned all his skits and sketches, divided into three classes—Negro Social, Negro, Negro Non-Social, and white—to his agent, and told him Cafe Society, an interracial cabaret founded in New York by Barney Josephson,[32] was planning a revue. Hughes sent twenty skits, including, Run, Ghost, Run.[33] He also sent a copy to Karamu; there is no record that the revue was staged there or anywhere.[34] Three of those skits appear here in print for the first time. Throughout his life, Hughes added to the program with many short satirical skits.[34]

Recent

Karamu offers art experiences for people of all ages through a variety of programs.[35] The three primary program areas are the Early Childhood Development Center, the Center of Arts and Education, and the Karamu Performing Arts Theatre.[35]

In 2020, Karamu House presented Freedom on Juneteenth, written by Tony F. Sias, Latecia D Wilson, and Mary E Weems; an event commemorating the end of slavery, June 19, 1865, in the United States.[24] Freedom on Juneteenth originally was created to celebrate the music of Bill Withers, but was adapted due to the passing of George Floyd.[24]

Awards

On December 17, 1982, Karamu was listed in the U.S. National Register of Historic Places,[36] and received an Ohio Historical Marker on June 16, 2003.[23]

Notable alumni

Acting

  • Bill Cobbs (born June 16, 1934) - film, television, stage, directing, master workshops
  • Minnie Gentry (1915–1993) — a Broadway, film and television actress
  • Robert Guillaume (1927 - 2017) — a film, stage and television actor best known for starring — in the late 1970s–mid 1980s — in the television situation-comedy series Soap and its spin-off series Benson
  • Margaret Ford-Taylor, (born January 6) - film, television, stage, writer, director, two-time Emmy nominee
  • Dick Latessa (born 1929) — a film, stage and television actor who won the 2003 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical for his role in Hairspray
  • Ron O'Neal (1937–2004) — an actor, film director and screenwriter who appeared in many blaxploitation films in the 1970s
  • Al Kirk, Broadway and Film Actor "Shaft" "Golden Boy" with Sammy Davis Jr.
  • Dave Connell, Broadway and Film Actor "Great White Hope" Five Films also Arena Stage Resident Actor
  • Vaness Bell-Calloway, born in 1956. Vanessa performed in Karamu's theater and modern dance departments. She earned a spot in the chorus of the Broadway musical, Dream Girls
  • Reyno Crayton (born 8/26/52) performed in numerous Karamu House productions. Additionally, he played Lou Edwards in The Negro Ensemble Production of "The First Breeze of Summer," opening June 1975. In 1975, he won the Clarence Derwent Award and the 1975 OBIE Award, Performance as Lou Edwards in (The First Breeze of Summer).

Visual Artists

  • Charles L. Sallée Jr. (1913-2006) - WPA printmaker, painter and muralist who also worked as an interior designer.
  • William E. Smith (1913-1997) - WPA printmaker, painter and sign designer who was also an art instructor.

