The Black Madonna of Częstochowa, Poland
Black Madonna of Outremeuse, Liège, in a procession
Black Madonna of Guingamp
Madonna at House of the Black Madonna, Prague

The term Black Madonna or Black Virgin tends to refer to statues or paintings in Western Christendom of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Infant Jesus, where both figures are depicted with dark skin.[1] Examples of the Black Madonna can be found both in Catholic and Orthodox countries.

The paintings are usually icons, which are Byzantine in origin or style, some of which were produced in 13th- or 14th-century Italy. Other examples from the Middle East, Caucasus or Africa, mainly Egypt and Ethiopia, are even older. Statues are often made of wood but are occasionally made of stone, painted, and up to 75 cm (30 in) tall. They fall into two main groups: free-standing upright figures or seated figures on a throne. About 400–500 Black Madonnas have been recorded in Europe, with the number related to how they are classified. There are at least 180 Vierges Noires in Southern France alone. There are hundreds of copies made since the medieval era. Some are displayed in museums, but most are in churches or shrines and are venerated by believers. Some are associated with miracles and attract substantial numbers of pilgrims.

Black Madonnas come in different forms. Speculations behind the basis of the dark hue of each individual icon or statue vary greatly and some have been controversial. Explanations range from Madonnas made from dark wood, or Madonnas that have turned darker over time, due to factors such as aging or candle smoke, to a study by Jungian scholar Ean Begg into the potential pagan origins of the cult of the black Madonna and child.[2] Another suggestion is that dark-skinned representations of pre-Christian deities were re-envisioned as the Madonna and child.[3]

Studies and research

Research into the Black Madonna phenomenon is limited. Begg links the refrain from the Song of Solomon, ‘I am black, and I am beautiful’ to the Queen of Sheba.[2] Recently, however, interest in this subject has gathered more momentum.

Important early studies of dark-skinned holy images in France were by Camille Flammarion (1888),[4] Marie Durand-Lefebvre (1937), Emile Saillens (1945), and Jacques Huynen (1972).

The first notable study in English of the origin and meaning of the Black Madonnas appears to have been presented by Leonard Moss at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on December 28, 1952. Moss divided the images into three categories: (1) dark brown or black Madonnas with physiognomy and skin pigmentation matching that of the indigenous population; (2) various art forms that have turned black as a result of certain physical factors such as deterioration of lead-based pigments, accumulated smoke from the use of votive candles, and accumulation of grime over the ages, and (3) miracle-worker Madonnas, the focus of the study, Black Madonnas found in areas of a Roman legion and, therefore, not a reflection of the population's skin colour.[3]

In the cathedral at Chartres, there were two Black Madonnas: Notre Dame de Pilar, a 1508 dark walnut copy of a 13th-century silver Madonna, standing atop a high pillar, surrounded by candles; and Notre Dame de Sous-Terre, a replica of an original destroyed during the French Revolution. Restoration work on the cathedral resulted in the painting in 2014 of Notre Dame de Pilar, to reflect an earlier 19th-century painted style. The statue is no longer a "Black Madonna" and the restoration was severely criticized for wiping away the past.[5][6]

Some scholars have chosen to explore the significance of the dark-skinned complexion to pilgrims and worshippers rather than focusing on whether this depiction was intentional. By virtue of their unusual presence, the Black Madonnas have sometimes acted to make their shrines revered pilgrimage sites. Monique Scheer attributes the importance of the dark-skinned depiction to its connection with authenticity. The reason for this connection is the perceived age of the figures.[7]

List of Black Madonnas

Africa

Our Lady of Guidance, Manila

Asia

Japan

Black Madonna at Catholic Tsuruoka Church, Japan
  • Tsuruoka city, Yamagata prefecture: Tsuruoka Tenshudô Catholic Church features a black Madonna statue given by France during Meiji period[11]

The Philippines

Our Lady of the Rule of Opon in Lapu-lapu City, Cebu, Philippines

India

Turkey

  • Trabzon: Sümela Monastery[15]

Europe

Austria

Belgium

Marija Bistrica

Croatia

Czech Republic

TROJA CHATEAU chapel- original "Montserrat Madonna" from Old Town Byzantine building (pg.100 of Martin Krummholz ISBN 978-80-7010-131-5)

France

Madonna of Saint-Jouan-des-Guérets (35)
Vierge noire de Graville (Le Havre)
The statue of the Black Virgin at Rocamadour
Black Madonna of Toulouse

Germany

Shrine of Our Lady of Altötting, Altötting: Gnadenkapelle.

