Long Yun
Governor of Yunnan
In office
January 17, 1928 – October 2, 1945
Preceded byTang Jiyao
Succeeded byLi Zonghuang (acting)
Lu Han
Personal details
Born(1884-11-27)November 27, 1884
Zhaotong, Yunnan, Qing Empire
DiedJune 27, 1962(1962-06-27) (aged 77)
Beijing, People's Republic of China
NationalityChinese (of Yi ethnicity)
Political partyKuomintang (1919–1948) Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang (1950–1962)[1]
Alma materYunnan Military Institute[2]
Nickname"King of Yunnan"
Military service
AllegianceChina Republic of China
Branch/serviceChina Yunnan clique (1911–1927)
National Revolutionary Army (1927–1947)
Republic of China Army (1947–1948)
Years of service1911–1948
RankGeneral
Commands 1st Army Group
Battles/warsSecond Sino-Japanese War
Chinese Civil War
Fujian Incident
Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan

Long Yun (simplified Chinese: 龙云; traditional Chinese: 龍雲; pinyin: Lóng Yún; Wade–Giles: Lung Yun; 27 November 1884 – 27 June 1962) was governor and warlord of the Chinese province of Yunnan from 1927 to October 1945, when he was overthrown in a coup (known as "The Kunming Incident") by Du Yuming under the order of Chiang Kai-shek.

Early life

Long Yun was an ethnic Yi,[3][4][5] and a grandson of a tribal headman (tusi). His Yi name was Naji Niaoti (纳吉鸟梯) or Naji Jiajia (纳吉岬岬), while Long Yun was a Han Chinese name he adopted later.[6] He was a cousin of Lu Han.[7]

Long Yun participated in the anti-Qing struggle in its early years. First he joined the local warlord's army in 1911 and was gradually promoted to the rank of corps commander. He served in Tang Jiyao's Yunnan Army for years until February 1927, when he, together with Hu Ruoyu, launched a coup and expelled Tang from office. Soon after that he became 38th Army commander in the National Revolutionary Army, at the same time continuing as Yunnan chairman for more than a decade. [8]

Governor of Yunnan

Long Yun

After the remarkable "26" coup, Tang Jiyao, then governor of Yunnan, was overthrown by Long Yun and his allies. Long Yun succeeded as the new governor and served as governor of Yunnan from 1928-45. When he was in power he put forward the goal of building a new Yunnan. He carried out a series of reorganizations and reforms from political, military, economic, cultural and educational aspects. During this period Yunnan was politically clear, had good social stability and a strong atmosphere of democracy. He consolidated and reorganized the economy, expanded paper money in the region and reorganized the tariff tax regulations. He prioritized textile export while reorganizing and developing production of tin ore, tungsten, antimonies, copper, salt, coal and other resources. Another big part of his project was the improvement of infrastructure, which was very poor in Yunnan. To improve it, he established a transportation enterprise that built the Yunnan-Burma Highway, the Diankang Road, the Sichuan-Yunnan West Road, the Yunnan-Sichuan Road, the Yunnan-Guangxi Highway and the Diankang Highway. He also paid much attention to the agricultural parts of Yunnan. He implemented measuring of land and later used the information they achieved to put through a reformed tax collection. He worked to expand grain farming, reduce tax revenue and strived to achieve food self-sufficiency for all farmers. Due to Long Yun's reforms, Kunming (capital of Yunnan) was commonly known as a "democratic fortress".

Second Sino-Japanese War

He was nominated as commander-in-chief of the 1st Army Group, fighting against the Japanese in his province. The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) brought progress and modernization to Yunnan, as the Nationalist government developed the province into a war base against the Japanese. Factories, universities and government agencies were transplanted there from the coastal regions, and fresh manpower, capital and ideas poured into the province. Industries were established and efforts made by the government to develop the resources of the region. The Burma Road made Yunnan the corridor through which supplies flowed to Allied bases in all parts of China, and Kunming became a key U.S. Air Force base. A major advance by the Japanese Army along the upper Salween River in 1942 was halted at Huitongqiao, near Tengchong, indicating the vital role that Yunnan played in the country’s defense.

The campaign involved Chinese troops, assisted by American forces, crossing the upper Salween on 11 May 1944 in order to drive Japanese forces from Yunnan into northern Burma. On 11 May about 40,000 Chinese of the Chinese Expeditionary Force crossed the Salween initially and a further 60,000 arrived later. About 17,000–19,000 Chinese and 15,000 Japanese were killed in the resulting battle. There were more Chinese casualties because the Japanese had time to prepare their fortifications on the south side of the river.

Long was among the Nationalist government insiders implicated in corruption during the 1942-1943 American Dollar Bond scandal.[9]: 73  After the 1941 Japanese declaration of war against the United States and the United Kingdom, the two allies sought to support China in a concrete way despite logistical limitations following the loss of British Burma.[9]: 73  The two countries loaned significant amounts of money to the Nationalist government.[9]: 73  The Nationalist government decided to use USD$200 million to absorb excess fabi in an effort to curb inflation.[9]: 73  In theory, Chinese purchasers would use fabi to buy bonds at the official exchange rate and be paid in dollars when the bonds were redeemed following victory over Japan.[9]: 73  The American Dollar Bonds were issued on March 24, 1942.[9]: 73  The public response was poor, with few bond sales.[9]: 74  In October 1943, H.H. Kung sent a secret memorandum to Chiang Kai-shek asking that the bond sales end.[9]: 74  Subscriptions were closed on October 15, 1943 and a central bank official falsely announced that all bonds had been sold.[9]: 74  Secretly, insiders then purchased the remaining bonds using currency acquired on the black market.[9]: 74  The result was a windfall for Nationalist government insiders including Long, Kung, members of the Soong family, Wei Tao-ming, and others.[9]: 74 