References

  1. ↑ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. January 23, 2007.
  2. 1 2 "Cleveland Black History Trailblazers: Karamu House". WEWS. 2022-02-09. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  3. ↑ Selby, John (1966). Beyond Civil Rights. Cleveland, Ohio: The World Publishing Company. LCCN 66-18463.
  4. ↑ "KARAMU HOUSE". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University. 2021-05-19. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  5. 1 2 3 Clevel, Richard Raponi with research support from The; Metroparks. "The Playhouse Settlement Summer Camp". Cleveland Historical. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  6. ↑ York, N. Y. ) Metropolitan Museum of Art (New; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; Collins, Lisa Gail; Messinger, Lisa Mintz; Mustalish, Rachel (2003). African-American Artists, 1929-1945: Prints, Drawings, and Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 978-0-300-09877-8.
  7. 1 2 Wintz, Cary D. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance: A-J. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-57958-457-3.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Tucker, Tiffani (26 February 2020). "Karamu House, America's oldest African-American theater in Cleveland, undergoing $14.5M renovation". cleveland19.com. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  9. ↑ "Guide to the Karamu Theatre Programs". ead.ohiolink.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  10. ↑ Donald Rosenberg, The Plain Dealer (2012-06-22). "Musicarnival founder John L. Price Jr. lived his passion with theater". cleveland. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  11. ↑ "on JSTOR". www.jstor.org. Retrieved 2022-07-20.
  12. ↑ Wooten, Melissa E. (2015-06-11). In the Face of Inequality: How Black Colleges Adapt. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-5691-1.
  13. 1 2 Hughes, Langston (2015). Selected Letters of Langston Hughes. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41379-7.
  14. ↑ Mangoff, Julie A. (April 2013). "The Bone of Contention: Mule Bone and the Friendship of Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston during the Harlem Renaissance". Illinois Wesleyan University Honors Project: 35.
  15. ↑ Mahala, Macelle (2022-08-15). Black Theater, City Life: African American Art Institutions and Urban Cultural Ecologies. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-4516-0.
  16. ↑ Andrea Simakis, The Plain Dealer (2016-06-30). "Karamu House regains its nonprofit status, announces slate of shows for 2016-17". cleveland. Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  17. ↑ Johnston, Christopher (2016-03-14). "Shakeup Aims to Put Karamu House in Order". AMERICAN THEATRE. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  18. ↑ "Ohio's First African American Architect Reflects on Legacy". spectrumnews1.com. Retrieved 2022-08-22.
  19. ↑ admin (2018-10-25). "Alumni Spotlight: Robert P. Madison International". Interise. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  20. 1 2 Litt, Steven; clevel; .com (2018-06-09). "Karamu completes Jelliffe Theatre renovation". cleveland. Retrieved 2022-07-19.
  21. 1 2 3 "GILPIN PLAYERS". Encyclopedia of Cleveland History | Case Western Reserve University. 2019-11-11. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  22. ↑ House, Karamu (2012-11-30). "Karamu House collection from the Billops-Hatch Archives, 1925-2007". findingaids.library.emory.edu. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  23. 1 2 Lendel, Iyna (2017). Staging Cleveland: A Theater Industry Study. Urban Publications: School of Urban Affairs. p. 37.
  24. 1 2 3 Annie Nickoloff, cleveland com (2020-06-12). "Karamu House to present 'Freedom on Juneteenth' performance". cleveland. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  25. ↑ Kurahashi, Yuko. "Terrence Spivey Energy Source: his tireless efforts are aimed at restoring Cleveland's Karamu House to its historic and artistic mission." American Theatre, Feb. 2009, p. 42+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A195583249/ITOF.
  26. ↑ "About | Karamu House".
  27. ↑ McLaren, Joseph (1997). Langston Hughes, Folk Dramatist in the Protest Tradition, 1921-1943. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-28719-0.
  28. ↑ "Saved From Demolition: The Cleveland House Where Langston Hughes Became a Writer". Bloomberg.com. 2013-10-28. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  29. ↑ McLaren, Joseph (1997). Langston Hughes, Folk Dramatist in the Protest Tradition, 1921-1943. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-28719-0.
  30. ↑ Fearnley, Andrew. "Writing the History of Karamu House: Philanthropy, Welfare, and Race in Wartime Cleveland." Ohio History, vol. 115, 2008, pp. 80-100. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/ohh.0.0039
  31. ↑ Hill, Errol; Hatch, James V. (2003-07-17). A History of African American Theatre. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62443-5.
  32. ↑ Folkart, Burt A. (October 12, 1988). "Barney Josephson; Led Nightclub Integration". Los Angeles Times.
  33. ↑ Rampersad, Arnold (2002-01-10). The Life of Langston Hughes: Volume II: 1941-1967, I Dream a World. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988227-4.
  34. 1 2 Hatch, James Vernon; Hamalian, Leo (1996). Lost Plays of the Harlem Renaissance, 1920-1940. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8143-2580-3.
  35. 1 2 Mchie, Benjamin. "Karamu House (Theater Company) Opens". African American Registry. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
  36. ↑ Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (3/2/1934 - ) (December 17, 1982). Ohio MPS Karamu House. File Unit: National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program Records: Ohio, 1964 - 2013. Ohio: Ohio Historic Preservation Office. pp. Page= 3, upper right corner "action.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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