Greece

Hungary

Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Cathedral Basilica of Eger, Hungary.

Ireland

Italy

Tindari Madonna Bruna: restoration work in the 1990s found a medieval statue with later additions. Nigra sum sed formosa, meaning "I am black but beautiful" (from the Song of Songs, 1:5), is inscribed round a newer base.
Street performer in Black Madonna costume in Venice

Kosovo

Lithuania

Our Lady of the Pine Woods Lithuania

Luxembourg

Macedonia

  • Kališta, Monastery: Madonna icon in the Nativity of Our Most Holy Mother of God church
  • Ohrid, Church: Madonna with the child

Malta

  • Ħamrun: Our Lady of Atoċja, a medieval painting brought to Malta by a merchant in the year 1630, depicting a statue found in Atocha, a parish in Madrid, Spain, and widely known as Il-Madonna tas-Samra. (This can mean 'tanned Madonna', 'brown Madonna', or 'Madonna of Samaria'.)

Poland

Icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, covered in a decorative silver shield, at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Poland.

Portugal

Romania

  • Ghighiu: Maica Domnului Siriaca – Manastirea Ghighiu
  • Cacica: Madona Neagra – Biserica Cacica
  • Bucuresti: Madona Neagra – Biserica Dichiu

Russia

Serbia

Slovenia

Spain

Image of the Virgin of Candelaria, in the Basilica of Candelaria (Tenerife).

Sweden

  • Lund Cathedral Attached to a marble pillar in the crypt: Black madonna with child
  • Skee Kyrka, Skee, Bohuslän former Norwegian province. Black madonna with beheaded child

Switzerland

One of three of Turkey's surviving icons of the Theotokos on the island of Heybeliada at the Theological School of Halki

Ukraine

  • Tsarytsya Karpat (Hoshiv Monastery): The Queen of the Carpathian Land

United Kingdom

North America

Costa Rica

Cuba

Mexico

Trinidad and Tobago

United States

Canada

  • Windsor, Ontario -Black Madonna chapel located at Italian banquet hall Ciociaro club.