General Wei Lihuang (right) and General Long Yun (left) inspecting troops of the Chinese Expeditionary Force, March 1944

Post-war

Immediately following the war, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek moved against Long Yun. When Chiang had retreated into western China, he was forced into an area barely under his control and hardly touched by the national revolution that had taken place after the fall of the Qing. Both of the two principal provinces of west China, Szechwan (pop.: 60 million) and Yunnan (pop.: 11 million), were dominated by old-style warlords. In 1941, Chiang had ousted the warlord of Sichuan. When Long Yun's turn came in 1945, he was caught by surprise: patriotically obeying Chiang's diversionary orders, a good part of his private army of over 100,000 men had marched far away, into Indochina.

Long Yun had been offered a face-saving job in Chongqing earlier, but he had refused. The absence of his army, however, led to the final extraction. That night, 5 October 1945 ("the Kunming Incident"), rifles fired in Kunming and the next morning a score of bodies lay at the South Gate. For four days the battle continued as soldiers of Chiang Kai-shek's army assaulted the place. Only a few companies of Long's troops did any shooting; the warlord never had a chance.

On the fourth day Premier T.V. Soong flew down from Chongqing. He and the Chinese commander in chief, Gen. He Yingqin, had a morning conference with Gen. Long and that afternoon escorted him by air to Chongqing. Gen. Lu Han, Long's former aide, took over the Yunnan government for the Generalissimo.

After being removed from his reign of 18 years, and his meaningless appointment to a position in Chongqing, Long Yun escaped to Hong Kong at the end of 1948 and joined the Kuomintang Revolutionary Committee (KMT-RC), a KMT anti-Chiang organization. In August 1949 he declared his revolt against Chiang together with Huang Shaohong in Hong Kong. The KMT-RC ultimately became the largest "democratic party" under Communist Party rule after the founding of the People's Republic).

Return to Beijing

Long Yun went back to Yunnan in 1950, after the establishment of the People's Republic. By inviting him back, the Communists were acting on the principle of the enemy of my enemy is my friend. Long Yun was not only reinstalled as Governor but awarded several high-ranking positions such as member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress. He also became vice-chairman of the National Defense Committee and vice-chairman of the Administrative Council of Southwestern China.[10]

In 1956, he visited Eastern European countries such as the Soviet Union, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and others.

Long Yun died in June 27, 1962. He was buried in Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery in grave number 81.[11]

Anti-Rightist movement

Later, during the Anti-Rightist Movement, Long Yun was labeled a rightist because of his criticism of Chinese foreign aid policy.[12] He maintained that if the living standard in the Soviet Union was so high that many ordinary workers could own their own car, then the responsibility for foreign aid should fall on the Soviet Union and not on China, since the Chinese economy was much less advanced than that of the Soviet Union because it was still recovering from wars.

Long Yun refused to change his view and openly complained of his treatment for telling the truth. Ultimately, on the day following his death in 1962, the Chinese government formally declared that he was not a rightist and was thus partially "rehabilitated". In July 1980, nearly two decades after his death, he was finally fully "rehabilitated" in accordance with the Chinese government's policy of admitting the Anti-Rightist Movement had been wrong.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Office of the People's Government of Yunnan Province, Long Yun, archived from the original on 2013-09-13, retrieved 2017-05-16
  2. ↑ Paul Preston; Michael Partridge; Antony Best (2000). British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. From 1946 through 1950. Asia, Volume 2. University Publications of America. p. 63. ISBN 1-55655-768-X. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  3. ↑ Lin, Hsiao-ting (2006). Tibet and nationalist China's frontier: intrigues and ethnopolitics, 1928-49 (PDF). UBC Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-7748-1301-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-13. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  4. ↑ Rees, Helen (2000). Echoes of history: Naxi music in modern China. Oxford University Press US. p. 14. ISBN 0-19-512950-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
  5. ↑ Paul Preston; Michael Partridge; Antony Best (2000). British documents on foreign affairs: reports and papers from the Foreign Office confidential print. From 1946-1950. Asia, Volume 2. University Publications of America. p. 63. ISBN 1-55655-768-X. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  6. ↑ Zhai, Xiaochun. "Long Yun and Yunnan" (in Chinese). Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  7. ↑ Walker, Hugh Dyson (November 2012). East Asia: A New History. AuthorHouse. pp. 621–. ISBN 978-1-4772-6516-1.
  8. ↑ Office of the People' s Government of Yunnan Province, Long Yun, archived from the original on 2013-09-13, retrieved 2017-05-16
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Coble, Parks M. (2023). The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War. Cambridge New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-29761-5.
  10. ↑ Who's Who In Communist China, Union Research Institute Hong Kong, 1966
  11. ↑ "八宝山龙云墓,八宝山墓地 - 伤感说说吧". www.sgss8.net. Retrieved 2023-07-27.
  12. ↑ Roderick MacFarquhar (26 June 1987). The Cambridge History of China: Volume 14, The People's Republic, Part 1, The Emergence of Revolutionary China, 1949-1965. Cambridge University Press. pp. 277–. ISBN 978-0-521-24336-0.

Sources

  • Media related to Long Yun at Wikimedia Commons
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