South America

Brazil

Nossa Senhora Aparecida

Chile

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Black Madonnas: Origin, History, Controversy". udayton.edu. The Jungian scholar, San Begg published a study of Black Virgins and their possible pagan origins.
  2. 1 2 Begg, Ean (2017). The Cult of the Black Virgin. Chiron Publications. ISBN 978-1630514419.
  3. 1 2 Moss, Leonard W.; Cappannari, Stephen C. (1953). "The Black Madonna: An Example of Culture Borrowing". The Scientific Monthly. 76 (6): 319–324. Bibcode:1953SciMo..76..319M. ISSN 0096-3771. JSTOR 20482.
  4. ↑ L'Atmosphère : Météorologie populaire (1888), édition avec gravures fr.
  5. ↑ Filler, Martin "A Scandalous Makeover at Chartres", The New York Review of Books, December 14, 2014
  6. ↑ Ramm, Benjamin. "A Controversial Restoration That Wipes Away the Past", The New York Times, September 1, 2017
  7. ↑ Scheer, Monique (2002). "From Majesty to Mystery: Change in the Meanings of Black Madonnas from the Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries". The American Historical Review. 107 (5): 1412–1440. doi:10.1086/532852. JSTOR 10.1086/532852.
  8. ↑ "Algiers". interfaithmary.net. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  9. ↑ "Senegal". interfaithmary.net. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  10. ↑ "Soweto". interfaithmary.net. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  11. ↑ "Experiencetsuruoka.com". Archived from the original on 2017-09-03. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
  12. ↑ Baybay, Felicito S., "Patron Ng Kapayapaan At Mga Manlalakbay" Archived 2014-08-08 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ KD. "Our Lady Of The Rule National Shrine – Quirks of Life". quirksoflife.com.
  14. ↑ Darang, Josephine. "Special Mass for Our Lady of Piat held July 9 at Sto. Domingo Church", Philippine Daily Enquirer, June 26, 2011
  15. ↑ Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism. "Sümela Monastry (sic)". Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  16. ↑ "Your Question". udayton.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  17. ↑ "Brno – The Black Madonna". brno.cz. Archived from the original on 2013-09-28. Retrieved 2013-08-16.
  18. ↑ "Church of Our Lady Below the Chain in Prague", Prague.cz Archived November 29, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ Channell, J., "Notre-Dame des Graces", Aix-en-Provence
  20. ↑ "Black Virgin of Aurillac". amigo.net. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
  21. ↑ "A Controversial Restoration That Wipes Away the Past (Published 2017)". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13.
  22. ↑ "Notre Dame de Clermont". 2007-12-19. Archived from the original on 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  23. ↑ "Douvres". interfaithmary.net. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  24. ↑ "Notre Dame de La Chapelle Geneste". amigo.net. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008.
  25. ↑ "Notre Dame du Puy, Cathedrale...: Photo by Photographer Dennis Aubrey". photo.net. 2007-11-09. Archived from the original on 2009-02-07. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  26. ↑ "Black Virgin of Marseilles". amigo.net. Archived from the original on 15 May 2008.
  27. ↑ "Black Virgin of Mauriac". amigo.net. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008.
  28. ↑ "Meymac". interfaithmary.net. Archived from the original on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  29. ↑ Mariancalendar.org
  30. ↑ "Black Virgin of Riom". amigo.net. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008.
  31. ↑ "The Sanctuaries". visit-dordogne-valley.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-07-05. Retrieved 2014-08-06.
  32. ↑ Garth Cartwright (2011-03-26). "Partying with the Gypsies in the Camargue". the Guardian.
  33. ↑ "Gypsy's Pilgrimage – Les Saintes Maries de la Mer – Camargue – France". avignon-et-provence.com.
  34. ↑ "Notre Dame du Château". amigo.net. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008.
  35. ↑ "Vierge des Croisades". 2007-12-19. Archived from the original on 2007-12-19. Retrieved 2009-07-25.
  36. ↑ Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe, Norman Davies
  37. ↑ Maria Farneti and Bruno Bartoletti, "Gubbio: The Italian Rennes-le-Chateau", 'Hera', issue 43, September 2005
  38. ↑ Gubbio e il mysterious del "NIGER REGIN"
  39. ↑ "IL MONTE TEMPIO E LA PIRAMIDE DI GUBBIO" by Mario Farneti & Bruno Bartoletti
  40. ↑ Collegamento Nazionale Santuari (10 October 2016). "Madonna del Sacro Monte di Viggiano". Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  41. ↑ Yonat Shimron (17 August 2016). "Pilgrims crowd church where Mother Teresa once prayed". Religion News Service. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  42. ↑ "St. John's Church". Luxembourg City Tourist Office. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
  43. ↑ "Książka - Czarna Madonna". Archived from the original on 2022-01-18. Retrieved 2020-09-03.
  44. ↑ "Tel Aviv - the Icon of Black Madonna from St. Peters Church in Old Jaffa Stock Image - Image of jaffa, architecture: 56128953".
  45. ↑ "TEL AVIV, ISRAEL - MARCH 2, 2015: The Icon of black Madonna from st. Peters church in old Jaffa by unknown artist from end of 19. Cent". Archived from the original on January 18, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  46. ↑ "Zdjęcie Stock: Tel Aviv - Icon of black Madonna from st. Peters church".
  47. ↑ "Jerusalem - mosaic of Madonna in Dormition abbey Poster • Pixers® • We live to change".
  48. ↑ "Jerusalem - mosaic of Madonna in Dormition abbey Sticker • Pixers® • We live to change".
  49. ↑ Dhalai, Richard, "La Divina Pastora", Trinidad and Tobago Newsday, March 19, 2007
  50. ↑ Nationaltrust.tt

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